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      Antimicrobial properties and dental pulp stem cell cytotoxicity using carboxymethyl cellulose-silver nanoparticles deposited on titanium plates

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          Abstract

          Objective: To evaluate the antimicrobial properties and dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) cytotoxicity of synthesized carboxymethyl cellulose-silver nanoparticles impregnated on titanium plates. Material and methods: The antibacterial effect of silver nanoparticles in a carboxymethyl cellulose matrix impregnated on titanium plates (Ti-AgNPs) in three concentrations: 16%, 50% and 100% was determined by adding these to bacterial cultures of Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis. The Ti-AgNPs cytotoxicity on DPSCs was determined using a fluorimetric cytotoxicity assay with 0.12% chlorhexidine as a positive control. Results: Silver nanoparticles in all concentrations were antimicrobial, with concentrations of 50% and 100% being more cytotoxic with 4% cell viability. Silver nanoparticles 16% had a cell viability of 95%, being less cytotoxic than 0.12% chlorhexidine. Conclusions: Silver nanoparticles are a promising structure because of their antimicrobial properties. These have high cell viability at a concentration of 16%, and are less toxic than chlorhexidine.

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          In vitro toxicity of nanoparticles in BRL 3A rat liver cells.

          S. Hussain, K. L. Hess, J Gearhart … (2005)
          This study was undertaken to address the current deficient knowledge of cellular response to nanosized particle exposure. The study evaluated the acute toxic effects of metal/metal oxide nanoparticles proposed for future use in industrial production methods using the in vitro rat liver derived cell line (BRL 3A). Different sizes of nanoparticles such as silver (Ag; 15, 100 nm), molybdenum (MoO(3); 30, 150 nm), aluminum (Al; 30, 103 nm), iron oxide (Fe(3)O(4); 30, 47 nm), and titanium dioxide (TiO(2); 40 nm) were evaluated for their potential toxicity. We also assessed the toxicity of relatively larger particles of cadmium oxide (CdO; 1 microm), manganese oxide (MnO(2); 1-2 microm), and tungsten (W; 27 microm), to compare the cellular toxic responses with respect to the different sizes of nanoparticles with different core chemical compositions. For toxicity evaluations, cellular morphology, mitochondrial function (MTT assay), membrane leakage of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH assay), reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were assessed under control and exposed conditions (24h of exposure). Results showed that mitochondrial function decreased significantly in cells exposed to Ag nanoparticles at 5-50 microg/ml. However, Fe(3)O(4), Al, MoO(3) and TiO(2) had no measurable effect at lower doses (10-50 microg/ml), while there was a significant effect at higher levels (100-250 microg/ml). LDH leakage significantly increased in cells exposed to Ag nanoparticles (10-50 microg/ml), while the other nanoparticles tested displayed LDH leakage only at higher doses (100-250 microg/ml). In summary the Ag was highly toxic whereas, MoO(3) moderately toxic and Fe(3)O(4), Al, MnO(2) and W displayed less or no toxicity at the doses tested. The microscopic studies demonstrated that nanoparticle-exposed cells at higher doses became abnormal in size, displaying cellular shrinkage, and an acquisition of an irregular shape. Due to toxicity of silver, further study conducted with reference to its oxidative stress. The results exhibited significant depletion of GSH level, reduced mitochondrial membrane potential and increase in ROS levels, which suggested that cytotoxicity of Ag (15, 100 nm) in liver cells is likely to be mediated through oxidative stress.
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            Silver nanoparticles induce cytotoxicity by a Trojan-horse type mechanism.

            Eun-Jung Park, Jongheop Yi, Younghun Kim … (2010)
            Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely applied in many household products and medical uses. However, studies on the effects of AgNPs on human health and environmental implications are in the beginning stage. Furthermore, most data on the toxicity of AgNPs have been generated using nanoparticles modified with detergents to prevent agglomeration, which may alter their toxicities. In this study, we studied toxicity using AgNPs prepared by dispersing them in fetal bovine serum (FBS), biocompatible materials. AgNPs (average size; 68.9 nm, concentrations; 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, and 1.6 ppm, exposure time; 24, 48, 72, and 96h) showed cytotoxicity to cultured RAW264.7 cells by increasing sub G1 fraction, which indicates cellular apoptosis. AgNPs decreased intracellular glutathione level, increased NO secretion, increased TNF-alpha in protein and gene levels, and increased gene expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-3, MMP-11, and MMP-19). When cells were treated with AgNPs, they were observed in the cytosol of the activated cells, but were not observed in the dead cells. It seemed that AgNPs were ionized in the cells to cause cytotoxicity by a Trojan-horse type mechanism suggested by previously reported studies. Copyright (c) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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              The growing importance of materials that prevent microbial adhesion: antimicrobial effect of medical devices containing silver.

              Douglas Roberto Monteiro, Luiz Fernando Gorup, Aline Takamiya … (2009)
              Research has clarified the properties required for polymers that resist bacterial colonisation for use in medical devices. The increase in antibiotic-resistant microorganisms has prompted interest in the use of silver as an antimicrobial agent. Silver-based polymers can protect the inner and outer surfaces of devices against the attachment of microorganisms. Thus, this review focuses on the mechanisms of various silver forms as antimicrobial agents against different microorganisms and biofilms as well as the dissociation of silver ions and the resulting reduction in antimicrobial efficacy for medical devices. This work suggests that the characteristics of released silver ions depend on the nature of the silver antimicrobial used and the polymer matrix. In addition, the elementary silver, silver zeolite and silver nanoparticles, used in polymers or as coatings could be used as antimicrobial biomaterials for a variety of promising applications.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Acta Biomater Odontol Scand
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Acta Biomater Odontol Scand
                Journal ID (archive): IABO
                Journal ID (publisher-id): iabo20
                Title: Acta Biomaterialia Odontologica Scandinavica
                Publisher: Taylor & Francis
                ISSN (Electronic): 2333-7931
                Publication date Collection: December 2016
                Publication date (Electronic): 29 March 2016
                Volume: 2
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 60-67
                Affiliations
                [ a ]Posgrado de Ortodoncia, Facultad de Odontologia, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo León MonterreyMexico
                [ b ]Centro de Investigacion y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon MonterreyMexico
                [ c ]Centro de Innovacion, Investigación y Desarrollo en Ingenieria y Tecnologia, Facultad de Ingeniería Mecanica y Electrica, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon MonterreyMexico
                [ d ]Instituto de Biotecnologia, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon MonterreyMexico
                Author notes
                CONTACT Myriam Angelica de la Garza-Ramos myriam.garzarm@ 123456uanl.edu.mx Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon Calle Dr. Eduardo Aguirre Pequeño s/n, Colonia Mitras Centro Monterrey Nuevo LeonMexico
                Article
                Publisher ID: 1160783
                DOI: 10.3109/23337931.2016.1160783
                PMC ID: 5433232
                SO-VID: ff184098-b018-4ee1-a175-ae2130d8a287
                Copyright © © 2016 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 11 December 2015
                Date revision received : 24 February 2016
                Date accepted : 29 February 2016
                Page count
                Pages: 67
                Categories
                Subject: Article
                Subject: Research Article

                Keywords: antibacterial activity,dental pulp stem cells,orthodontics
                Data availability:
                Keywords: antibacterial activity, dental pulp stem cells, orthodontics

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