A study of the singlet and triplet states of vinylidene by photoelectron spectroscopy of H2C=C−, D2C=C−, and HDC=C−. Vinylidene–acetylene isomerization

This paper is a review of the theory-of laser beams and resonators. It is meant to be tutorial in nature and useful in scope. No attempt is made to be exhaustive in the treatment. Rather, emphasis is placed on formulations and derivations which lead to basic understanding and on results which bear practical significance.