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      Blinking characterization from high speed video records. Application to biometric authentication

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          Abstract

          The evaluation of eye blinking has been used for the diagnosis of neurological disorders and fatigue. Despite the extensive literature, no objective method has been found to analyze its kinematic and dynamic behavior. A non-contact technique based on the high-speed recording of the light reflected by the eyelid in the blinking process and the off-line processing of the sequence is presented. It allows for objectively determining the start and end of a blink, besides obtaining different physical magnitudes: position, speed, eyelid acceleration as well as the power, work and mechanical impulse developed by the muscles involved in the physiological process. The parameters derived from these magnitudes provide a unique set of features that can be used to biometric authentication. This possibility has been tested with a limited number of subjects with a correct identification rate of up to 99.7%, thus showing the potential application of the method.

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          Most cited references50

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          Analysis of blink rate patterns in normal subjects.

          The present study measured the normal blink rate (BR) variations in relation to behavioral tasks in 150 healthy volunteers (70 males and 80 females; aged 35.9 +/- 17.9 years, range 5-87 years). The subjects were videotaped in a standard setting while performing three different tasks: resting quietly, reading a short passage, talking freely. The mean BR was computed during each task; the data were compared by means of analysis of variance and Student's t tests. Mean BR at rest was 17 blinks/min, during conversation it increased to 26, and it was as low as 4.5 while reading. As compared with rest, BR decreased by -55.08% while reading (p rest > reading, which occurred in 101 subjects (67.3%); 34 subjects (22.7%) had the pattern rest > conversation > reading; 12 (8.0%) had the pattern conversation > reading > rest. This study identified three normal behavioral BR patterns and showed that BR is more influenced by cognitive processes than by age, eye color, or local factors. The present findings provide a normal reference for the analysis of BR in movement disorders such as dystonia or tics.
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            Spontaneous eye-blink rates and dopaminergic systems.

            C Karson (1983)
            A series of studies demonstrated a possible relationship between eye-blink rate and central dopamine activity. First, apomorphine and other dopamine agonists acutely increased blink rate in monkeys, an effect blocked by sulpiride. Secondly, parkinsonian patients with levodopa-induced dyskinesia exhibited twice the mean blink rate (21 blinks/min) of other parkinsonians (11 blinks/min, P less than 0.002) whereas the more symptomatic of the nondyskinetic patients had a very slow rate (3 blinks/min, P less than 0.01). Thirdly, schizophrenic patients had an elevated mean blink (31 vs 23 blinks/min for normals, P less than 0.05) which was normalized by neuroleptic treatment. Thus, the correlation with central dopamine activity may also prove clinically useful in selected neuropsychiatric disorders.
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              Blinks and saccades as indicators of fatigue in sleepiness warnings: looking tired?

              The present study examines changes in a variety of oculomotoric variables as a function of increasing sleepiness in 129 participants, who have been passed through a broad range of subjective alertness. Up to now, spontaneous eye blinks are the most promising biosignal for in-car sleepiness warnings. Reviewing the current literature on eye movements and fatigue, experimental data are provided including additional indicative oculomotoric parameters; inter-individual differences in the experiments were also assessed. Here, self-rated alertness decreased over six steps on average and proved itself a reliable measurement. Regarding oculomotoric parameters, blink duration, delay of lid reopening, blink interval and standardised lid closure speed were identified as the best indicators of subjective as well as objective sleepiness. Saccadic parameters and fixation durations also showed specific changes with increasing sleepiness. Substantial inter-individual differences in all of these variables were illustrated. Oculomotoric parameters were linked to three different components of sleepiness while driving: a) deactivation; b) decreasing attention, resulting in disinhibition of spontaneous blinks and reflexive saccades; c) increasing attempts of self-activation. Finally, implications for the development of drowsiness detection devices were discussed.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: SoftwareRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: MethodologyRole: SupervisionRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: SoftwareRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: SoftwareRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                7 May 2018
                2018
                : 13
                : 5
                : e0196125
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
                [2 ] University Institute of Physics Applied to Sciences and Technologies, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
                Tokai University, JAPAN
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6817-3117
                Article
                PONE-D-18-04856
                10.1371/journal.pone.0196125
                5937736
                29734389
                fed2ab5c-be49-48b3-ad78-2563f061f1f9
                © 2018 Espinosa et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 13 February 2018
                : 7 April 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 9, Tables: 2, Pages: 19
                Funding
                The authors received no specific funding for this work.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Integumentary System
                Skin
                Eyelids
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Integumentary System
                Skin
                Eyelids
                Physical Sciences
                Physics
                Classical Mechanics
                Acceleration
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Ocular System
                Ocular Anatomy
                Eye Muscles
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Ocular System
                Ocular Anatomy
                Eye Muscles
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Head
                Eyes
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Head
                Eyes
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Ocular System
                Eyes
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Ocular System
                Eyes
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Computational Techniques
                Biometrics
                Physical Sciences
                Physics
                Classical Mechanics
                Motion
                Velocity
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Mathematical and Statistical Techniques
                Statistical Methods
                Linear Discriminant Analysis
                Physical Sciences
                Mathematics
                Statistics (Mathematics)
                Statistical Methods
                Linear Discriminant Analysis
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Diagnostic Medicine
                Signs and Symptoms
                Fatigue
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
                Signs and Symptoms
                Fatigue
                Custom metadata
                Data are available at: http://rua.ua.es/dspace/handle/10045/74398.

                Uncategorized
                Uncategorized

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