Associations of Eating Mode Defined by Dietary Patterns with Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in the Malaysia Lipid Study Population

Abstract

Cardiometabolic risk is scarcely explored related to dietary patterns (DPs) in Asian populations. Dietary data ( n = 562) from the cross-sectional Malaysia Lipid Study were used to derive DPs through principal component analysis. Associations of DPs were examined with metabolic syndrome (MetS), atherogenic, inflammation and insulinemic status. Four DPs with distinctive eating modes were Home meal (HM), Chinese traditional (CT), Plant foods (PF) and Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB). Within DP tertiles (T3 vs. T1), the significantly lowest risk was associated with CT for hsCRP (AOR = 0.44, 95% CI 0.28, 0.70, p < 0.001) levels. However, SSB was associated with the significantly highest risks for BMI (AOR = 2.01, 95% CI 1.28, 3.17, p = 0.003), waist circumference (AOR = 1.81, 95% CI 1.14, 2.87, p = 0.013), small LDL-C particles (AOR= 1.69, 95% CI 1.02, 2.79, p = 0.043), HOMA2-IR (AOR = 2.63, 95% CI 1.25, 5.57, p = 0.011), hsCRP (AOR = 2.21, 95% CI 1.40, 3.50, p = 0.001), and MetS (AOR = 2.78, 95% CI 1.49, 5.22, p = 0.001). Adherence behaviors to SSBs (T3) included consuming coffee/tea with condensed milk (29%) or plain with sugar (20.7%) and eating out (12 ± 8 times/week, p < 0.001). Overall, the SSB pattern with a highest frequency of eating out was detrimentally associated with cardiometabolic risks.