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      Rickettsia parkeri in Amblyomma maculatum Ticks, North Carolina, USA, 2009–2010

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          Abstract

          We detected Rickettsia parkeri in 20%−33% of Amblyomma maculatum ticks sampled in North Carolina. Results highlight the high frequencies of R. parkeri–infected ticks in the state with the highest annual incidence of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Epidemiologic studies are needed to definitively link R. parkeri to cases of spotted fever rickettsiosis.

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          Phylogeny of hard- and soft-tick taxa (Acari: Ixodida) based on mitochondrial 16S rDNA sequences.

          W Black, J Piesman (1994)
          Ticks are parasitiform mites that are obligate hematophagous ectoparasites of amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. A phylogeny for tick families, subfamilies, and genera has been described based on morphological characters, life histories, and host associations. To test the existing phylogeny, we sequenced approximately 460 bp from the 3' end of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene (rDNA) in 36 hard- and soft-tick species; a mesostigmatid mite, Dermanyssus gallinae, was used as an outgroup. Phylogenies derived using distance, maximum-parsimony, or maximum-likelihood methods were congruent. The existing phylogeny was largely supported with four exceptions. In hard ticks (Ixodidae), members of Haemaphysalinae were monophyletic with the primitive Amblyomminae and members of Hyalomminae grouped within the Rhipicephalinae. In soft ticks (Argasidae), the derived phylogeny failed to support a monophyletic relationship among members of Ornithodorinae and supported placement of Argasinae as basal to the Ixodidae, suggesting that hard ticks may have originated from an Argas-like ancestor. Because most Argas species are obligate bird octoparasites, this result supports earlier suggestions that hard ticks did not evolve until the late Cretaceous.
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            Gulf Coast Ticks (Amblyomma maculatum) and Rickettsia parkeri, United States

            John W. Sumner, Lance Durden, Jerome Goddard … (2007)
            Geographic distribution of Rickettsia parkeri in its US tick vector, Amblyomma maculatum, was evaluated by PCR. R. parkeri was detected in ticks from Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, Oklahoma, and South Carolina, which suggests that A. maculatum may be responsible for additional cases of R. parkeri rickettsiosis throughout much of its US range.
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              Infrequency of Rickettsia rickettsii in Dermacentor variabilis removed from humans, with comments on the role of other human-biting ticks associated with spotted fever group Rickettsiae in the United States.

              Ellen Stromdahl, Ju Jiang, Mary Vince … (2011)
              From 1997 to 2009, the Tick-Borne Disease Laboratory of the U.S. Army Public Health Command (USAPHC) (formerly the U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine) screened 5286 Dermacentor variabilis ticks removed from Department of Defense (DOD) personnel, their dependents, and DOD civilian personnel for spotted fever group rickettsiae using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Rickettsia montanensis (171/5286 = 3.2%) and Rickettsia amblyommii (7/5286 = 0.1%) were detected in a small number of samples, but no ticks were found positive for Rickettsia rickettsii, the agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) until May 2009, when it was detected in one D. variabilis male removed from a child in Maryland. This result was confirmed by nucleotide sequence analysis of the rickettsial isolate and of the positive control used in the polymerase chain reaction, which was different from the isolate. Lethal effects of rickettsiostatic proteins of D. variabilis on R. rickettsii and lethal effects of R. rickettsii infection on tick hosts may account for this extremely low prevalence. Recent reports of R. rickettsii in species Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Amblyomma americanum ticks suggest their involvement in transmission of RMSF, and other pathogenic rickettsiae have been detected in Amblyomma maculatum. The areas of the U.S. endemic for RMSF are also those where D. variabilis exist in sympatry with populations of A. americanum and A. maculatum. Interactions among the sympatric species of ticks may be involved in the development of a focus of RMSF transmission. On the other hand, the overlap of foci of RMSF cases and areas of A. americanum and A. maculatum populations might indicate the misdiagnosis as RMSF of diseases actually caused by other rickettsiae vectored by these ticks. Further studies on tick vectors are needed to elucidate the etiology of RMSF.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Emerg Infect Dis
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Emerging Infect. Dis
                Journal ID (publisher-id): EID
                Title: Emerging Infectious Diseases
                Publisher: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
                ISSN (Print): 1080-6040
                ISSN (Electronic): 1080-6059
                Publication date (Print): December 2011
                Volume: 17
                Issue: 12
                Pages: 2350-2353
                Affiliations
                [1]Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, USA (A.S. Varela-Stokes);
                [2]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (C.D. Paddock);
                [3]North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA (B. Engber, M. Toliver)
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Andrea S. Varela-Stokes, Wise Center, Spring Street, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA; email: stokes@ 123456cvm.msstate.edu
                Article
                Publisher ID: 11-0789
                DOI: 10.3201/eid1712.110789
                PMC ID: 3311201
                PubMed ID: 22172164
                SO-VID: feea0110-7e80-452f-b0f4-9bc7fadcf1ee
                History
                Categories
                Subject: Dispatch

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: rickettsia parkeri,ticks,spotted fever group rickettsiae,candidatus rickettsia andeanae,vector-borne infections,rickettsia,rocky mountain spotted fever,north carolina,amblyomma maculatum
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: rickettsia parkeri, ticks, spotted fever group rickettsiae, candidatus rickettsia andeanae, vector-borne infections, rickettsia, rocky mountain spotted fever, north carolina, amblyomma maculatum

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