Plenary session
A1 Glycosylation and proteolytic cleavage of α-dystroglycan (α-DG) in thrombin activated
platelets
Austin B. Auyeung1, Wenjing Ma2, Reid Gallant2, Yiming Wang2,3, Heyu Ni2,4
1School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; 2Keenan
Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Canada; 3Clinical
and Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada; 4Canadian
Blood Services, Toronto, Canada
Correspondence: Austin B. Auyeung
Introduction
Αlpha-dystroglycan (α-DG) is a dystrophin-associated cell membrane glycoprotein and
a vital component of the dystrophin complex, which plays a crucial role in cell adhesion
to the extracellular matrix (ECM) in myocytes. Our group has shown that α-DG and likely
other components of the dystrophin complex are expressed on the platelet surface.
Targeting the dystroglycan complex by blocking α-DG inhibits platelet adhesion, aggregation,
and thrombus formation, possibly through formation of a α-DG-fibronectin-αIIbβ3 complex.
Proteolytic cleavage and glycosylation of α-DG modulate its adhesion to laminin and
fibronectin in ECM. However, how these post-translational modifications respond and
contribute to platelet activation, adhesion and aggregation have never been investigated.
Methods
Whole blood from mice or venous blood from healthy adult volunteers were centrifuged
and the top 2/3 of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) was collected. PRP was activated with
1 U/ml thrombin or left unactivated for 5 min at 37°C. We used two monoclonal anti-α-DG
antibodies IIH6C4 and VIA-4 to detect α-DG cleavage (band size at ~100kD after cleavage
while the intact protein is ~150kD) and glycosylation (with glycan-dependent antigen
recognition antibodies, stronger binding signal reflects increased glycosylation)
in resting and thrombin activated mouse/human platelets using flow cytometry and western
blot.
Results
Compared to resting platelets, thrombin activated platelets have increased IIH6C4/VIA4
surface and whole cell lysate binding, as measured by flow cytometry and western blot,
respectively. α-DG may be stored in α-granules and translocated to the cell surface
and/or have its N-terminal removed and/or be glycosylated upon thrombin activation.
Discussion
It has been reported that N-terminal removed and glycosylated forms of α-DG have a
much higher ligand binding affinity. Therefore, after thrombin activation, α-DG may
engage more/stronger fibronetin-αIIbβ3 binding to enhance platelet-platelet interaction/platelet-
ECM adhesion through its post-translational modification. These may serve as novel
targets for the treatment of thrombotic disorders.
A2 Evaluation of efficacy of mannitol vs. hypertonic saline for reducing intracranial
pressure in patients with severe traumatic brain injury: A network meta-analysis
Radhe Shah1, Ayush Thakkar2, Pooja Rangwala3, Devang Rana1
1Smt. NHL Municipal Medical College, Ahmedabad, India;
2GCS Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Ahmedabad, India; 3AMC MET Medical
College, Ahmedabad, India
Correspondence: Radhe Shah
Introduction
Mannitol is used as the gold standard and Hypertonic Saline(HTS) as the second-line
drug for hyperosmolar therapy to reduce Intracranial pressure(ICP) in patients of
severe traumatic brain injury (STBI). Recent times have shown an increased interest
in replacing Mannitol with HTS as the first-line drug. Individual trials comparing
the two show certain discrepancies in the results and this meta-analysis aims at eliminating
the same.
Methods
PubMed, Cochrane, Google Scholar, MeSH, and Embase databases were searched until 8th
Feb 2019. RCTs and prospective studies, following the PRISMA guidelines and inclusion
criteria where Mannitol or HTS were administered for increased ICP in STBI (Glasgow
Coma Scale: 3-8) were included. The primary outcome was the change in ICP 30, 60,
90, and 120 minutes after drug administration. For the measurement of treatment effect
RevMan 5.3 version software by Cochrane Database was utilized to calculate Odd’s ratio.
A Random and Fixed effect model was applied to calculate the standardised mean difference
of change between groups. P value less than 0.05 was considered as a statistically
significant value. The I2 was used to measure the heterogeneity between studies and
a value > 30.0 was considered to reflect heterogeneity.
Results
A total of 8 studies with 276 patients met the inclusion criteria. The mean ICP reduction
after 30 minutes of drug administration in HTS group was 7.69±3.18(95%CI=4.7508- 10.6464)
and for mannitol group was 6.28±4.92(95%CI=1.7291-10.8452). Test for heterogeneity,
I2=0.00%, p=0.9380. The mean ICP reduction after 120 minutes of drug administration
in HTS group was 8.31±2.91(95%CI=5.62-11) and for mannitol group was 7.22±3.74(95%CI=2.57-11.87).
Test for heterogeneity, I2=32.16%, p=0.2070. No statistical difference between the
two drugs at 30minutes(p=0.677), 60minutes(p=0.639) and 120minutes(p=0.367) after
administration was observed.
Discussion
Thus, Mannitol and HTS can be used interchangeably to reduce ICP in patients of STBI
in view of no significant difference in efficacy.
Oral session
O1 Evaluating the growth of melanoma cells in 3D in vitro using collagen-based scaffolds
Evgeniia Mustafaeva1, John Nolan2, Olga Piskareva3,4
1School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; 2School
Of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin, Ireland;
3School of Pharmacy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin,
Ireland; 4Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons,
Dublin, Ireland
Correspondence: Evgeniia Mustafaeva
Melanoma, a cancer of melanocytes, is one of the most common cancers in the world.
In living tissues, it grows surrounded by a 3D microenvironment, which provides physical
support and determines disease progression and prognosis. The aim of this project
was to determine how different melanoma cell lines M14 and SK-MEL-28 behave, grow
and expand in 3D in vitro models using collagen-based scaffolds. Collagen scaffolds
contained either chondroitin to mimic skin tissue, hyaluronic acid or nano-hydroxyapatite
to mimic bone tissue.
All tested scaffolds were populated with melanoma M14 and SK-MEL-28 cells that were
left to grow for 28 days. Scaffold infiltrations by cells were assessed on day 1,
7, 14, 21 and 28. Populated scaffolds were then processed with a tissue processor,
embedded in paraffin wax, sliced up with a microtome and stained with H&E followed
by bright field microscopy. The images were put together in chronological order to
see the growth progression.
Both SK-MEL-28 and M14 cell lines have demonstrated most penetration when grown on
chondroitin scaffolds, followed by hyaluronic acid scaffolds. Cells grown on nano-hydroxyapatite
scaffolds showed the least colonisation and tended to accumulate around the edges
of the scaffold. M14 cells growing on chondroitin scaffolds demonstrated rapid infiltration
when compared with SK-MEL28 cells probably due to intrinsic aggressive growth properties.
In conclusion, we have demonstrated for the first time the ability of collagen-based
scaffolds to support melanoma cell growth and colonisation. Our findings can aid the
development of a 3D in vitro scaffold-based platform to study melanoma biology.
O2 Exploring new mechanisms for HIF-2 activation
William B. Sherwood, Brian M. Ortmann, Guinevere L. Grice, James A. Nathan
Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, Keith Peters Building, Department of Medicine,
University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England
Correspondence: William B. Sherwood
Introduction
Hypoxia Inducible transcription Factors (HIFs) are central to the cellular response
to oxygen availability, activating a myriad of genes to ensure cell survival. However,
inappropriate HIF activation promotes tumour formation and alters immunity. Whether
HIF-2a, the main driver for solid-organ tumours, is regulated distinctly from HIF-1a,
the constitutively expressed form, is debated. Here, we use CRISPR/Cas9 genome-wide
forward genetic screens to identify regulators of HIF-2a turnover in normoxia.
Methods
Ten genes were identified for validation from this HIF-2a activation screen. Genetic
depletion of known HIF regulators (VHL, PHD2, and OGDH), or chemical inhibition of
the HIF- 2a degradation pathway, activated HIF-2a as expected. Three CRISPR sgRNAs,
for each candidate gene, were designed and lentivirally transduced into HIF-2a GFP
reporter cells. GFP fluorescence was monitored by flow cytometry, and immunoblotting
was performed for the endogenous proteins. As a complimentary validation strategy,
the HIF-2a activation screen was optimised and repeated.
Results
Both screens identified high confidence hits involving the canonical regulation of
HIF- 1a and HIF-2a, validating the approach. Genes required for the OGDHc were also
identified and validated in unrelated cells to the screen, consistent with OGDHc function
regulating both HIF- 1a and HIF-2a. Several other top candidate genes were selected
for further investigation. Tectonin Beta-Propeller Repeat Containing 1 (TECPR1) and
Meiotic Recombination 11 homolog A (MRE11a) knockdowns initially showed HIF reporter
activation after 10 days. However, this was not reproduced in independent cell lines.
Discussion
The CRISPR-Cas9 screens reproducibly identified known regulators of HIF-a, and showed
that the OGDHc also regulated the HIF-2a isoform. Currently, no genes that regulate
HIF-2a distinctly from HIF-1a have been identified. While further optimisation of
the HIF-2a screening approach is required, these findings are consistent with the
HIF-a isoforms being post-translationally regulated in the same manner.
O3 Is the initial improvement in cardiovascular morbidity sustained at 2 years following
bariatric surgery?
Kwun Hang Aaron Ho1, Colm J. O’Boyle2, Hayder Shabana2
1School of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; 2Department of Surgery,
Bons Secours Hospital, Cork, Ireland
Correspondence: Kwun Hang Aaron Ho
Introduction
Although morbid obesity is strongly associated with hypertension, relatively little
research has been performed to evaluate the long-term antihypertensive impact of bariatric
surgery. We aim to assess the impact of bariatric surgery on hypertension and antihypertensive
usage over a 2-year period.
Methods
This study was a retrospective review of 618 patients undergoing laparoscopic sleeve
gastrectomy (LSG) and gastric bypass (LGBYP) under the care of a single Consultant
Surgeon between January 2009 and June 2019. Weight, height, body mass index (BMI),
systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and antihypertensive
usage were recorded preoperatively and postoperatively at 1-year and 2-year. Statistical
analysis was performed using SPSSv24.
Results
468 (76%) patients were female. The mean age was 46+/-11 years and the mean BMI was
49+/-8 kg/m2. 423 (68%) patients underwent LGBYP and the remainder underwent LSG.
Postoperatively, the mean BMI fell to 33+/-77 kg/m2 at 1-year and stayed the same
at 2-year (p<0.001, t-test). The mean SBP decreased from 142+/-19 mmHg preoperatively
to 127+/-18 mmHg at 1-year postoperatively, which stayed the same at 2-year (p<0.001,
t-test). The mean DBP decreased from 87+/-10 mmHg to 72+/-24 mmHg and 79+/-10mmHg
at 1-year and 2-year postoperatively respectively (p<0.001, t-test). 125 (52%) hypertensive
patients were off all antihypertensives at 1-year and 2-year postoperatively respectively.
100 (60%) and 94 (57%) patients who were taking 1 or 2 antihypertensives preoperatively
were normotensive and off all antihypertensives at 1-year and 2-year postoperatively
respectively.
Discussion
Improvement in SBP and DBP was sustained over 2 years following bariatric surgery,
notwithstanding a 50% reduction in the number of patients on antihypertensives.
O4 Postoperative atrial fibrillation and long-term risk of stroke and death following
cardiac surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Muhammad Zain Ali1, Peter Chen2, Pascal Meyre3, Michael Ke Wang4, William McIntyre4,5,
Jeff Healey4,5, Richard Whitlock4,6, Andre Lamy4,5, PJ Devereaux4,5, David Conen4,5
1School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; 2University
of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; 3Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular
Research Institute Basel, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland;
4Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; 5Population Health
Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; 6Department of Surgery,
McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
Correspondence: Muhammad Zain Ali
Introduction
Postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) is a frequent complication after cardiac
surgery. Studies so far have shown variability in terms of whether POAF is associated
with higher risks of stroke or death. To gain additional insights into this important
issue, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the long
and short-term risks of stroke and death in patients with POAF after cardiac surgery.
Methods
We searched PubMed for studies that investigated the association of stroke and death
in patients with POAF after cardiac surgery. Studies were included if they reported
short (<30 days after cardiac surgery) and long-term risks (>30 days after cardiac
surgery) of stroke or death, and had enrolled ≥100 patients. Data were independently
abstracted by 2 reviewers and pooled using inverse variance random-effects models.
The primary outcome was stroke occurring >30 days after cardiac surgery, and the secondary
outcome was all-cause death occurring >30 days after surgery. We presented data as
risk ratios (RR).
Results
Of the 7131 citations screened, a total of 43 studies met the eligibility criteria.
Among the 332,577 participants, 69,205 developed POAF (20.8%). During a mean follow-up
of 22 months, patients with POAF had a significantly higher long-term risk of stroke
compared to those without POAF (RR, 1.46; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.29-1.66,
I2=71%). The risk of stroke was also increased in the first 30 days after surgery
(RR for <30 days, 2.63; 95% CI, 2.05-3.38, I2=77%). Patients with POAF had an increased
long-term risk of death (RR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.41-1.99, I2=90%). There was a trend for
increased risk of death during the first 30 days after surgery among patients with
POAF (RR for <30 days, 1.73; 95% CI, 0.99-3.02, I2=97%).
Discussion
Patients with POAF after cardiac surgery have an increased long-term risk of stroke
and death.
O5 Role of SGK-1 mediated ATP production in the survival of extracellular matrix (ECM)
detached cells
Ishan Antony1,2, Jordan Cockfield1, Zachary T. Schafer2
1School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; 2Department
of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States
Correspondence: Ishan Antony
Introduction
Evading both caspase-dependent cell death triggered by extracellular matrix (ECM)
detachment (defined as anoikis) and ECM-detachment-induced metabolic defects is necessary
for cancer cells to metastasise. We've previously identified a role for SGK-1 downstream
of oncogenic Ras to promote survival in ECM-detachment and this study investigates
the molecular mechanism by which SGK-1 drives survival in ECM-detached cancer cells
with different oncogenic insults.
Methods
Cancer cell-lines were cultured in either DMEM media (KPL4, MDA-MB-468, and 4T07 with
1% non-essential amino acids) or McCoy Media (HCT116) with 10%FBS. To examine ATP
production, ATP assay kits were used in the parental cell-lines along with over-expression
or knockdown of SGK-1. Soft-agar colony formation assays were completed to evaluate
anchorage-independent growth. Western blots were run from cell lysates to assess protein
abundance and/or phosphorylation.
Results
Higher levels of ATP were measured in SGK-1 over-expressed cell-lines. When SGK- 1
was knocked down, significant decreases in ATP were observed in each cell-line. Soft
agar plates showed more cell colonies in plates containing SGK-1 over-expressed cells
while those with knockdowns of SGK-1 displayed the antithesis. When SGK-1 was over-expressed,
we saw an increase in the abundance of GLUT1 protein expression, and when SGK-1 was
knocked- down, we saw a decrease in GLUT1 protein expression. Using WZB117 to inhibit
the function of GLUT1 decreased the ability of SGK-1 to facilitate glucose uptake.
Discussion
In ECM-detachment, we found SGK-1 to be both sufficient and required to promote ATP
generation and anchorage-independent growth. Due to the regulation of GLUT-1 expression
and its requirement in SGK-1-mediated glucose uptake, SGK-1 plausibly regulates uptake
of glucose by coordinating the abundance of this glucose transporter. Future studies
would include investigating how SGK-1 regulates the abundance of GLUT1 by examining
either transcription factors that promote the transcription of GLUT1 or post-translational
factors that regulate the stability of GLUT1 in ECM-detached cancer cells.
Poster session
P1 A systematic review of Lutetium-177 PSMA therapy in prostate cancer
Amy Pawson1, Katherine Zukotynski2
1School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; 2Nuclear
Medicine Department, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
Correspondence: Amy Pawson
Introduction
Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer and second leading cause of cancer
related death in men. Within the last 5-years, a radionuclide agent targeting prostate
specific membrane antigen (PSMA) has been assayed for men with metastatic castration
resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Referred to as 177Lu-PSMA therapy, this agent emits
targeted radiation. The objective of this review is to assess the effectiveness of
177Lu-PSMA therapy in men with mCRPC.
Methods
English-language papers evaluating 177Lu-PSMA therapy in mCRPC published from January
2012-January 2019 were extracted from Pubmed, Web of Science, Science Direct, and
Embase. Excluding those with low patient numbers such as case reports, papers that
did not include outcomes and papers where targeted radionuclide therapy (not 177Lu-PSMA
therapy) were used, yielded 26 papers. Number of patients, dosage schedule, follow-up/outcome
measures and side effects were recorded for each study.
Results
The number of patients receiving 177Lu-RLT and the amount of radioactivity administered,
varied across the different studies. Study sizes ranged from 10 to 145 patients, and
the dose of treatment ranged from 2 to 9.7 GBq. Studies suggest that the most effective
regime is 9 cycles of therapy interspersed by 6 weeks of no treatment. The majority
of studies demonstrated a significant response to treatment through a decrease in
PSA, as well as a substantial proportion of these studies having a decrease in PSA
>50% prolonging median overall survival. Treatment failure was reported in up to 1/3rd
of patients, as well as minor side effects.
Discussion
Since inception of 177Lu-PSMA therapy for mCRPC, several studies have shown effectiveness
with increasing overall survival, albeit in the setting of side effects, most commonly
xerostomia and thrombocytopenia. More research is needed to establish best clinical
practice.
P2 Adopting the use of a Virtual Clinic to improve the efficiency and standard of
care at the Beaumont Hospital General Surgery OPD
Avinash Bhupalan
Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
Purpose
This study assessed patients attitudes towards the potential of being seen in a virtual
clinic and their current impression of the standard of care and efficiency of the
OPD at Beaumont.
Methods
Beaumont’s current virtual clinic is being used by the general surgery department
to assess a select group of patients post operatively & post endoscopy, in order to
assess their general health and scar healing. The end goal is to expand this service
to a variety of other departments within the hospital . In order to do this it must
first be demonstrated that utilisation of the virtual clinic is more efficient, cost
effective and less time consuming for both healthcare providers and patients. Our
main objective will be to assess patients’ attitudes regarding the concept of a virtual
clinic, whether or not they would be comfortable with this form of care, and whether
they believe the same outcome can be achieved in this setting as compared to more
traditional settings. To obtain the following information surveys were handed to patients
(n=100)in the general surgery outpatient department (OPD) of Beaumont Hospital.
Results
From 100 patients surveyed, the average time between leaving one’s house and being
seen by a doctor was 1h 44 mins. The average OPD consultation time was 14 minutes.
The average waiting in the Virtual clinic (VC) was 4 minutes and 44 seconds, whilst
the average consultation time was 5 minutes. The average cost incurred by a patient
to get to the Beaumont OPD was €11.55.
Conclusion
The virtual clinic is the more cost and time efficient option when seeing a selected
group of post operative general surgery patients. The VC saves both hospital and patient
a substantial amount of money. In addition to time and cost, it decreases the workload
on medical staff.
P3 Advancing professional healthcare by the use of mentorship
Harleen Jhinger1, Bridget Murray2, Comfort Chima2
1School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; 2School
of Nursing & Midwifery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
Correspondence: Harleen Jhinger
Research Questions
What is the impact of mentorship on the clinical competencies of healthcare professionals?
Introduction
Mentorship is a method used to train healthcare professionals across a variety of
disciplines. It comprises of a relationship between the ‘mentor’, or the trainer,
and a ‘mentee’, or the learner. It is important to determine whether or not mentorship
is a useful technique to increase the clinical competencies of healthcare professionals
to ascertain where further research should be directed.
Methods
A systematic review construct was used to gather data from different sources. Four
databases (PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library) were explored using search
terms that fell under the categories of “mentorship”, “field of study” and “randomized
control trial”, formulating a total of 502 articles, which were applied to an inclusion
and exclusion criteria. 82 articles were duplicates, comprising a total of 420 articles
through the search strategy. A variety of review methods were employed, including
Mendeley, an EBL Appraisal checklist, and the Cochrane Tool of Bias to assess viability
of articles, ensure that each article was accounted for once, and minimize the risk
of bias.
Results
Six articles met the inclusion and exclusion criteria, out of which five displayed
mentorship to be a clinically significant interventional method, while one noted no
significant difference. From these results, it is noted that mentorship works to improve
health outcomes by enhancing healthcare professional clinical competencies.
Discussion
Based on this systematic review, mentorship is a strong method to develop clinical
competencies of healthcare professionals. In the future, research should be directed
towards improving specific mentorship programmes.
Acknowledgements
We acknowledge funding received by the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Research
Summer School.
P4 Aetiology and functional outcomes following hypoxic ischaemic brain injury
Sian Roberts-Walsh1, Prasanth Sukumar1, Valerie Twomey2, Áine Carroll1,2
1School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; 2National Rehabilitation
Hospital, Rochestown Avenue, Dublin, Ireland
Correspondence: Sian Roberts-Walsh
Introduction
Hypoxic ischaemic brain injury (HIBI) is a leading cause of long-term neurological
disability. The aim of this study was to investigate the aetiology and outcome patients
with HIBI admitted to a National Rehabilitation Hospital (NRH) over a 10-year period.
Methods
Retrospective analysis of the healthcare records of all patients discharged from the
NRH with a ICD 10 code for HIBI from 2000-2018. Descriptive analysis and analysis
of the level of disability (using Modified Barthel Index [MBI] and Disability rating
scale [DRS]) and discharge destination was carried out using SpSS version 24.0.
Results
572 episodes were recorded under the code g93.1. After exclusion of duplicate entries,
the number of records analysed was 139. A further 35 were excluded as they did not
meet the inclusion criteria. 104 records were reviewed systematically using a standardised
proforma.
69 (66%) were male and 35 (33%) were female.
Cardiovascular causes were most common (35.6%), followed by overdose (22.1%). Most
had moderate to severe disability on admission (MBI and DRS). Severe disability was
associated with respiratory arrest, overdose and neurological causes, while independence
was most likely with cardiovascular causes. MBI and DRS improved in the majority (49%
and 38.5%) with the greatest improvements seen with cardiovascular aetiology.
45.2 % of patients were discharged to their own home, 18.3% to a nursing home, and
18.3% to an acute hospital.
Conclusion
Improvement in functional outcomes following HIBI is correlated to aetiology. This
may have implications in helping to predict patient outcome post-HIBI. Study limitations
include incomplete recordings on charts and varying sample sizes within aetiological
groupings.
P5 An audit of brain magnetic resonance imagery scans ordered from various departments
in multi-speciality hospitals over a 12 week interval
Sanat Rashinkar1, Sayali Tulpule2, Ashish Atre3
1School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; 2Hardikar
Hospital, Pune, India; 3Chief Neuroradiologist and Paediatric Radiologist, STAR Imaging
and Research Centre, Pune, India
Correspondence: Sanat Rashinkar
Introduction
There has been a significant increase in the number of diagnostic imaging requests
of the brain from various different departments in the hospitals. It has been observed
that a large number of diagnostic imaging requests were related to the brain MRI of
the brain causing high workload for the neuro-radiology trainees. This challenge provides
an opportunity to evaluate these requests from departments where there is a high demand.
The results can improve the radiology department service and reduce workload on the
neuro-radiology trainees. This study aims to assess brain MRI scans characterising
the departments, indications, and the final diagnosis from the imaging requests for
the radiology department.
Methods
A retrospective review was conducted using data available from the PACS (Picture archiving
and communication system) of a major diagnostic imaging and research centre in Pune.
The data was collected on patients who presented to a consultant in a certain department
in a hospital in Pune, and patients were asked to undergo a brain MRI scan from this
diagnostic imaging centre. The data records for 12 weeks (1/1/2017 to 31/3/2017) were
collected which included the age, gender, scan type, department, indications, and
final diagnosis of these patients.
Results
518 scans were completed. The highest number of requests were from the Neurology and
Neurosurgery departments, 62% and 35% respectively. Out of the 518 scans, 36% were
MRI Brain Scans, 27% were Brain MRI Angiography, 17% were MRI Brain Epilepsy Control,
followed by other types. The most common indication was headache (32.2%) followed
by nausea (9.6%) and then vomiting (9.2%). The most common diagnosis was ischemic
stroke (11%) followed by haemorrhage (8.1%), demyelinating disease (4.6%), and then
others.
Discussion
The analysis shows the departments with high imaging requests. The most common indications
and final diagnoses were identified. This will assist in improving the radiology department
service and aid neuro-radiology trainees.
P6 An audit to examine why patients were not wearing their identification wristbands
David Joyce
School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
Introduction
The Joint Commission International has highlighted identifying patients correctly
as the number one goal to increase patient safety. By ensuring that patients are wearing
their identification bands it will decrease the number of issues related to prescribing
medicines and having investigations performed. The aim of this audit was to ascertain
whether patients were wearing their hospital identification wristbands and whether
it was being checked by staff at key risk points. If the patient was not wearing a
wristband, the aim was to see who had removed the wristband and why they had removed
it.
Methods
The audit was undertaken by asking patients whether or not they were wearing their
wristbands. The patient was then asked whether they had had their wristbands checked
before receiving medications, before an x-ray or scan and before any other investigations
(bloods, ECG, clinical exam etc.) If the patient was not wearing a wristband, the
patient was asked who removed it and if there was a reason why it had been removed.
Results
255 partook in the audit. 95% (n=243) of the patients were wearing wristbands. Most
patients (>95%) reported wristbands being checked at various risk points, however,
when receiving medication only 76% of patients reported their wristband being checked
on the day of the audit. Of the 12 patients who were not wearing wristbands, 50% (n=6)
were unsure why it had been removed.
Discussion
The results highlighted that most patients were wearing their wristbands and had their
identification checked before any procedure. More effort should be made to ensure
that all patients are wearing their identification wristbands and to ascertain why
some patients had had them removed.
P7 Analysis of the wild mushroom Fomitopsis pinicola for immunostimulatory and anti-inflammatory
properties
Anum Khalid1, Hamna Javed1, Chow Lee2
1School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; 2University
of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, Canada
Correspondence: Anum Khalid
Introduction
The discovery of new compounds from British Columbia wild mushrooms have shown the
ability to either directly inhibit the growth of cancer cells or stimulate the body’s
own immune defense mechanism to kill cancer cells. These findings suggest that native
fungi may contain potentially powerful natural pharmaceutical agents that should be
further studied for medicinal value. In this study, we analyzed six wild mushroom
species of Fomitopsis pinicola to look for the presence of both immunostimulatory
and anti-inflammatory properties that could be of pharmaceutical benefit.
Methods
Powdered Fomitopsis pinicola was sequentially extracted with 80% ethanol, 50% methanol,
water and 5% NaOH. Extracts underwent rotary evaporation and Lyophilization. All samples
were used to treat RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cells after which the supernatant was
collected for ELISA testing; Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and phosphate-buffered saline
were used as controls for immunostimulatory and anti-inflammatory testing respectively.
Analysis using GraphPad Prism and Kaleidagraph was done. The concentration of sample
used to treat the cells was the independent variable while the concentration of TNF-alpha
generated as a response was the dependent variable
Results
Analysis of TNF-alpha production in F. pinicola-treated cells revealed low levels
of TNF-alpha as compared to LPS-treated cells. Interestingly, the LPS-induced TNF-alpha
production was significantly inhibited by F. pinicola when compared to the controls.
Conclusion
This study showed that the wild mushroom species Fomitopsis pinicola possess notable
anti-inflammatory properties and low immunostimulatory activity. Possible influencing
factors include unknown systematic error, sample contamination, and human error. The
relevance of this study is that it implicates promising biological anti-inflammatory
activity in BC wild mushrooms that can be of pharmaceutical benefit.
P8 Analyzing characteristics of Hawaii patients with mixed seizures
Katharine Cater1,2
1Hawaii Pacific Neuroscience, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States; 2Tripler Army Medical
Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States
Objectives
To analyze characteristics of Hawaii patients with a dual diagnosis of Psychogenic
Non-Epileptic Seizures (PNES) and Epileptic Seizures (ES) with the aim of gaining
a better understanding of the patterns seen in patients with PNES and ES in Hawaii.
Methods
VEEG results were used to select patients with both a conversion disorder with seizures
and an epilepsy diagnosis. Patient characteristics, epilepsy type, and psychological
comorbidities were then analyzed to find patterns. These patterns were then compared
with patterns of patients with the same dual diagnosis in other populations
Results
Nine patients were found, with an average age of 53.6. They are on average borderline
obese, mostly female, and Asians and Pacific Islanders. Focal (not intractable) epilepsy
was the most common epilepsy type, and there were 10 reported psychological comorbidities
across 9 patients. None of the patients had a family history of epilepsy.
Conclusions
In patients in Hawaii with both ES and PNES, the average age is older than seen in
previous studies. It was most prevalent in Asians and Pacific Islanders. Other findings
such as predominate sex, the type of psychological comorbidities, and the type of
coexisting epilepsy were common to other studies.
P9 Assessing parental concerns of the recovery process of pediatric burn patients
Youlim Song1, Katerina Green2, Aoife Reilly2, Emily Hernandez3, Skylar Freyman1, Abigail
Fenton4, Susan Zeigfeld5, Dylan Steward5, Carisa Parrish5
1Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States of America; 2Royal College of
Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; 3California State University Northridge, Los
Angeles, United States of America; 4Our Lady of Good Counsel High School, Olney, Maryland,
United States of America; 5Johns Hopkins Medical Institution, Baltimore, United States
of America
Correspondence: Aoife Reilly
Introduction
Parents of pediatric burn patients are at significant risk of psychological distress,
with up to 50% of parents reporting clinically elevated levels of Post Traumatic Stress
Disorder symptoms. Clinical experience suggests that a significant source of parental
distress is the visible nature of the injury. Perception of skin appearance affects
the quality of life in pediatric patients with other visible skin conditions. Research
is limited on how skin tone and injury affect psychosocial adjustment in pediatric
burn patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of pediatric burn
cosmetic outcomes on parental concern to assess if educational pictures of other children’s
burns healing over time could address these concerns.
Methods
An anonymous self-report survey was administered to parents (n=61) assessing their
concerns about their child’s adjustment to burn and skin healing, as well as their
interest in additional education about the skin healing process. Data collection is
ongoing.
Results
Skin appearance (n=29; 47.5%) was the most frequently endorsed parental concern, followed
by Child Pain (n=28; 46.9%). In total, 42 parents (69.0%) reported that educational
pictures showing how other children’s burns healed over time would help manage their
expectations of how their child might heal. The majority of parents (n=43; 70.5%)
endorsed that access to photographs of wound and burn scar healing process of other
pediatric burn patients with similar skin tones would help them understand their child’s
recovery course.
Discussion
Education regarding cosmetic outcomes among pediatric burn patients could be a beneficial
tool in addressing parental concerns about the healing process. Further –scale studies
are required to validate these findings.
P10 Association of sub-clinical and clinical hypothyroidism with non-alcoholic fatty
liver disease: A retrospective hospital based case control study
Radhe Shah1, Shrutav Patel1, Pooja Rangwala2, Ayush Thakkar3, Rudra Patel1, Anita
Verma1
1Smt. NHL Municipal Medical College, Ahmedabad, India; 2AMC MET Medical College, Ahmedabad,
India; 3GCS Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Ahmedabad, India
Correspondence: Radhe Shah
Introduction
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is a well-established risk factor for various
hepatic and extrahepatic morbidities. Hypothyroidism tends to affect lipid and carbohydrate
metabolism, a pathology also seen in patients with NAFLD. However, the role of hypothyroidism
in causing NAFLD is not yet well defined. Therefore the aim of the present study was
to find an association between NAFLD and hypothyroidism.
Methodology
The cross-sectional study was conducted among 250 Indian subjects visiting SVP Hospital
between July-September 2019. The population consisted of 100 cases defined by Ultrasonography
(USG) confirmed findings for NAFLD and 150 controls with USG findings negative for
NAFLD; matched for age, sex, BMI and without history of alcohol use. Personal history
of hypothyroidism and altered thyroid function tests were used to classify clinical
(defined by TSH(>5.5uIU/mL) and FT4(<0.8ng/dl), FT3(<2.1ng/dl), T4-SERUM(<3.2ug/dl),
T3- SERUM(<0.63ng/ml)) and subclinical hypothyroidism(defined by TSH(>5.5uIU/ml) and
FT4, FT3, T4-serum and T3-serum: normal). Analysis of the data was carried out using
Odds ratio and Chi Square Test.
Results
The mean age and BMI of the total subjects were 50.96±17.34 and 24.55±5.74 respectively,
53% of which were females. Out of the total cases, 23% and 17% had clinical and subclinical
hypothyroidism respectively. A greater occurrence of clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism
was found in cases as compared to the controls with the Odds Ratio being 1.41 and
1.23 respectively. However, Chi Square showed non-significant results for association
of Clinical hypothyroidism with NAFLD(p=0.2832) and Subclinical Hypothyroidism WITH
NAFLD(p=0.561). Among the cases with hypothyroidism, 60% were prehypertensive and
27.5% were hypertensive; 75% were diabetics.
Discussion
No significant association was found between the spectrum of hypothyroidism and NAFLD
in this study. Multifactorial causation of NAFLD, along with restriction of the study
population to hospital patients are the major lacunae of this study. Further research
is recommended to confirm the results.
P11 Asymptomatic carotid disease - Time for some consensus
Husam Alhuwaish1, Peter Naughton1,2
1School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; 2Beaumont
Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
Correspondence: Husam Alhuwaish
Introduction
Management of asymptomatic carotid stenosis is controversial. Even though the majority
of practice guidelines provide Class-I evidence supporting carotid endarterectomy
(CEA) in >60% asymptomatic carotid stenosis (ACS), many experts disagree with surgery
in ACS.
Objective
To perform a review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) looking at carotid surgery
versus no carotid surgery for asymptomatic carotid stenosis (ACS) and to compare evidence
with current international guidelines.
Methods
MEDLINE (pubmed) search was conducted looking for RCTs published in the time period
1980-2018 comparing medical therapy alone to surgery in the management of ACS. Also
a review of practice guidelines was done.
Results and Conclusions
Guidelines are based on major RCTs that were published in the 1990s such as VA trial
-1993, ACAS trial -1995, and ACST trial - 2004. All compared aspirin to CEA.1990s
best medical therapy (BMT): Aspirin. ‘Modern’ BMT: intensive use of a wide range of
anti-platelets, newer antihypertensives, potent statins, diabetes control, Mediterranean
diet, and smoking cessation. ‘Modern’ BMT is superior to aspirin and might supersede
surgery. The 10-year ARR is only 4.6% in ACST trial making around 95% of CEA unnecessary
and this results overtreatment that is not cost-efficient. Because BMT is improving
and the NNT is increasing, many seem to disagree with guidelines. No published RCT
was found comparing ‘modern’ BMT to surgery in asymptomatic carotid stenosis patients.
CREST-2 has two parallel studies comparing ‘modern’ BMT alone vs. CEA plus BMT and
BMT alone vs. CAS plus BMT in 2480 participants; CREST-2 will be published in 2020.
P12 Capacity of melatonin against hyperglycemia induced ischemia in heart tissue of
alloxan diabetic rats
Kyrylo Pantsiuk1, Oleksandra Kushnir1, Nataliya Pantsyuk2, Andriy Pantsyuk2
1Department of Bioorganic Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Higher State Educational
Establishment of Ukraine, Bukovinian State Medical University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine;
2Higher State Educational Establishment of Ukraine, Bukovinian State Medical University,
Chernivtsi, Ukraine
Correspondence: Kyrylo Pantsiuk
Since the heart is the target organ for coronary atherosclerosis and ischemia, we
have studied the role of melatonin against alloxan-induced heart toxicity in rats.
The aim was to determine the influence of melatonin on basal levels of glucose (BG)
and HbA1c, activity of pyruvate kinase (PK) [EC 2.7.1.40] in the heart of alloxan
diabetic rats under conditions of melatonin injections.
The experiments were carried out on 60 sexually mature male albino rats with the body
mass – (0,18 – 0,20) kg. Alloxan diabetes was evoked via injecting the rats with a
5% solution of alloxan monohydrate intraperitoneally in a dose of 170 mg/kg of body
weight. The animals were divided into groups: 1) control; 2) diabetic; 3) diabetic
animals which were introduced the melatonin preparation intraperitoneally in a dose
of 10 mg/kg of b.w. at 8 a. m. daily during 42 days starting with a 5-th 24 hour period
after the injection of alloxan. Statistical analysis of results was conducted by Student’s
test. Sufficient level considered probability differences p≤ 0,05.
We got an increase of BG as well as HbA1c on 120 and 80% compared with control. Hyperglycemia
caused degenerative changes in heart tissue including ischemia formation through development
of microangiopathy. Same time the activity of PK was found to be decreased on 42%
in comparison with control. It can be explained by low uptake of glucose from the
blood to heart muscle in conditions of insulin deficiency that leads to a reduced
rate of glucose metabolism. Melatonin led to normalization of BG level and markedly
decreased of HbA1c. This was conducted with increase the activity of PK to normal
value.
It can be concluded that the administration of melatonin notably recovered the heart
from hyperglycemia induced antioxidant imbalance, inflammation and apoptosis as well
as rectified the imbalance in carbohydrate metabolism.
P13 Carriage of potential pathogens in hands of healthcare workers
Uditha Udumulla, Anjalee Thilakasiri, Aara Thilfar, Dilumi Thirasarie, Sandun Thiwanka,
Shermila Ubhayaratna, Shalika Ediriweera, Muditha Vinolaka, Ashan Waduge, Hansini
Waidyarathne, Asela Ekanayake, Nilanthi Dissanayake
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya,
Sri Lanka
Correspondence: Uditha Udumulla
Pathogens carried by the hands of health care workers contribute to a significant
proportion of HAIs. This study was conducted to evaluate the pathogenic organisms
carried by hands of health care workers with the objectives of identification of pathogenic
organisms carried by the hands of health care workers with the antibiotic sensitivities
and to assess the differences in hand carriage of pathogenic organisms according to
staff category, unit and the hand hygiene performance. This study was conducted at
Teaching hospital, Peradeniya.
Total sample size needed was calculated and identified the minimum numbers of hand
imprints needed in each staff category by using stratification method. Accordingly,
117 Hand imprints of the dominant hand were collected from 117 HCWs onto blood agar
plates just before attending to a patient. Plates were incubated overnight at 35oC
and organisms identified according to standard microbiological techniques. Antibiotic
sensitivity performed according to CLSI methodology. Data analyzed with SPSS version
20.0.
117 hand imprints were collected from 18 doctors, 52 nurses and 47 health care assistants.
44 pathogens were grown from 42 (35.89%) of the samples. Commonest organism isolated
was Acinetobacter spp. and it accounted for 18.8% of hand carriage. Coliforms carried
by 11.96% , S.aureus by 5.13% and Pseudomonas spp. by 1.71%. 11 MDR organisms were
isolated accounting for 9.4% of hand carriage. No association was found among pathogen
carriage/MDR organisms and the staff category, unit or performance of hand hygiene.
A considerable proportion of health care workers were carrying pathogenic organisms
in their hands. Most of them were Gram negatives of which some were MDR organisms.
Keywords: Hand carriage, health care workers, hand imprints, MDR organisms
P14 Can novel cancer driver genes be identified by analysing mutations in cancer genomes?
Using whole genome sequencing data of patients with colorectal cancer to identify
the mutation patterns
Xiangmei Cui, Simon Furney, Valentina Thomas, Razi Alalqam
School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
Correspondence: Xiangmei Cui
Colorectal cancer is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in modern society.
Colorectal cancer is associated with specific gene mutations. This research aims to
analyse the genome using next generation sequencing techniques. The study evaluated
patients with colorectal cancer in China. Next generation sequencing, with low costs,
has been granted by health practitioners worldwide with its unprecedented level of
accessibility to vast genomic information regarding their patients. In this study,
the R open statistical computing software has been used, while referring to COSMIC
(Catalogue of Somatic Mutations In Cancer) to interpret global colorectal cancer genomic
data provided by the ICGC (International Cancer Genome Consortium) Data Portal.
This research is a stand-alone project and the objective was to de-duplicate irrelevant
data and consequently convert the patient mutation data into 31 different signatures.
The percentage of these specific signatures would then allow us to deduce potential
aetiologies for the genome mutations from tumour samples, from anonymised clinical
data. In this study, we analysed 325 patients, with more than 6,000,000 mutation data
points, for patients with colorectal carcinoma from China, using the R open statical
computing software. The information was then deconstructed and different graphs were
produced for all unique sample ID’s, allowing for the visualization of weights of
different mutation patterns. An additional command was used to identify the samples
that are microsatellite instable, which is also known as Lynch syndrome, which is
defect in the mismatch repair genes MSH2, MLH1, PMS1 and PMS2.
In conclusion, 259 of 325 patients’ genome mutation can be classified as microsatellite
instable. This means many patients with colorectal cancer inherited the genes from
their family. In addition, Signature 1, 5, 6, 10 were the most common mutational signatures
in this data, which is similar to the COSMIC data provided.
P15 Characteristics of a novel community based step-down intermediate care unit –
The St. Francis Unit, Cork City, Ireland
Kwun Hang Aaron Ho1, Henry Smithson2
1School of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; 2Department of General
Practice, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
Correspondence: Kwun Hang Aaron Ho
Introduction
St. Francis Unit (SFU) is a community based step-down intermediate care unit of the
Mercy University Hospital (MUH) in Cork, which serves to allow transitional time for
medically stable patients to regain functional independence prior to discharging home.
Aim
We aim to evaluate the patient characteristics of SFU and determine the patient demographics,
unit-admission reasons, length of stay (LoS) and place of discharge.
Methods
A prospective cohort study was performed on the first 314 consecutive patients admitted
to SFU between September 2016 to May 2017. Patients were included if they were admitted
to MUH, no longer required acute inpatient care, and unfit for home discharge. Data
were collected by the head-nurse, validated through weekly multi-disciplinary-team
meetings and analysed using SPSS with p<0.05 considered significant.
Results
Of 314 patients, 173 (55%) were females and mean age was 79+/-9 years. 108 (34%) patients
were 70-79 years-old, 145 (46%) were 80-89 years-old and 25 (7%) were ≥90 years-old.
Resolving infection was the commonest reason for unit-admission (43%), compared to
gaining mobility (21%), postoperative recovery (13%), neurological disorders (11%),
circulatory disorders (11%), gastrointestinal disorders (3%), respiratory disorders
(2%) and soft-tissue infections (2%). The mean LoS was 11+/-7 days: <7days (29%),
8-14days (41%), 15-21days (14%), 22-28days (2%) and >28days (3%). For place of discharge,
213 (68%) patients were discharged home, 35 (11%) were readmitted to MUH and 21 (7%)
were transferred to long-term care. Age was positively correlated to infection (OR
1.04; 95%CI 1.01 to 1.06; p<0.013) but not LoS (OR -0.13; 95% CI -0.17 to -0.14; p=0.83).
Discussion
SFU patients were mostly elderly females between 80-89 years-old with mean LoS of
11 days, with resolving infection as the commonest reason for unit-admission. There
was no significant correlation between LoS and reason for unit-admission, which suggest
possible underlying psychosocial factors in influencing LoS.
P16 Cholesterol-modification of an Ebola peptide fusion inhibitor to increase its
antiviral potency
Talal Almas, Marc Devocelle
Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
Correspondence: Talal Almas
Introduction
Ebola and Marburg are Filoviruses that cause severe haemorrhagic fever in humans.
Ebola and Marburg require fusion to a host cell- membrane, which is facilitated by
the enveloped Glycoprotein 2 (GP2). GP2 possesses similarities to the HIV GP41 peptide,
inhibitors for which have been described, but synthesis of such fusion-inhibitors
for Filoviridae remains challenging.
Methods
A 40-mer viral peptide was synthesised using the CEM Liberty Blue peptide-synthesiser.
A 2-Chlorotrityl Hydrazine resin was used as solid-support to modify the C-terminus
with a hydrazide group, enabling us to conjugate the peptide to the oxidized 4-Cholestene-3-
one. To test the resin, a model 12-mer sequence was synthesised. Chromatographic analysis
was carried out by RP-HPLC using Gemini 5 μm C18 110 Å columns. The mobile-phase consisted
of buffer A: 0.1% TFA in water and buffer B: 0.1% TFA in acetonitrile, with a gradient
of over 30 min at a flow rate of 1 ml min−1. Mass spectrometry (MS) was performed
by ESI MS and recorded on Advion Expression.
Results
Attempts have been made to produce a peptide conjugated via a thioester bond to the
side-chain of a cysteine residue added to the C-terminus, but have failed to yield
any activity against Ebola and Marburg. We suspect that this could be, in part, due
to the unwanted Cysteine interactions associated with a non-cyclical peptide, and
due to the unstable thioester bond. We therefore obtained the correct mass spectrometry
peaks for the described peptide sequence by circumventing these issues.
Discussion
We expect that modification of the fusion entry-inhibitor peptide with 4-Cholestene-3-one
will increase its antiviral potency. Although lipidated antiviral peptides for HIV
have been described, they cannot be extrapolated to viruses such as Ebola; our novel
synthetic approach therefore aims to target Ebola and Marbug viruses, and to define
a broader scope for antiviral-peptide application.
P17 Comparison of percutaneous endoscopic, open and laparoscopic gastrostomy tube
placement techniques in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Nasser Monzer1, Axel Ivander1, Ahmad Zaghal2
1Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; 2Department of Surgery, American
University of Beirut Medical Centre, Beirut, Lebanon
Correspondence: Nasser Monzer
Introduction
Gastrostomy tubes (G tubes) are frequently placed to provide feeding routes in paediatric
patients. They can be inserted via a number of techniques; this study focuses primarily
on the percutaneous endoscopic (PEG), laparoscopic (LAP) and open surgical (OPEN)
techniques. The aim of this study is to review and compare the clinical outcomes and
major complication rates in these insertion techniques.
Methods
A systematic review of published comparative articles in the last 20 years was conducted
on the following databases: PubMed, MEDLINE, Cochrane and EMBASE. Studies that included
any concomitant procedures such as the Nissen Fundoplication were excluded from the
study. Two reviewers independently carried out the data extraction and data analysis
stages. Primary outcomes included major complication rates, operative times, and demographic
associations.
Results
After screening databases, 11 studies including a total of 1,925 patients met the
inclusion criteria. Patients in the group undergoing LAP procedures had a significantly
lower risk of developing major complications when compared to patients in the PEG
and OPEN groups (PEG vs LAP: OR=3.04; 95% CI=1.42-6.51; P=0.0043) (LAP vs OPEN: OR=0.22;
95% CI=0.05- 0.95; P=0.043). There was no significant difference in major complication
rates between the PEG and OPEN groups. The most frequently reported major complications
were the formation of gastro-cutaneous and gastro-colonic fistulas.
Conclusions
This review suggests that the insertion of G tubes without any concurrent procedures
is safest when using the LAP approach. Studies with better quality, such as randomised
controlled trials, are needed in order to provide a more definitive answer as to which
approach holistically yields the greatest results.
P18 Comparison of Apple Watch Series 4 and KardiaMobile: A study of popular consumer-operated
heart rate trackers (eHeaRT)
Charles Lee1, Mr. Calvin Lee1, Dr. Chi-Ming Chow2
1School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; 2St. Michael’s
Hospital, Toronto, Canada
Correspondence: Charles Lee
Introduction
Products such as the Apple Watch and KardiaMobile have become widely available for
heart rate and rhythm monitoring. However, little is known about their application
in day-to-day clinical activities and the accuracy. In this study, we sought to evaluate
the ability for the Apple Watch Series 4 and KardiaMobile to correctly diagnose heart
rhythm and rate.
Methods
127 patients among the Toronto Heart Centre (THC) and CareFirst were recruited in
the summer of 2019. Each patient had a 12-lead ECG recorded and ECG recordings taken
from the Apple Watch Series 4 and KardiaMobile.
Results
Among the patients, 81.89% had sinus rhythm and 18.11% had atrial fibrillation. Of
the 107 heart rhythm readings each from KardiaMobile (KM) & Apple Watch (AW), KM readings
were 90% correct while 1% incorrect and 9% inconclusive; AW on the other hand had
83% correct with 1% incorrect and 16% inconclusive. Moreover, the KM readings had
an accuracy of 98.96% whist AW was 98.88%, with slight variations accounting for random
error. However, KM heart rate readings had 69% correct & 31% incorrect whilst AW ECG
readings had 75% correct & 25% incorrect; AW light readings had 68% correct & 32%
incorrect.
Discussion
The findings suggest that KM & AW both accurately detected heart rate and heart rhythms.
Moreover, the AW ECG heart rate readings were more accurate than KM. However, both
products have inherent limitations in practical settings. The AW ECG requires users
to hold their finger on a small button at the side of the watch, which was difficult
for the elderly, many of whom experienced tremors which interfered with the readings.
Whereas, KM required distancing of other electronics due to their interference with
KM ECG recordings. AW is also about 5-6 times more expensive than KM which limits
its availability to our patients.
P19 Correlation of myofascial trigger points with shoulder pain and function in post-stroke
patients with painful shoulder
Mahnoor Asif, Yasha Sajjad, Fizza Nasir, Saima Zahid, Danish Hassan
Riphah International University, Lahore, Pakistan
Correspondence: Mahnoor Asif
Introduction
Myofascial trigger point (MTrP) is a localized hyperirritable spot in the taut band
of muscles. Palpation is the only means by which myofascial trigger point is diagnosed.
Hemiplegic shoulder pain can be a chief issue in stroke patients. Myofascial trigger
points can be the source of this pain and magnify the shoulder disability in this
population. The aim of this study was to find the correlation of MTrPs with shoulder
pain and function in stroke patients with painful shoulder.
Methods
It was a cross sectional study and data was collected from March 2019 to June 2019.
Non-probability convenient sampling was used. A sample size of 70 patients was taken.
Data was collected from Pakistan Society for the Rehabilitation of the Disabled (PSRD)
Lahore, Mansoorah Hospital Lahore, Jinnah Hospital Lahore, Ittefaq Hospital Lahore,
Riphah Rehabilitation Clinic Lahore, Punjab Institute of Neuroscience (PINS) Lahore
General Hospital, and Lahore Occupational Therapy Welfare Centre. Post-stroke patients
with shoulder pain were the target population. Level of pain was recorded by Numeric
Pain Rating Scale (NPRS). Shoulder disability was assessed by The Disabilities of
the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) Score. Data was analyzed by using Statistical Package
for Social Sciences (SPSS) 21. Spearman Correlation test was used for correlation.
Results
MTrPs are moderately correlated with shoulder disability for supraspinatus, infraspinatus
and upper trapezius (r= 0.52, r= 0.54 and r= 0.50 respectively). MTrPs are moderately
correlated with shoulder pain for upper trapezius, infraspinatus and supraspinatus
(r= 0.50, r= 0.52 and r= 0.50 respectively).
Discussions
This study found that myofascial trigger points are moderately correlated with shoulder
pain and shoulder disability in post stroke patients. Because of this correlation,
trigger points should be specifically examined and treated for better prognosis in
population with hemiplegic shoulder pain.
P20 Delineating the retrosplenial portion of cingulum bundle: A quantitative methodological
comparison of three common tract delineation techniques
Ahmed Zainy1, David Coppinger1, Elena Roman2, Alannah Grealy2, Erik O'Hanlon2, Mary
Cannon3
1Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; 2Trinity College Institute
of Neuroscience, Dublin, Ireland; 3Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons
in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
Correspondence: Ahmed Zainy
Introduction
The cingulum is a key bundle in the limbic system. Diffusion Imaging is a technique
utilised to study the integrity and the density of white matter. There is inconsistency
in diffusion imaging studies with some studies identifying abnormal white matter in
psychotic disorder while others fail to find differences. This inconsistency in findings
can partly be attributed to the fact that different methods have been used across
studies. Hence, this research will discuss three different methods applied to the
same diffusion data to analyse, extract and investigate the cingulum.
Methods
Data from a case-control sample of 11-13 years adolescents (25 with psychotic experiences
and 25 age and gender matched controls) was acquired. MRI High Angular Resolution
Diffusion-Imaging (HARDI) featuring Constrained Spherical deconvolution (CSD) based
fibre tractography, was used. Following the Jones et al 2013 protocol, the cingulum
was divided into four sections (retrosplenial, body, posterior, and hippocampal portions).
Three tract delineating methods were employed. Subject-specific anatomically based
(Gold standard), semi-automated “atlas-based”, and Standard Atlas Template based tractography.
Comparisons were performed in SPSS24 to FA, MD, AD and RD metrics for the bilateral
retrosplenial portions.
Results
Significant differences were identified between Standard Atlas Template measures when
compared to those from Gold standard and semi-automated methods, FA p<=4.4E-64, RHS
MD p<=7.2E-7, RHS AD p<=1.6E-12 and RD p<= 8.6 E-59. Nevertheless, “Gold standard”
and semi-automated diffusion metric measures were very similar (p<=7.0 E-7 in the
retrosplenial portion).
Conclusions
These findings outline the importance of cross study comparisons when tract methodologies
are different. The Standard Atlas approach while useful as a general comparative white
matter method localised to the cingulum, is not directly comparable to the more anatomically
accurate subject-specific and semi-automated methods. In contrast, the semi-automated
results were accurate enough to suggest using it as a more time efficient, yet reliable
method.
P21 Describing fertility in men with cystic fibrosis
Christine O’Keefe1, Katherine Griffin2, Jenna Sykes2, Diana Elizabeth Tullis2
1School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; 2Department
of Respirology St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Canada
Correspondence: Christine O’Keefe
Background
Infertility in males with Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is well documented, with around 98%
of men demonstrating azoospermia secondary to congenital bilateral agenesis of the
vas deferens (CBAVD). As the structures for spermatogenesis (i.e. the testes and caput
epididymis) remain intact, there is the potential for men with CF to father biological
children through assisted reproductive technology, with pregnancy rates varying from
30-60%. Literature in the area of fatherhood in men with cystic fibrosis is scarce,
and to date, there have not been any large scale studies conducted. The aim of this
study, therefore, is to better understand the knowledge, attitudes, and practices
of men with CF regarding their reproductive potential and options for fertility treatment.
Methods
A survey will be distributed to males aged 20-75 years currently in attendance at
the adult CF clinic at St. Michaels Hospital during their routine clinical visit.
The survey was created following a review of pertinent literature and interviews with
CF patients and physicians. Questions were grouped into three sections: demographic
information, knowledge and attitudes regarding fertility in men with CF, and experiences
in starting a family. Out of pocket costs are included as a potential point of comparison
with other CF populations worldwide. Descriptive statistics will be used to analyse
responses.
Expected Results
There are 324 males currently in attendance at the clinic. The survey is 59 questions
in length; as participants will only answer a subset based on their current situation,
they will be divided into one of four groups for analysis. It is expected to take
1 year to collect the required data.
Discussion
By understanding how men with CF view their fertility and what assistance they may
require from their health care provider, there is the potential for improving quality
of care and uncovering new areas of research.
P22 Determining if the methods put in place to reduce unnecessary free thyroid testing
at Michael Garron Hospital have been successful
Elena Colussi-Pelaez1, Rebecca Fine2, Raymond Fung2, Zoe Lysy2
1School of Medicine, The Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin, Ireland; 2Michael Garron
Hospital, Toronto, Canada
Correspondence: Elena Colussi-Pelaez
Introduction
TSH is recommended as the screening tool for hypo/hyperthyroidism. In most cases,
TSH is sufficient for screening of disease. Often, free T4 and free T3 are also ordered
by clinicians, even when TSH is subsequently normal: this has been openly discouraged
by Choosing Wisely Canada, Endocrine Section3 and labelled “unnecessary test”. These
tests often increase healthcare costs without any added clinical benefit. There is
also little value to duplicating thyroid testing within 2-4 weeks given time to equilibrium.
At Michael Garron Hospital (MGH), we decided to put in place measures to reduce unnecessary
thyroid testing via automatic prompts in the computer ordering system Power Chart.
This study was conducted to determine if the methods put in place to reduce unnecessary
free thyroid testing at MGH have been successful.
Methods
In fall 2018, changes to the ordering system were made. We then collected all thyroid
testing data at MGH which was collected over a 3-month period (from January-March
2019) to review ordering patterns and compare with data prior to interview (2018 data
was collected previously). All thyroid testing was divided into 4 following mutually
exclusive groups. The charts of the patients were reviewed and the tests (TSH, Free
T4, Free T3) were identified as normal/high/low. The duplicate testing was also be
reviewed i.e. TSH tests ordered within 1 month of each other and FT3/FT4 tests ordered
within 2 weeks of each other were considered duplicate.
Results
The majority, 78% of total TSH ordered were ordered alone, 98% being showed a normal
result. Moreover, 27% of TSH ordered with FT3/FT4/both were normal.
Discussion
To conclude, the methods used to reduce unnecessary free thyroid testing at MGH have
proven successful as there was a 9% decrease in the amount of additional free thyroid
testing ordered over a 3-month period compared to last year.
P23 Development of a pre-clinical test to detect dysfunctional haemostasis
Aleece Warner1, Aisling Rehill2, Roger Preston2
1School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; 2Department
of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, Dublin,
Ireland
Correspondence: Aleece Warner
Introduction
Haemostasis is the natural process of maintaining constant blood flow through vessels.
Inappropriate thrombin or plasmin generation can result in dysfunctional haemostasis
leading to hypercoagulable or haemorrhagic disorders. This study aimed to generate
and compare haemostatic profiles for a cohort of healthy plasma samples and assess
coagulation and fibrinolysis.
Methods
The thrombin generation assay (TGA) protocol was used to assess the coagulation cascade
and the effect of tissue factor (TF) on haemostatic parameters. A novel developed
plasmin generation assay (PGA) was used to evaluate the fibrinolytic pathway and the
effect of thrombin and thrombomodulin (TM) on fibrinolysis. Data was analysed using
Microsoft Excel and GraphPad Prism.
Results
Plasma containing high TF generated a higher peak thrombin, higher endogenous thrombin
potential and a shorter lagtime compared to plasma with low TF. Plasmin generation,
mediated by tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), was increased by the presence of thrombin,
but inhibited by the presence of TM. TGA and PGA parameters were not impacted by sex,
blood groups or age.
Discussion
TF is essential for initiation of the coagulation cascade as higher levels resulted
in shorter lagtime, higher peak thrombin and thrombin generation. Thrombin in complex
with fibrin increases fibrinolysis through the stimulation of tPA activity. TM in
complex with thrombin inhibits fibrinolysis via the activation of thrombin activatable
fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI). This research is relevant as it provides baseline haemostatic
parameters for comparison to diseased cohorts. It will aid in identifying individual
parameters that determine bleeding phenotype and subsequently help predict bleeding
risk in patients with bleeding disorders.
P24 Development of an opiate mortality review board in Erie County, New York, USA
Campbell Shaw1, Laurene Tumiel-Berhalter2, Caroline Horrigan2
1Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; 2Department of Family Medicine,
University of Buffalo, Buffalo, United States of America
Correspondence: Campbell Shaw
Introduction
Opiate mortality is on the rise in Erie County, New York and mortality levels have
tripled between 2012-20161. The introduction of prescription drug monitoring in New
York State has led to an increase in individuals abusing illegally obtained opiates,
which are often more toxic than those prescribed by health care practitioners. Development
of an Opiate Mortality Review Board is underway to investigate the circumstances that
lead to addiction in these individuals and using the information acquired to mitigate
future deaths following drug abuse.
Methods
To develop an OMRB, the team created a questionnaire for interviewing close- contacts
of opiate mortality victims. This required analyzing current successful OMRBs in other
countries. The template was also developed based on the national Fetal Infant Mortality
Review Board, posing a similar format. Sections in the questionnaire included: a summary,
consent forms, FAQ’s and the interview guide. The guide sections included: demographics,
trauma, education, employment, family, healthcare utilization and past medical history.
Results
The OMRB involves collecting data and executing a plan. Mortality cases following
overdose were selected at random. The Case review team analyzed the autopsy report
and reached out to close contacts of the deceased for further insight on their lifestyle.
Information gathered by the case review team was used to implement a plan to be carried
out by a community action team. The CAT involves community members and offered addiction
aid services, often in underserved areas of Erie County where abuse is more prevalent.
Discussion
The methods of collection and personnel have been established to execute the mission.
As opiate abuse has become a national epidemic, a successful OMRB in New York State
will be a template for development of review boards in other states suffering from
this epidemic.
P25 Dexamethasone efficacy for acute pain management after hip arthroplasty
Natalija Buraka1, Iveta Golubovska1, Aleksejs Miscuks1, Lauris Repsa2, Sergejs Zadoroznijs1
1University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia; 2The Hospital of Orthopaedics and Traumatology,
Riga, Latvia
Correspondence: Natalija Buraka
Introduction
Dexamethasone is used to control inflammation, edema, but also it has a great analgesic
effect. By enhancing endogenous opioid synthesis there is potential to reduce high
doses of narcotics . Hyperglycemia is a side effect of dexamethasone. Lactate may
be raised too. It affects the dynamic of treatment. The aim was to investigate dexamethasone’s
effect on pain, serum glucose and lactate for patients after hip replacement.
Methods
This prospective randomized study includes 50 patients undergoing hip arthroplasty.
Surgery was performed under spinal anesthesia. Multimodal analgesia was administered
for both groups. The experimental group additionally received dexamethasone 8 mg i/v
before surgery and 4 mg i/v 6 and 12 hours after the first dose. Rescue analgesic
– morphine 10 mg s/c was administered if needed. Glucose and lactate were measured
before surgery, at 18:00 and 6:00 the next day. Pain level was measured by VAS for
the perioperative period. Data were processed using SPSS program.
Results
Pain level during rest in the experimental and control group accordingly was - 1.2
and 3.1 at 18:00; 0.8 and 2.3 at 6:00. Pain level on movement in the experimental
and control group accordingly was – 2.0 and 3.9 at 18:00; 1.8 and 4.2 at 6:00.
Lactate level in the experimental and control group accordingly was 1.02 and 1.57
mmol/l before surgery; 1.32 and 1.08 mmol/l at 18:00; 1.9 and 1.54 mmol/l at 6.00.
Glucose level in the experimental and control group accordingly was 5.5 and 5.4 mmol/l
before surgery, 8.3 and 6.4 mmol/l at 18.00; 7.5 and 5.8 mmol/l at 6.00.
Discussion
Dexamethasone provides excellent analgesic effects. But it does not allow the use
of a lower rescue medication dose. Serum glucose and lactate rises after dexamethasone
injection, but does not reach a level that affects recovery using dexamethasone in
the mentioned doses and period of time.
P26 Differential gene expression analysis as a predictor of response to neoadjuvant
chemoradiation for locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC)
Ishtar Redman1, Sinead Toomey2, Bryan Hennessy2, Simon Furney3
1School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; 2Department
of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; 3Genomic
Oncology Research Group, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College
of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
Correspondence: Ishtar Redman
Recent advances in the field of genomic medicine in conjunction with the advent of
affordable high-throughput biological sequencing technologies have led to the accumulation
of a wealth of genomic data. This project utilized RNA-sequencing techniques to elucidate
differential gene expression between two cohorts of patients with locally advanced
rectal cancer (LARC) who demonstrated varying responses to neoadjuvant chemoradiation.
Identification of differentially expressed genes/novel pathways has the potential
to inform treatment modalities, targeting patients on the basis of the molecular signatures
of their tumours.
To identify differentially expressed genes transcribed in patients who responded to
neoadjuvant chemoradiation. The RNA-seq counts of 17 patients with LARC who exhibited
varying responses to neoadjuvant chemoradiation served as the input for this project
(X responders, Y non-responders). Differential gene expression analysis was then performed
using the bioconductor package DESeq2 within RStudio to elucidate differences in the
gene expression levels between the two response groups and to identify discriminatory
genes/pathways.
Using an adjusted P-value of (0.1) and a fold change (FC) of ≤ 1.0 and ≥1.0 as cut-offs,
33 genes were found to be upregulated in the responders and 6 genes in the non-responders.
IL24, a tumour microenvironment transformer, as well as an inducer of anti-cancer
immunity in murine models of colorectal cancer was upregulated (FC= 0.18) in the ‘responders.’
The PURPL gene (p53 upregulated regulator of p53 levels), an intergenic long non-coding
RNA (lncRNA), known to regulate basal p53 levels was also found to be upregulated
in the ‘responders’ (FC = 0.044). Heparan sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase 2 (HS6ST2)
was upregulated in the ‘non-responders’, FC = 11.178. Pre-existing literature has
highlighted the over-expression of HS6ST2 mRNA in colorectal cancer and correlated
its expression with poor survival outcomes. The discriminatory genes within the two
patient groups may provide insights into novel therapeutic targets and challenge current
treatment paradigms.
P27 Disease acquisition in paediatric international travelers; a ten-year review at
the Hospital for Sick Children
Stavros Lalos1, Shaun Morris2 , Michelle Science2, Danny Farrar2
1School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; 2The Hospital
for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
Correspondence: Stavros Lalos
Introduction
International travel can expose travelers to a variety of health risks which have
the potential to cause significant morbidity and mortality globally. We undertook
a 10-year chart review examining imported infectious diseases associated with international
travel at the Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids) in the culturally diverse city
of Toronto, Canada.
Methods
Retrospective chart review of selected travel related diseases in children ranging
in age from Birth to <18 years who were admitted at SickKids between January 1st,
2009 and December 31st, 2018. Cases were identified using an ICD-10 search of medical
records. Patient demographics, travel history, epidemiological data, disease, and
prophylaxis history were documented.
Results
In total, 156 children were diagnosed with a travel related infection and hospitalized
as inpatients over a 10-year period. The most common diagnoses were typhoid or paratyphoid
fever (n=58, 37%), malaria (n=57, 36%), and Hepatitis A (n=14, 8%). The median age
of those infected was 8 years (IQR 3-12). There were 122 (78%) Canadian born, 31 (20%)
immigrants and 3 (2%) who were visiting Canada. Of those who lived in Canada, 112
(90%) were visiting friends or relatives (VFR), 6 (5%) were traveling for tourism
and 2 (2%) were travelling for humanitarian work. The most common country for acquisition
of infection for Typhoid or Paratyphoid Fever was India. Most common country of infection
for Malaria was Nigeria 33%. Hepatitis A was most commonly acquired in Pakistan 57%.
Conclusion
Imported infectious diseases continue to be a significant issue in travelers returning
from trips abroad and the immigrant population. Individuals traveling to visit Friends
and Relatives (VFR) remain a group that should be targeted for appropriate pre-travel
advice.
P28 Doctor’s views on ethics of childhood vaccination mandates
Eleni Frisira, Nick Goulding
Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, England
Correspondence: Eleni Frisira
The 2018-2019 measles outbreak has generated discussions on immunization policies
and ethical dilemmas around policy design are at the center of current debates. Considering
recent events, immunization policies should be re-examined. Public health strategies
aim to provide the greatest benefit while minimally restricting individual liberties.
This study aims to explore the views of healthcare professionals, primarily doctors,
on ethics of routine childhood immunization policies, to suggest the optimal strategy
for patients in England. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine doctors,
working in primary care or paediatrics, and one specialist nurse to discuss their
opinions around immunisation ethics. Immunization was described as a form of child
protection but doctors were uncertain on who should define a child’s best interest
in the absence of an immediate infectious threat. The contribution of parental education
to improve outcomes was well accepted and issues around informed consent and coerced
decision-making were raised. There were clashing considerations about the trade-off
between parental autonomy and community protection due to the impact of unimmunized
groups on herd immunity. The role of personal views of doctors in consulting parents
on immunizations was controversial. Lastly, the impact of different strategies on
patient-doctor relationships was a major concern, thinking this could affect patient
care overall. With the increasing emphasis put on building participatory patient-doctor
relationships and on individual liberties, mandates may not be the optimal strategy
for England. However, the recent pressures demand we prioritize patient education
to improve parental confidence in vaccines.
P29 Effect of 3-day introduction of glutathione on activities of H2S-producing enzymes
in kidneys under experimental nephropathy conditions
Kateryna Gerush, Igor Gerush
Bukovinian State Medical University, Chernivsti, Ukraine
Correspondence: Kateryna Gerush
Kidney diseases are accompanied by metabolic disorders and toxic lesions of the human
body. H2S is mainly synthesized in kidneys and is vital for the functioning of tubular
and glomerular kidney apparatus.
Prevention of development of kidney diseases by the usage of effective antioxidants
for body protection from oxidative stress in cells is one of the most important problems
in medicine.
There is a lot of research conducted on antioxidant properties of glutathione, but
the biochemical mechanism of its influence on H2S-metabolism under nephropathy is
unknown.
The experiment was conducted on albino mature rats which weighed 160 – 180 g. Nephropathy
was modeled by a single intraperitoneal folic acid injection at a dose of 250 mg/kg.
Animals with nephropathy got an intragastric glutathione injection for 3 days, once
daily, at a dose of 100 mg/kg. Desulfurizing activity of enzymes and concentration
of H2S were determined in the cortical and medullary parts of kidneys.
There was a decrease in H2S concentration in the kidneys of rats with nephropathy:
in the medullary part by 27.8 % and in the cortical part by 16% compared to the control
group. The activity of H2S-producing enzymes: cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS) and cysteine
aminotransferase decreased by 24.3% and 30.7% respectively in cortical part of kidneys
of rats with nephropathy compared to the control group.
3-day glutathione introduction increased the H2S-concentration in the cortical and
medullary parts of the kidney by 16.8% and 24.6% respectively and increased the CBS
activity by 8.3% in the cortical part of kidney.
Our results show that nephropathy causes strong disorders in H2S-metabolism. Specifically,
the glutathione introduction increases H2S-concentration in kidneys. This is due to
antioxidant properties of glutathione and cysteines presence in glutathione and its
use in H2S- biosynthesis. We anticipate our assays to be a starting point for the
next investigations of glutathione as an additional remedy for correction of kidney
disease and preventing its complications.
P30 Effect of localized radiation exposure on skeletal muscle inflammation and fibro/adipogenic
progenitors in juvenile mice
Jessica Lloyd1, Donna D'souza1, Jillian Larkin1, Nicolas Collao1, Michael De Lisio2
1School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada; 2Department of Cellular
and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
Correspondence: Jessica Lloyd
Introduction
Radiation therapy is a common treatment option for childhood cancers and has contributed
to improved outcomes and increased survival rates. However, survivors have an increased
risk for debilitating late-effects of radiation therapy that contribute to poor muscle
health in adulthood. Radiation induced fibrosis (RIF) is characterized by muscle atrophy,
fibrosis, and impaired regeneration. Fibro/adipogenic progenitors (FAPs) coordinate
with inflammatory cells, including macrophages, during muscle regeneration. Previous
studies have examined the effect of radiation on adult skeletal muscle; however, little
is known regarding the role of FAPs and macrophages in skeletal muscle development
following juvenile radiation exposure. The purpose of this study is to examine changes
in FAP and muscle macrophage content over a time-course following localized radiation
(IRR). We hypothesized that radiation will contribute to long-term reductions in FAP
content, and a prolonged inflammatory response.
Methods
Five-week-old, male, CBA mice were exposed to ionizing radiation (16 Gy) to the left
hindlimb (n=32). The right leg was shielded and used as a contralateral control. Mice
were euthanized at 3, 7, 14, and 56 days post-IRR. Total macrophages, M1 macrophages
(pro-inflammatory; F4/80+CD206-), M2 macrophages (anti-inflammatory; F4/80+CD206+),
and FAPs (PDGFRα+) were quantified in tibialis anterior (TA) and gastrocnemius/soleus
(GAS) by immunofluorescence.
Results
FAP content decreased at 14- and 56-days post-IRR (p<0.05) in both muscles. In the
TA, total and M2 macrophage content increased 7-days (p<0.05), and M1 macrophage content
decreased 7-days (p<0.05) post-IRR. In the GAS, total macrophages were increased 3-days
(p<0.05), M2 macrophages were elevated at 3- and 7-days (p<0.05), and M1 macrophages
were reduced at 14-days (p<0.05) post-IRR.
Discussion
In developing skeletal muscle, radiation decreases FAP content in late time points
and promotes a temporary anti-inflammatory macrophage polarization. These data provide
novel cellular targets for reducing the negative long-term consequences of radiation
exposure on skeletal muscle in childhood cancer survivors.
P31 Evolution of RULs and their impact on urogenital system in postnatal period of
life
Maksym Horiachok, Nataliia Navarchuk
Higher state educational establishment of Ukraine, Bukovinian State Medical University,
Chernivtsi, Ukraine
Correspondence: Maksym Horiachok
The uterus and uterine cervix ligament concept is a decisive factor for female pelvis
surgery and for fundamental mechanisms of urogenital dysfunction ascertainment. The
rectouterine ligament (RUL) has aroused great interest in terms of its use for surgical
support in the management of pelvic organ prolapse.
The purpose of the study is to clarify the RUL macro- and microstructure in postnatal
ontogenesis of different age groups.
Investigations have been performed in 37 anatomical specimens. The following investigational
methods have been used: macroscopy, microscopy of histological sections series, conventional
and thin preparations. Statistical data processing was performed with the licensed
program “RSTUDIO.”
At the 1st, 2nd adult, elderly, and senile ages RUL consists of two symmetric peritoneal
folds, which cover RUL behind uterine and laterally from the rectum. The ureter crosses
lower inferior hypogastric plexus top-down, outside-inside. The hypogastric nerve
is available on each side under the ureter, goes posterior-anterior, top-down, and
rounds RUL from the outside. Pelvis nerves have been identified as derivatives of
the third-forth anterior branches of sacral plexus, changing direction down to RUL.
They join, forming the lower inferior hypogastric plexus in the lateral part of RUL
and in the posterior layer of the broad ligament. In the cervix end of the RUL there
is a large number of vessels available. It contains smooth muscles, dense connective
tissue, blood and nerve. In the intermediate one third vessels there are a moderate
number of vessels with the main tissue components being connective tissue. In the
sacral ones – even less, they consist of loose connective tissue and fatty inclusions.
Our results show the RUL’s anatomical relationships, in particular, to the ureter
and inferior hypogastric plexus. RUL can be subdivided into three sections and may
be used for improvement of existing and development of new methods of surgical correction
and treatment of different lesions of urogenital system.
P32 Evaluation of intestinal microRNAs in newly diagnosed paediatric inflammatory
bowel disease patients
Jyoti Dhawan1, Kevan Jacobsen2
1School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; 2University
of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
Correspondence: Jyoti Dhawan
Introduction
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic relapsing gastrointestinal illness,
categorized into two subtypes, Crohn’s Disease (CD) and Ulcerative Colitis (UC). In
this retrospective pilot study, we will use paraffin embedded intestinal biopsy sections
from newly diagnosed paediatric IBD and control patients to identify potential differences
in microRNA (miRNA) expression associated with CD and UC. This project aim is to identify
and quantify miRNA biomarkers that could outperform current clinical and biochemical
diagnostic tests for IBD patients, and will enable a shift towards a more personalized
therapeutic approach for IBD patients. Several studies in adult IBD populations have
demonstrated both alterations in miRNA expression, and variations in expression at
different stages of the disease. There has only been one miRNA study in the paediatric
IBD population, with similar findings to the adult studies, however, the paediatric
study was small and lacked a uniform population, thus the need for further research.
Methods
Intestinal biopsies from paediatric patients (100 CD, 100 UC, and 100 controls) will
be retrospectively obtained from the pathology department, de-identified and sent
for miRNA testing. The miRNA levels will be compared with multi-variable data collected
from patients (including demographics, disease type, symptoms, disease activity score,
type of induction and maintenance therapies across initial diagnosis, 6 month, 12
month, and 18 month periods). Inclusion criteria: IBD patients with initial diagnostic
colonoscopy between January 2010 – December 2015, and controls with a normal colonoscopy
with no IBD diagnosis. Exclusion Criteria: indeterminate IBD, and patients started
on therapy prior to initial colonoscopy.
Results
Analysis and comparison of the miRNA samples with the collected data is being carried
out currently.
Discussion
Once data analysis is complete we will be able to further understand the correlation
between miRNA biomarkers and disease outcomes, as well as possible implications for
tailored IBD therapy.
P33 Exploring the barriers to use of end-tidal CO2 monitoring during in-hospital cardiac
arrest
Nadiha Noor Chelsea1,2, Mr. Matthew Yang3, Katherine Allan4, Deven Chandra5, Natalie
Wong6
1The Keenan Research Summer Student Program, Department of Critical Care, St. Michael’s
Hospital, Toronto, Canada; 2School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland,
Dublin, Ireland; 3Department of Critical Care, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Canada;
4Department of Cardiology, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Canada; 5Department of
Anesthesia, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Canada; 6Department of Emergency Medicine,
St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Canada
Correspondence: Nadiha Noor Chelsea
Background
Monitoring end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) provides real-time data on the quality
of resuscitative attempts, which is crucial for survival from in-hospital cardiac
arrest (IHCA). The aim of the study was to identify barriers that responders encounter
in implementing ETCO2 monitoring during IHCA events at St. Michael’s Hospital in Toronto,
Canada.
Methods
Using purposive sampling, a total of 56 healthcare professionals including residents,
anaesthesiologists, nurses and respiratory therapists were recruited to participate
in a qualitative study. Six focus groups were conducted over a 9-month period (2017-2018).
Interviews were tape-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Transcripts were imported
into NVivo software, and then analysed using qualitative thematic analysis.
Results
The data suggested three principal themes of barriers to monitoring ETCO2. (1) Practical
challenges: challenges existed with setting up ETCO2-equipped defibrillators. Further
limitations included a lack of space and time during resuscitation, along with a shortage
of team members familiar with ETCO2 equipment. (2) Questions about ETCO2 data usage:
participants questioned whether ETCO2 data was incorporated into decision making during
an IHCA. Lack of communication and understanding about the ETCO2 data was prevalent
amongst team members and affected their motivation in recording and using the information.
(3) Problems with simulation training program: participants criticized the simulation
environments as being unrealistic with respect to difficulties encountered with setting
up ETCO2 monitors. Simulation rooms were spacious and organized with equipped defibrillators
properly arranged, whereas a real-time IHCA situation was small and chaotic. Additionally,
training was only delivered during daytime to core group of staff, such that not all
responders were able to undergo training prior to attending an IHCA.
Discussion
The study suggests that realistic modification of simulation trainings could address
some of these barriers. Furthermore, training teams on ETCO2 interpretation and how
to best use the data could lead to beneficial usage of ETCO2 during IHCA.
P34 Factors influencing tRNA cleavage in FUS (1-359) ALS mouse model
Lisle Blackbourn1, Cliona Farrell1,2, Marion Hogg1,2, Jochen Prehn1,2
1Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons In Ireland,
Dublin, Ireland; 2FUTURE-NEURO Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons In Ireland,
Dublin, Ireland
Correspondence: Lisle Blackbourn
Introduction
Stress-induced transfer RNA (tRNA) cleavage occurs in systems from yeast to mammalian
cells, indicating this is a highly conserved process. It has been proposed that tRNA
fragments enable cells to adapt to stress. Previous work in our group has shown tRNA-derived
stress-induced fragments (tiRNAs) are elevated at symptom onset (post-natal day (PND)
90), but were not elevated at presymptomatic stage (PND 50) in transgenic mice from
the FUS (1- 359) mouse model. In this project, we are studying factors that influence
tRNA cleavage using immunohistochemistry.
Methods
Spinal cords were dissected at PND 50 and 90 from wild type and transgenic littermates.
Immunohistochemistry was performed using antibodies against the ribonuclease Angiogenin,
its inhibitor, and using antibodies that recognise phosphorylated neurofilament (SMI-32)
or Choline Acetyltransferase (ChAT) to highlight motor neuron cell bodies. Cell bodies
were traced and mean expression of target antibodies within the mask were quantified.
Statistical significance was assessed by a two-tailed T-test.
Results
Levels of angiogenin were increased for transgenic mice at onset of disease (p=0.0378),
but not at presymptomatic stages. Angiogenin inhibitor was slightly decreased for
transgenic mice compared to wild type mice at presymptomatic stages, whereas levels
were the same around the onset of disease for transgenic and wild type mice.
Discussion
Angiogenin levels were significantly elevated at symptom onset whereas angiogenin
inhibitor levels remained similar suggesting increased angiogenin activity may occur.
Elevations of angiogenin without elevations in angiogenin inhibitor allow for increased
tRNA cleavage, which could explain why we observed increased tRNA cleavage in transgenic
mice at onset of disease compared to wild type, and saw no difference in levels of
tRNA fragments at presymptomatic stages.
P35 Gauging the hypolipidemic effects of nicotinic acid in patients with primary hyperlipidemia—A
single blind placebo randomised controlled trial
Talal Almas, Muhammad Ali Niaz
School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
Correspondence: Talal Almas
Introduction
This study was carried out to ascertain the beneficial effects of Nicotinic acid on
body weight, blood pressure, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol in patients with
primary hypertension. Although a standard pharmacological treatment regimen to treat
primary hypertension persists in medical literature, the drugs used within these regimens
often manifest a vast array of debilitating side effects whereas the lipid-lowering
effects of Nicotinic acid remain largely unknown.
Methods
40 men and women with hyperlipidemia were sampled, and 20 of them were subjected to
a placebo—constituting the control group—and 2.25 grams of niacin per tablet per day
were given to 20 subjects over a three-month course, constituting the experimental
group. The patients’ blood pressure and body weight were recorded every two weeks
on follow-up, their LDL-cholesterol calculated using the Friedewald formula (LDL =
TC (TG / 5 + HDL-C). The HDL-cholesterol was calculated using a direct-method serum
analysis, while the triglycerides and overall cholesterol levels were calculated using
a colorimetric method.
Results
In the experimental group , HDL-cholesterol improved from 36.41 ± 1.96 to 43.70 ±
1.81 mg / dl. Niacin reduced LDL-cholesterol from 181.98 ± 9.24 mg / dl to 118.18
± 3.99 mg / dl, with the total percentage (%) change from 0 to 90 days being 34.67
mg / dl. Additionally, the triglycerides decreased from 170.04 ± 7.59 to 136.851 ±
6.29 mg / dl. The mean body weight also plummeted from 66.30 ± 193 kg to 64.80 ± 1.81
kg.
Discussion
We conclude that Niacin, when administered with the correct therapeutic dose, demonstrates
a myriad of beneficial health effects such as reduced body weight and blood pressure
in patients with primary hyperlipidemia. In contrast, most of the pharmacological
therapy currently employed in medical practice demonstrates debilitating adverse effects
that are not seen upon treatment with Niacin.
P36 Factors influencing breast and cervical cancer screening service delivery in Malawi:
A systematic review
Emily Panteli1, Chiara Pittalis2, Jakub Gajewski3
1School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; 2Public
Health and Epidemiology Division of Population Health Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons
in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; 3Institute of Global Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons
in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
Correspondence: Emily Panteli
Introduction
Cancer incidence is increasing in Malawi, with breast and cervical cancer in the top
five commonest cancers among women. Outcomes are poor due to late diagnosis and limited
treatment accessibility. Screening is essential to improve prognosis for these cancers.
The objective of this systematic review was to determine which factors enhance or
hinder the delivery of breast and cervical cancer screening in Malawi with regard
to accessibility, uptake, efficiency, and impact on rates of early detection and treatment.
Methods
In June-August 2019 the authors searched six bibliographic databases and grey literature
to retrieve relevant literature (English language only, no time or study design restrictions).
Six studies were identified providing original data on breast and cervical cancer
screening services in Malawi. Due to the heterogeneity of the studies regarding design
and focus, a thematic analysis was conducted, using NVivo 12 and manual methods. Evidence
was synthesised without formal meta-analysis.
Results
We identified multiple barriers influencing the delivery of breast and cervical cancer
screening services in Malawi: patient factors - lack of knowledge/awareness, location,
screening environment, perceived quality of care; healthcare facility factors –availability
of physical/human resources, organisation of services; and healthcare system factors
– inadequate funding, staffing (distribution, supervision, retention), monitoring,
and lack of guidelines.
Discussion
While multiple interlinked barriers hinder cancer screening delivery in Malawi, the
literature identified numerous useful lessons. Convenience of cancer screening, in
terms of accessibility (location, opening times) and integration with other existing
health services (e.g. reproductive or HIV care) has a positive effect on service uptake.
Awareness of cancer and related services, and perceived quality of screening (having
a dedicated room in the clinic, privacy, staff professionalism etc.) are significant
determinants of patient satisfaction. Capitalising on these lessons is essential to
strengthen service delivery in Malawi and improve early detection and treatment of
cancer.
P37 Haemoglobin and cholesterol affect apparent Tacrolimus clearance in paediatric
transplant recipients – A retrospective cohort study
Elisa Yoo1, Guido Filler2, Carmen Rodriguez Cuellar3, Ana Catalina Alvarez-Elias4,
Mara Medeiros5
1School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; 2Western
University, London, Canada; 3Pediatric Nephrology in Shaio Clinic Bogatá, Bogotá,
Colombia; 4The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada;
5Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
Correspondence: Elisa Yoo
Introduction
Tacrolimus has a narrow therapeutic index with substantial inter- and intra-patient
variability. Factors beyond genetic and developmental factors are poorly understood.
Recent adult studies suggest that haemoglobin affects the apparent clearance (CL/F),
whereas this and other potential factors in children are understudied.
Methods
After ethics approval, we performed a single centre retrospective cohort study of
paediatric renal transplant recipients, who were followed between January 1st, 2004,
and June 30th, 2018. Patients without tacrolimus therapy or concomitant sirolimus
were excluded. The aim was to show the impact of haemoglobin, albumin, cholesterol
and HDL on the apparent tacrolimus clearance (CL/F = Dose/AUC). Data were collected
from electronic health record. We used 12-point pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles.
Results
Thirty-three patients were included. Median age at transplantation was 10 years, 52%
were female, the median tacrolimus area under the curve (AUC) was 133 ng*h/mL. CL/F
mainly correlated with haemoglobin (n=1,257, r=-0.3767, p<0.0001), HDL-cholesterol
(n=236, r=-0.3973, p<0.0001) and total cholesterol (n=373, r=-0.1821, p=0.0004).
Discussion
The present study suggests a moderate impact of the biochemical factors studied in
the tacrolimus CL/F. Lower haemoglobin seems to increase it, while higher cholesterol
decreases it. Physicians should be aware of this association during the TDM follow
up.
P38 Identifying novel colorectal cancer driver genes by analyzing genome mutations
Razi Alalqam, Ahmad AlQalaf, Xiangmei Cui, Simon Furney
School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
Correspondence: Razi Alalqam
Introduction
Colorectal cancer is caused by somatic gene mutations. Defective DNA mismatch repair
is one of the major causes. Microsatellite instability (MSI), which is an instability
at a DNA level, has been shown to be caused by the loss of function in the DNA mismatch
repair system (MMR). The identification of MSI’s has several important applications.
It can be used as a marker for different tumor subtypes, and predict sensitivity to
therapies and drugs. The objective of this study is to validate the genomic signatures
for MSI’s associated in colorectal cancer using accurate and sophisticated computational
methods.
Methods
Mutational catalogues were obtained from the online cancer gene database COSMIC. Rstudio
was used with deconstructSigs package to analyze the mutational signatures.
Results
The results of this study show that signature 6, 15, 20, and 26 that are associated
with defective DNA mismatch repair and found in microsatellite unstable tumors, are
present in colorectal cancer gene database. Furthermore, indels were present in each
sample associated with MSI signatures. Other signatures, are also present that are
not associated with DNA mismatch Repair system, such as Signature 1.
Discussion
The mechanism behind some of the signatures remain unknown. Understanding the mechanism
behind each signature will deliver a better understanding of the mutational patterns.
Furthermore, correlating these mutational signatures with epidemiology and other profiles
is highly needed.
P39 Immediate changes in foot clearance patterns with Functional Electrical Stimulation
(FES) and Ankle Foot Orthosis (AFO) in the presence of foot drop post-stroke
David Mangion, Daniel Goggi
Department of Physiotherapy, University of Malta, Malta, Msida
Correspondence: David Mangion
Introduction
Foot drop post-stroke is a significant precursor to falls to which is a substantial
influencer in the quality of life. This study set out to compare any immediate changes
in spatiotemporal and kinematic foot clearance patterns that occur with the use of
Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) and Ankle Foot Orthosis (AFO) in the presence
of foot drop post- stroke.
Methods
This research adopted a case study research design. A patient, who experienced a stroke
was chosen and monitored at a self-selected walking speed with a motion capture system
using a Helen Hayes marker set-up without any aid, with an AFO and with FES (Bioness®
L300) in the same session respectively, wearing own footwear. A Timed Up and Go (TUG)
test was carried out to assess the risk of falls in all the three walking trials.
Data Analysis
The analysis was carried out by recording spatiotemporal values for the whole gait
cycle, and kinematic data measured throughout the whole gait cycle and peak angles
where interpreted for the three modalities under assessment. Recording of the TUG
test after every successful set of walks in seconds for every modality was carried
out, and data was then extrapolated in MS ExcelTM for analysis and compared in a same
subject design method.
Results/Discussion
The results obtained showed inconclusive spatiotemporal values with minimal difference
between AFO and FES modalities, such as 95.0 ± 2.25 steps/min to 97.6 ± 4.30 steps/min
for cadence and 0.66 ± 0.051 m/s to 0.62 ± 0.032 m/s for walking speed respectively.
Although FES provided less variation in movements (0.75SD) as opposed to AFO (1.2SD)
and cleared the foot further off the ground by improving dorsiflexion by 2.8°, the
risk of falls as interpreted by the TUG criteria increased as the results where poorer
than AFO by 1.05 seconds.
P40 Impact of SRS GammaKnife treatment on MRI-derived disease anatomy in trigeminal
neuralgia patients
Taylor Loon1, Catherine Coolens2, Adam Dmytriw3
1Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Irelandl 2Department of Medical Physics,
Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Canada; 3Department of Medical Imaging,
University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
Correspondence: Taylor Loon
Background
GammaKnife Stereotactic Radiosurgery (GKRS) is the favoured treatment modality in
patients with refractory trigeminal neuralgia. In retreatment, it varies as to whether
a new MRI scan is done for pre-planning. Examining variations in metrics of planning,
radiation-induced radiological changes of anatomy, and radiation dose to critical
structures can help determine if it’s beneficial for patients to undergo re-imaging.
Methods
We analyzed a total of 56 patients that underwent GKRS retreatment from 2012-2019
using Leksell Gamma Knife and Excel. This included radiation shot coordinates, their
distance from the brainstem, thickness of the trigeminal nerve and contour, and radiation
dose to the brainstem.
Results
The mean difference in shot X coordinates was 1.09 mm (STDV 4.98) and Y coordinates
was -3.22 mm (STDV 8.8). When the horizontal distance of treatments 2’s shot was closer
to the brainstem than treatment 1, the radiation dose to the brainstem was increased
(COR -0.5777, p=0.0011). When the thickness of the trigeminal nerve increased, the
thickness of the contour also increased (COR +0.7859, p=0.004).
Conclusion
Variations in treatment metrics mentioned above are considered in determining whether
if it’s beneficial for TN patients to undergo an additional pre-planning session before
retreatment. Further investigation into patient’s aetiology and additional radiation
induced radiological changes, as well as a larger population size, and manually co-registering
the images, is required to confirm whether it is beneficial to update GKRS procedure.
P41 Investigating the impact of cisplatin resistance on neuroblastoma-derived extracellular
vesicles
Joshua Ramjohn1, Thomas Frawley2, Olga Piskareva2,3
1School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; 2School
of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin,
Ireland; 3Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons,
Dublin, Ireland
Correspondence: Joshua Ramjohn
Introduction
Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common childhood extracranial solid tumour. Chemotherapeutic
resistance arises through complex genetic and epigenetic changes, and tumour-derived
extracellular vesicles (EVs), such as exosomes (small EVs, sEVs), may be implicated
in this process. Previous studies have shown significant upregulation of several proteins
in cisplatin-resistant versus cisplatin-sensitive NB cell lines. One of these proteins,
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR), was selected for this study due to its established
role in carcinogenesis and presence in tumour-derived EVs.
Therefore, we hypothesise that changes due to cisplatin resistance in the NB cellular
proteome would be reflected in the NB sEV proteome. Hence, this study aimed to determine
sEV number, protein concentration and EGFR protein expression in two NB cell lines,
Kelly (cisplatin-sensitive) and KellyCis83 (cisplatin-resistant).
Methods
Two human-derived NB cell lines, Kelly and KellyCis83, were cultured. EVs were isolated
by differential ultracentrifugation, characterised by Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis
(NTA), western blots and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and then quantified
by NTA. This was followed by protein quantification of sEV proteins and western blots
to estimate EGFR expression levels in EVs and cell lysates (CL).
Results
There was no significant difference in the sEV number and protein concentration between
the Kelly and KellyCis83 cells. However, there was a six-fold increase in EGFR expression
in KellyCis83 sEVs compared to Kelly sEVs.
Discussion
This study suggests that cisplatin resistance may result in sEV enrichment of EGFR,
since it alters the sEV expression of EGFR, without altering sEV number and protein
concentration. This indicates that changes due to cisplatin resistance in the cellular
proteome may be reflected in sEV proteome. Future studies, involving mass spectrometry
of sEVs from both cell lines, and cell proliferation, viability, migration and colony
forming assays, may succour in determining the potential of EGFR as a putative prognostic
marker in NB.
P42 Investigating the use of transcutaneous bilirubin measurements on neonates with
unexposed areas of skin to phototherapy
Maria Casalino1, Michael Sgro2, Thivia Jegathesan3
1School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; 2St. Michael’s
Hospital, Toronto, Canada; 3University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
Correspondence: Maria Casalino
Background
Transcutaneous bilirubin measurements (TCB) are currently used as a screening tool
prior to phototherapy to determine at-risk infants for hyperbilirubinemia. Once a
baby undergoes phototherapy, or exceeds the threshold for treatment, only blood samples
measuring total serum bilirubin (TSB) are used to monitor hyperbilirubinemia. When
an infant is under phototherapy TSB is measured every 6-12 hours, which endues much
stress and pain on the neonate. The use of TCB after phototherapy commences would
be beneficial – however most studies have reported deceased effectiveness as a result
of exposed skin under phototherapy. Only some pilot studies have studied the effectiveness
of TCB on unexposed areas to phototherapy by covering the skin. These are limited
to small sample sizes.
Methods
A prospective cohort study of neonates > 35 weeks receiving phototherapy at St. Michael’s
Hospital. At the time of each clinically required TSB, two TCBs will be completed
within 15 minutes. The TCBs will be recorded on exposed and unexposed areas of the
forehead during phototherapy. Once a neonate starts phototherapy a 3M RedDot electrode
will be used to cover a part of the forehead during phototherapy. To determine the
impact of covering the skin during phototherapy, agreement and correlation coefficients,
as well as Bland-Altman Plotting, between TCB and TSB will be completed.
Results
129 TCB measurements have been conducted on neonates > 35 weeks gestation on exposed
areas of skin to phototherapy resulted in a mean difference of -16.9 umol/L (-25.7
to -8.1). To determine the effects of covering the skin, 200 term infants undergoing
phototherapy will be recruited and TCB values on covered areas of skin will be evaluated
at the time of a TSB
Conclusion
Covering the skin may offer a new approach to using TCB after phototherapy.
P43 Is there a benefit to the lowest possible CA125: The relationship between biomarkers
and survival in epithelial ovarian cancer
Leen Alhoussan1, Mitchell Clark2, Marcus Bernardini2
1School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; 2University
of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
Correspondence: Leen Alhoussan
Introduction
To investigate the relationship between CA125 levels at diagnosis, post-operatively
and completion of treatment in ovarian cancer in relation to progression free survival.
Methods
Retrospective cohort study at the UHN of women diagnosed with ovarian cancer between
January 2008-December 2015 with complete medical records. All CA125 levels will be
collected during up-front treatment as well as important clinical and pathologic variables.
Survival analysis will be completed by Cox proportional hazard models and Kaplan-Meir
methods. CA125 levels within the normal range will be divided into <5, 6-10 and 11-35
IU. Progression free survival (PFS) is defined as the time from completion of primary
treatment to date of first recurrence.
Results
349 patients met eligibility criteria. Among patients treated with primary cytoreductive
surgery (PCS), CA125 at completion of treatment is significantly associated with PFS
(HR 1.3, p=0.013) however, CA125 at completion of treatment is not associated with
PFS in neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) (p=0.053). In PCS, the difference between pre-operative
and post-operative CA125 is significantly associated with PFS (HR1.25, p<0.001) but
not in NACT (p=0.397). There is no statistically significant difference in PFS between
women who have a CA125 of <5IU, 6-10 IU or 11-35 IU at the completion of primary treatment
(p=0.218). In PCS, women who receive more than 6 cycles of chemotherapy have a worse
PFS (10.6 months) vs. those who receive 6 (35.8 months p=0.018). In NACT, there is
no PFS advantage to >3 cycles of chemotherapy.
Discussion
The differences in CA125 before and after treatment are important in assessing a woman’s
risk for progression after PCS and adjuvant chemotherapy, but not in NACT. Achieving
the lowest possible level of CA125 within the normal range was not associated with
a survival advantage. Additional chemotherapy beyond the standard regimen does not
improve survival and leads to further toxicity.
P44 Is use of anticholinergic medication associated with poorer cognitive performance
in Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)?
Githmi Palahepitiya Gamage1, Adam Dyer2, Cathy McHale2, Joshi Dookhy2, Deborah Fitzhenry2,
Desmond O'Neill2, Sean P Kennelly2
1School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; 2Memory
Assessment Clinic Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
Correspondence: Githmi Palahepitiya Gamage
Introduction
Anticholinergic medication use is associated with an increased risk of cognitive impairment
and dementia. Less clear is the evidence concerning anticholinergic use in those with
Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), who may represent a particularly vulnerable group.
Methods
Participants with a confirmed diagnosis of MCI on the basis of history, neuropsychological
evaluation, and neuroimaging were included. Medication lists were obtained from participants
and the number of medications with potential/definite anticholinergic properties was
calculated assigning an Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden (ACB) Score to each participant.
Cognitive function was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and
the comprehensive multi-domain Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological
Status (R-BANS).
Results
105 participants were included (mean age: 74.5 ± 5.3; 53/105, 50.4% female). Over
two-fifths (46/105, 43.8%) were prescribed a medication with potential/definite anticholinergic
properties and a small minority (8/105, 7.6%) had a high total ACB Score (>3). There
was no difference in MMSE score between those using an anticholinergic medication
vs non-users (26.3 vs 26.5, t = -0.17, p = 0.57). Similarly, there were no differences
in scores on the Immediate Memory (t = -1.03, p = 0.15), Visuospatial/Constructional
(t = 0.01, p = 0.49), Language (t = -0.93, p = 0.17) or Attention (t = -0.09, p =
0.46) domains of the R-BANS. No difference was seen for any domain in those with a
high total ACB score.
Conclusion
We observed a high burden of anticholinergic medication use in those with MCI. However,
this was not associated with poorer cognitive performance, which may be due to limited
study power given our cohort only demonstrated subtle impairment. Longitudinal follow-
up of this cohort will assess whether anticholinergic medications influence progression
of MCI to dementia and its potential as a modifiable risk factor.
P45 Occurrence of hypertension in school-going adolescents based on the fourth report
and AAP guidelines: A comparative study
Pooja Rangwala1, Yash Thakker1, Radhe Shah2, Ayush Thakkar3, Dhairy Upadhyay1, Gurusharan
Dumra1
1AMC MET Medical College, Ahmedabad, India; 2Smt. NHL Municipal Medical College, Ahmedabad,
India; 3GCS Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Ahmedabad, India
Correspondence: Pooja Rangwala
Introduction
Hypertension has found increased incidence globally, especially in school-going population.
Aim of the study is to find out and compare the occurrence of hypertension amongst
school-going adolescents based on the “Fourth Report on the Diagnosis, Evaluation,
and Treatment of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents” (2004) and the “American
Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Clinical Practice Guideline for Screening and Management
of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents” (2017). Also, to look for any
correlation of hypertension in these children with their Body Mass Index (BMI), diet,
exercise and family history of hypertension.
Methods
A cross-sectional study was carried out on adolescents attending different schools
during June-August 2019. Their age, weight and height were measured. Blood pressure
(BP) was measured on 3 consecutive days and classified using the Fourth Report and
AAP Clinical Guidelines. Revised IAP Growth Charts for Height, Weight and Body Mass
Index for 5- to 18-year-old Indian Children were used to classify the BMI of children.
Results
The sample size consisted of 258 students between the age-group of 10-16 years. According
to the AAP guideline, 51(19.77%), 11(4.26%) and 4(1.55%) had hypertension stage-1,
hypertension stage-2 and elevated BP respectively; as compared to the Fourth Report,
according to which 41(15.89%), 7(2.71) and 3(1.16%) were hypertension stage-1 & 2
and pre-hypertension respectively. Chi-square test showed a strong correlation between
obesity and hypertension (p-value is 0.000359) in these children.
Discussion
According to the AAP guidelines, hypertension stage-1 & 2 and elevated BP was found
to be 1.24, 1.57 and 1.33 times more respectively as compared to the Fourth Report.
Also, obesity plays a large role in the development of adolescent hypertension. Early
detection of elevated blood pressure and associated mild obesity or overweight can
lead to prevention of its evolution into full-blown disease as the child matures.
P46 Patients’ preferences for psychiatric models of care
Anna Sophia Cacciola1, Jalen Manett2, Weam Sieffien3, Gili Adler Nevo3
1School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; 2Wilfrid
Laurier University, Waterloo, Canada; 3University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
Correspondence: Anna Sophia Cacciola
Although humans have always suffered from detriments to mental health, psychiatry
as the modern profession it is known as today, is relatively new. Psychiatry is a
field in which models of care are numerous and consistently emerging. Both psychotherapy
and biological psychiatry are continuously evolving. We are currently able to provide
a multitude of medications for varied diagnoses, as well as an abundance of psychotherapy
modalities. Psychotherapy is currently on the decline in psychiatry, while pharmacotherapy
and other biological interventions dominate. All interventions provided by psychiatrists
are evidence based and well researched, but rarely have patients been asked for their
preference and its influence on the effectiveness of their care. This study aims to
bridge that gap by asking patients about their preferred interventions. The main objective
of this study is to determine the alignment between patients’ preferences and available
resources for the management of mental health conditions. Our hypothesis is that psychiatric
intervention, regardless of modality, is more effective when it is the patients’ treatment
of choice. At the moment, there are currently no results available for this study,
however, this study aims to survey 50 patients who are currently accessing mental
health services at Michael Garron Hospital and WoodGreen Community Services in Toronto,
Ontario, Canada. The exclusion criteria would include: Patients with psychotic disorders
and learning disorders, non-English speakers and patients under the age of 18. It
is believed that by offering a patient their treatment of choice, they will be more
inclined to be engaged in their treatment and less likely to withdraw as a result
of their engagement.
P47 Proposed smartphone application to improve adherence to hydroxyurea among Irish
adolescents and young adults with sickle cell disease
Saif Ullah Syed1, Helen Fogarty2, Alan Gaul1, Natalija Aleksejenko1, Maniya Chowdhary1,
Róisín Daly1, Emmanuel Eguare1, Kate MacNamara1, Anthony Maher1, Oliseyelum Ojo1,
R Geoghegan2, H Conroy2, N Ngwenya2, E Crampton2, E Tuohy2, C McMahon2
1School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; 2Haematology
Department, Crumlin Children’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
Correspondence: Saif Ullah Syed
Introduction
Sickle cell disease(SCD) is an autosomal recessive disorder, characterized by chronic
haemolytic anaemia, vaso-occlusive complications and end-organ damage with declines
in health-related quality of life(HRQOL) domains. Hydroxyurea has demonstrated significant
advantages in terms of morbidity and mortality in SCD, however, medication non-adherence
is a major issue, especially in the teenage and adult population. To counteract this,
we investigated the usefulness of a mobile phone application and its features that
would improve adherence in an Irish SCD context.
Methods
We administered an anonymous cross-sectional survey to SCD patients regarding hydroxyurea
attending St James’s Hospital and Children’s Health Ireland at Crumlin, Dublin. Medication
adherence measures included components of the Modified Morisky Adherence Scale(MMAS)
and a visual analogue scale. We also designed the features and business-model required
for the successful launch of an app based on patient preferences.
Results
63 patients responded in total: 63% female and 37% male(median age 17 years) and 76%
average compliance rate using a visual analogue scale. The greatest barrier to adherence
was forgetfulness with 67% requiring family reminders for their medication. 87% were
interested in an app to promote increased adherence, with the most popular proposed
features including daily medication reminders(73%), adherence progress tracking(77%)
and facts about SCD(72%). Based on thorough market analysis we estimated cost of app
development and launch to be approximately €37,375 for android and €39,150 for iOS
platforms, respectively.
Discussion
Although medication adherence rates were relatively high in our survey, however, we
acknowledge that patient self-report may overestimate compliance. Furthermore, forgetfulness
was a common theme throughout the survey domains and interest in an app to promote
improved adherence to hydroxyurea was high. Forming over 10% of the Irish SCD population,
our survey provides novel and valuable insights into medication adherence as well
as unique features needed in any future app targeting this problem.
P48 Maternal diet during lactation and allergy in infants: A systematic review and
meta-analysis
Anna Berbenyuk1, Daria Levina1, Aysylu Gamirova1, Daniel Munblit2
1Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia; 2Imperial College London, London, England
Correspondence: Anna Berbenyuk
Introduction
Food allergy is a major public health concern affecting around 1 in 20 infants, with
high costs to public health services. Breast milk is the main source of food proteins
for infants during the first six months of life. Physicians often recommend dietary
restrictions to the mothers during lactation to reduce the risk of allergy development.
The aim of this research is to identify associations between maternal diet and allergic
diseases development in later life.
Methods
We performed a search in MEDLINE and EMBASE databases. 4484 papers published between
inception and 2019 were found. Three researchers selected relevant studies and extracted
data independently. Thirteen RCT studies met inclusion criteria and full-text review
and data extraction were performed. Quantitative analysis included random-effects
meta- analyses using inverse variance method.
Results
Dietary intervention was presented by maternal avoidance of allergenic products during
lactation period only. Subgroup meta-analysis was performed separately for two age
groups (0-2 years and 4-10 years) at the age of health outcome assessment. Data from
four studies on children aged 0-2 suggests that maternal food avoidance can reduce
the risk of eczema development (Odds Ratio [OR] 0.52; 95% CI 0.32, 0.85). Maternal
dietary restrictions did not result in a significant decrease of other allergic disease
(asthma, sensitisation, food intolerance and rhinoconjunctivitis) risk. In three RCTs
investigating long-term health outcomes (4-10 years), dietary interventions during
lactation showed protection against rates of sensitization (OR 0.40; 95% CI 0.25,
0.63) but did not impact any allergic diseases development.
Conclusion
Our findings suggest that there is still no strong evidence that maternal diet during
lactation influences infants’ allergy incidence. The reduced risk of eczema seen in
the early age group was not seen in children of an older age group. Methodological
bias and heterogeneity in health outcome definition and result reporting do not allow
for definitive conclusions.
P49 Measuring brown adipose tissue and its relationship to metabolic health using
infrared thermography in 8-10 year old males
Emily Hutchings1, Frank Ong2, Basma Ahmed3, Elizabeth Gunn2, Stephan Oreskovich2,
Gregory Steinberg3, Katherine Morrison2
1School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; 2Department
of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; 3Department of Biochemistry
and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
Correspondence: Emily Hutchings
Introduction
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a thermogenic tissue, induced by cold, and maybe a therapeutic
target for obesity and diabetes. The purpose of this study is to investigate the use
of infrared thermography (IRT) as a method to detect BAT and to relate IRT BAT measures
to metabolic health in children.
Methods
The study population consisted of n=18, males with a mean age of 9.74 ± 0.93 years.
Dexa scan and fasting blood draws were obtained. The supraclavicular (SCV) and acromion
(control) temperature were assessed using IRT before and after a 1-hour 180C cold
exposure. SCV temperature pre (TSCV) and post-cooling (Δ TSCV, Δ TSCV-Acromion, post-cold)
were used as measures of BAT. Paired sample T-tests compared mean SCV temperature
pre and post- cooling, mean SCV to mean acromion temperatures and compared differences
in BAT measurements on the left and right side. Pearson’s correlation for normally
distributed data and Spearman’s Correlation coefficient for non-normally distributed
data were used to assess correlations between variables.
Results
An increase in temperature post-cooling was measured in the left (p= 0.001), and right
(p=0.029) SCV regions. TSCV was negatively correlated with non-HDL cholesterol r=
-0.537, p=0.018 and body fat percentage r=-0.812, p= <0.001. TSCV was positively correlated
with HDL cholesterol r=0.518, p=0.023. Δ TSCV was negatively correlated with fasting
glucose r=-0.622 p= 0.01.
Discussion
An increase in SCV temperature following cooling is measurable using IRT in children
and may represent BAT activity. Limitations to measuring BAT via IRT include overlying
subcutaneous fat and regional blood flow, which may influence heat emission. Comparing
the acromion to the SCV temperature may be an effective method for controlling against
adiposity and blood flow. Overall, correlations between adiposity, glucose, cholesterol,
and BAT may demonstrate that low BAT activity is associated with the development of
obesity and associated metabolic disturbances.
P50 Method of microbial biofilms destruction In chronic wounds
Iryna Kozlovska
Department of Surgery, Higher state educational establishment of Ukraine, Bukovinian
State Medical University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine
Introduction
Сhronic wounds (CW) is caused by microorganisms in biofilm. The aim was to develop
a method of destroying biofilms by electrophoresis and to determine the optimal current
density, which would have the best bactericidal effect on the bacteria and destroy
the microbial biofilms.
Materials & Methods
The species and populations of microflora in 144 CW and microorganisms’ ability to
form biofilms were studied. We determined biofilm density and optimal current density
which destroy biofilm.
Results
Bacteria isolated in monoculture (E. coli and Ps. аeruginosa) in 100% cases formed
high density biofilm. Bacteria in monoculture exhibit stronger adhesive properties
and their biofilms matrix was denser, which better protects them from antimicrobial
medicines. Mixed bacteria formed high-density biofilms - from 50.0% to 83.3%, medium
density – 16.9%-50.3%, low density – 10.1%-13.8%.
The action of direct current electric field with the density of 0,025 mА/cm2 did not
have a bactericidal effect on cells in the biofilm, although the density of the latter
decreased by an average of 1.5 times. With increase of electric density to 0,05-0,1
mА/cm2 the biofilm matrix was destroyed more intensively, its density decreased from
high to middle and low. This led to the death of bacteria, which caused their decrease
in the destroyed biofilm from 10.7 to 56.4 times (p <0.05).
Conclusion
The formation of microbial biofilms complicates antimicrobial therapy and determines
the chronic nature of the wound process. So treatment of CW should include not only
antibiotic therapy, but also new methods of influencing biofilms of appropriate density.
In complex treatment of CW we recommend conducting electrophoresis with a current
density of 0,05-0,1 mA/cm², and antibacterial therapy should be designed with the
previously investigated sensitivity of microbes from biofilms isolated from chronic
wounds.
P51 Neuroprotective properties of gastropeptide Pro-Gly-Pro and its acetylated form
in the conditions of glutamate excitotoxicity
Arina Zgodova1, Daniil Frolov2, Zanda Bakaeva3
1Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia; 2MIREA, Russian Technological University, Moscow,
Russia; 3National Medical Research Center for Children’s Health, Moscow, Russia
Correspondence: Arina Zgodova
Introduction
Glutamate (Glu) is one of the most common excitatory neurotransmitters which excess
of can cause a pronounced excitotoxicity. Pro-Gly-Pro peptide (PGP) effectively protects
the gastric mucosa from damage caused by prolonged administration of monosodium glutamate
(food supplement). PGP also is able to influence the structure of the central nervous
system. Its acetylation makes PGP more resistant to the action of prolyl peptidases
and prevents its hydrolysis. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect
of PGP and AcPGP on the survival of a neuroglial culture under glutamate excitotoxicity.
Materials and methods
Primary neuroglial cell cultures were obtained from 1-day old Wistar rat cortexes,
grown under standard conditions. On day 11-12, PGP and AcPGP 10 μM was added 1 hour
prior to glutamate exposure 33 μM. The neuron survival was assessed by the ratio of
living/dead cells after 24 hours. The survival of cultured neurons was determined
using the vital fluorescent dyes (Syto-13 for living cells, EthD-1 for dead cells).
Results
PGP 10 μM and AcPGP 10 μM are not neurotoxic. Glu 33 μM reduced the ratio of living/dead
cells, and its excitotoxicity effect was 45%. PGP increased the number of living cells
after its incubating with Glu (27%). Acetylation of the peptide obstructed the manifestation
of the effect under study. The difference between the groups Glu and Glu+AcPGP was
6%.
Conclusion
PGP can weaken the excitotoxic effect of Glu 33 μM on cultured cortical neurons and
has the neuroprotective effect peptide in given concentration. AcPGP does not affect
neuron survival. It can be assumed that the acetylation of the peptide at the N-terminus
reduces the ligand-receptor interaction and prevents the manifestation of its neuroprotective
effect. Therefore, it is possible that PGP has a gastro-neuroprotective effect, which
could be mediated by its dipeptide derivative, GP.
P52 Neurotransmitter release and synaptic vesicles endocytosis in calcium ringer
Georgii Krivoshein, Pavel N Grigoryev, Andrey L Zefirov
Kazan State Medical University, Department of Physiology, Kazan, Russia
Correspondence: Georgii Krivoshein
Endocytosis, exocytosis and vesicular transport are basic steps of synaptic vesicle
cycling. However, not all mechanisms of these processes are yet completely understood.
The aim of the present work was to investigate how the process of neurotransmitter
release and synaptic vesicles endocytosis work under a significant increase in extracellular
Calcium ion concentration.
Optical method: Fluorescence confocal microscopy with the fluorescent dye FM 1-43
(6uM) and electrophysiological method - intracellular recording of postsynaptic potentials
were used. To depolarize motor nerve endings a method of electrotonic depolarization
using a glass extracellular microelectrode was practiced (B. Katz, 1969). Experiments
were performed on neuromuscular preparations of frog's cutaneous-pectoris muscles.
Standard Ringer’s solution and calcium Ringer’s solution (containing in mM: CaCl2
83, KCl 2.5, NaHCO3 2.2, pH 7.2-7.4) were taken. Pre-terminal portions of nerve fibers
were stimulated with a single impulse duration of 4 ms in the presence of 4-Aminopyridine
(1 mM). To prevent muscle fibers contraction in standard Ringer’s solution tetrodotoxin
(1 mM) was added.
In standard Ringer’s solution, the mean amplitude of miniature endplate potentials
(mEPPs) was evaluated to 1.2±0.36 mV (n=5). In calcium Ringer’s solution, a distinguished
decline in the amplitude of mEPPs to 0.26±0.14 mV (n=5) was revealed. The frequency
(Hz) of mEPPs was increased twice from 1.5±0.45 in the standard Ringer’s solution
to 3.0±0.56 in calcium’s Ringer solution (n=5). The mean amplitude of evoked endplate
potentials was higher in calcium’s Ringer solution – 50±7.1 mV (n=5), than in standard
Ringer’s solution – 25±4.8 mV (n=5). When stimulation in the presence of the fluorescent
dye was applied, bright round fluorescent spots in motor nerve terminals were found.
After isotonic replacement of sodium ions by calcium in the extracellular solution,
considerable electrophysiological changes in neurotransmitter release and the presence
of synaptic vesicles endocytosis were noticed.
P53 Non-invasive pre-clinical atherosclerosis detection in patients with refractory
hypertension in South India
Varahabhatla Vamsi1, Mitalee Garg2, Basavaprabhu Achappa3, Padmanabh Kamath4, Vaman
Kulkarni5, Ingrid Prkacin6
1Zaporizhzhiya State Medical University, Zaporizhzhiya, Ukraine; 2Kasturba Medical
College, Mangalore, India; 3Department of Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Affiliated
to MAHE, Mangalore, India; 4Department of Cardiology, Kasturba Medical College, Affiliated
to MAHE, Mangalore, India; 5Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College,
Affiliated to MAHE, Mangalore, India; 6Department of Internal Medicine, School of
Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
Correspondence: Varahabhatla Vamsi
The endothelium is a complex endocrine organ regulating haemostasis, maintains vascular
tone, vessel diameter, platelet-leukocyte vascular adhesion, vascular permeability
and tissue growth and regulation. Vessel tone alteration is an important factor for
pre-clinical atherosclerosis (pcA) development. Refractory hypertension (rHTN) is
clinically established if BP remained uncontrolled after ≥3 visits to a clinic within
a minimum 6‐month follow‐up period. Novel non-invasive oscillometric devices assessing
pulse wave velocity(PWV) could possibly detect pcA in hypertensive patients.
To detect pcA in patients with rHTN using non invasive oscillometric device and establishing
correlation with PWV and central blood pressure (CBP).
We assessed the values of CBP, PWV, Brachial systolic (sys) and diastolic (dys), peripheral
(PPp) and central pulse pressures (PPc), stroke volume (SV), Cardiac output (CO),
mean arterial pressure (MAP), total peripheral vascular resistance (TPVR), Heart rate
(HR), Augmentation index (AIx) in 200 patients. 148 Male (M) subjects and 52 female
(F) subjects with refractory hypertension using noninvasive Agedio B900 device (Germany)
at Cardiology department, KMC Mangalore were included.
The mean age of 200 patients was 57,35±13,38; 57,33±13,5 in M; 57,40±12,38 in F. BP(sys)
in M was 141,1±21,3; 141,3±20,7 in F respectively. The CBP values in M was recorded
to be 130,1±20,8 and 128,5±20,7 in F respectively. The values of SV, TPVR, HR in M
were 71,6±14,1; 1,3±0,2; 76,18±13,7 and 67,1±16,2; 1,49±1,22; 77,5±13,4 in F respectively.
The MAP, PPp, PPc and AIx values in M were 115,6±15,2; 47,44±14,4; 34,12±10,3 and
112,46±17; 51,82±15,2; 38,7±11,9; 29,4±13 in F respectively. AIx in M was 20,94±13,9
and 29,4±13,2 in F respectively. The difference between sexes was statistically significant
for PWV (M/F: 8.8/8.6 m/s p<0,01).
Non-invasive PWV and AIx are the surrogate markers for assessing endothelial dysfunction
and arterial stiffness. Rise in vascular stiffness correlates with pre-clinical atherosclerosis
formation inside the vessels of patients with rHTN.
P54 Organization of psychology programs within pediatric hospitals
Katerina Green1, Emily Hernandez2, Aoife Reilly1, Carisa Parrish3
1Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; 2California State University
Northridge, Los Angeles, California, United States of America 3Johns Hopkins Medical
Institution, Baltimore, United States of America
Correspondence: Katerina Green
Introduction
As US hospitals move from quantity-based fee-for service models to quality-incentivized
alternative payment models, the cost-effectiveness of behavioural interventions has
become more evident. Literature has not yet analyzed the effectiveness of organizational
structures of these programs within hospital settings and this has created a problem
for psychologists to advocate for changes and support within their departments and
hospitals. The purpose of this study was to summarize pediatric psychology within
children’s hospitals ( ie. organizational structure, psychologist:bed ratio).
Methods
A convenience sample (n=21) of the best Children’s hospitals in the US, was selected
after review of the Children’s Hospitals ranked in the 2019-2020 US World and News
Report1. Methods employed included online reviews of hospital websites and the Association
of Psychology Postdoctoral and Internship Centers (APPIC), email correspondence with
directors or leadership in hospital pediatric psychology and follow-up phone calls.
Data on hospital characteristics was gathered and descriptive statistics calculated.
Results
Ratios of psychologists to inpatient beds varied considerably (minimum of 3.1:1 to
maximum of 45.88:1). The most common organization of pediatric psychology programs
was a program within departments of psychiatry and/or behavioural sciences. 41% reported
having a psychology director. Only 18% had a separate division of pediatric psychology.
Discussion
The results suggest that psychologists are often found within related departments
of psychiatry and behavioural science. This raises the question of whether psychologists
are represented and supported within their departments. Results also indicated wide
variability in psychologist ratio to inpatient beds. This study is ongoing and will
eventually summarize the different organizations of psychology programs and psychologists
within pediatric hospitals to support growth of these divisions.
A limitation of this study was the variable reliability of information on organization
and demographics of psychologists within hospitals and need to verify with each program.
P55 Outcomes of endoscopic treatment for plantar fasciitis: A systematic review
Leona Ward1, Yoshiharu Shimozono2, John G. Kennedy2
1Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; 2Department of Orthopaedic
Surgery, NYU Langone Health, New York, USA
Correspondence: Leona Ward
Background
Endoscopic plantar fascia release (EPFR) is an established surgical treatment for
recalcitrant plantar fasciitis. Few studies assess the mid to long-term outcomes of
this procedure making it difficult for surgeons and patients to establish realistic
postoperative expectations. The purpose of this systematic review is to provide a
comprehensive review on the outcomes of endoscopic plantar fascia release in the treatment
of plantar fasciitis at mid- and long-term follow up.
Methods
A systematic review was performed using MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane library databases
in March 2018 based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
(PRISMA) guidelines.[1] Studies included were evaluated with regards to level of evidence
(LOE) and quality of evidence (QOE) using the Coleman methodological score.
Clinical outcomes and complications were also evaluated.
Results
Twenty-one studies including 601 feet were included in this systematic review with
a mean follow up of 26.9 months. 16 papers used the American Orthopaedic Foot and
Ankle Society (AOFAS) score. The weighted mean preoperative AOFAS score was 52.3 and
the postoperative score was 88.75 out of 100. The total number of patients who had
complications was 111 of 601 (18.7%). The most common complication was recurrence
of pain experienced by 7.49% of patients (45 of 111).
Conclusion
Endoscopic plantar fascia release provides good clinical and functional outcomes in
patients with refractory plantar fasciitis. This procedure is associated with a moderately
high complication rate. However, heterogeneous study designs and low level and quality
of evidence limit the current literature. As a result, further well designed studies
are necessary to determine the optimal treatment for refractory chronic plantar fasciitis.
P56 Pathological diagnosis of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in Constanta County
Hospital, Romania
Nesa Samuel Karunadhas, Madalina Bosoteanu
Clinical Service of Pathology, Emergency County Hospital “Sf. Apostol Andrei” Constanța,
Faculty of Medicine, University “Ovidius” of Constanța, Constanta, Romania
Correspondence: Nesa Samuel Karunadhas
Introduction
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the second most common skin malignancy,
often associated with chronic exposure to ultraviolet rays (UV). The study aimed to
ascertain the number of patients diagnosed with cSCC and its subtypes comprising various
skin lesion excisions sent to the Department of Histopathology in Constanta County
Hospital, Romania.
Methods
A retrospective study was conducted from 2014 to 2018. Each patient’s medical number,
date of admission, initials, age, sex, pathological diagnosis, grading and staging
were analysed. Conventional histopathological methods with hematoxylin-eosin stain
and immunohistochemical evaluation were effectuated.
Results
The study involving (n-702) patients consisted of 340 (48.4%) males (M) and 362 (51.5%)
females (F). 2015 had the most number of diagnoses,169 (24.07%). The youngest patient
was 11 years old, diagnosed with seborrheic keratosis. The oldest patient was 96 years
old, diagnosed with keratinised cSCC. 141 (20%) patients were diagnosed with cSCC.
116 (16.5%) patients were diagnosed with keratinised cSCC, 69 (M), 47 (F). 10 (1.42%)
patients were diagnosed with non-Keratinised cSCC, 5 (M), 5 (F). 7 (0.9%) patients
were diagnosed with Verrucous cSCC, 5 (M), 2 (F). 7 (0.9%) patients were diagnosed
with Acantholytic cSCC, 6 (M), 1 (F). 1 (0.1%) (F) patient was diagnosed with Basaloid
cSCC. 42 (5.9%) patients were diagnosed with Actinic Keratosis (AK),18 (M), 24 (F).
105 (14.9%) patients were diagnosed with Keratoacanthoma, 46 (M), 59 (F).
Discussion
There was a higher prevalence rate for keratinised cSCC. A constant rise in AK rates
was observed and a similar trend was perceived for keratoacanthoma. Untreated AK has
a 20% prospect of progression to cSCC. These inclinations could be correlated to the
upsurge in smoking rates and chronic exposure to UV rays without adequate protection
or the application of tanning beds among the Romanian population.
P57 Prevention of the development of reperfusion complications in the treatment of
atherosclerotic multilevel occlusions of the main arteries of lower
Kyrylo Pantsiuk1, Iryna Kozlovska2, Oleksandr Kolotylo2
1Higher state educational establishment of Ukraine, Bukovinian State Medical University,
Chernivtsi, Ukraine; 2Department of Surgery, Higher state educational establishment
of Ukraine Bukovinian State Medical University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine
Correspondence: Kyrylo Pantsiuk
One of the causes of the adverse effects of reconstruction of the aorto-hip-popliteal
segment is the development of reperfusion complications.
The aim of the work is to prevent the development of reperfusion complications through
the use of techniques and surgical interventions in the revascularizing surgical treatment
of atherosclerotic multilevel occlusion of the major arteries of the lower extremities.
46 patients with a high risk of reperfusion complications were included in the work.
In all patients, the lower extremity with a high risk of reperfusion complications
was characterized by III A-B–IV сhronic arterial insufficiency (CAI), the contralateral
lower limb – II A-B CAI. To determine the degree of ischemic lesions of the lower
limb, a modified classification of Fontaine R. has been applied taking into account
the criteria of the European Working Group (1992).
Aortic decliрation determines the course of blood flow restoration along the main
arteries of the lower extremities. In aorto-bifemoral bypass, blood flow should be
restored along the branch of bypass alternately. The blood flow is restored first
along the branches of the unproblematic lower limb. Secondarily, blood flow is restored
along the branches of the lower limb, from which reperfusion complications are expected.
The indicated sequence of restoration of blood flow according to alloprosthesis makes
it possible to halve the force of the shock wave of blood flow along the arterial
bed of the problem lower limb.
In case of multilevel atherosclerotic occlusal process of the lower extremity arterial
bed: aorto/iliac-femoral and femur-popliteal segments, in which there is a suspicion
of reperfusion complications, only aorto/ilio-femoral bypass is suspected. The specified
volume of the operation makes it possible to eliminate the propagation of the shock
wave of blood flow in the distal segments of the lower limb.
P58 Prognostic Importance of Synthropy of Congenital Malformations of Nervous System
in Children
Irina Lastivka, Volodymyr Davydiuk
Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics, Higher State Educational Institution,
Bukovinian State Medical University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine
Correspondence: Irina Lastivka
Introduction
Congenital malformations of the central nervous system, especially as a part of multiple
congenital malformations, occupy a leading position in the structure of infant mortality,
morbidity and primary childhood disability. Their timely diagnosis is a priority in
pediatrics and pediatric surgery.
Methods
For the purpose of studying the prognostic value of the synthropy of congenital malformations
of the central nervous system, we analysed cases of multiple congenital malformations
that included congenital malformations of the central nervous system. We divided the
cases into Group I, (based on the Regional Medical-Genetic Center of Chernivtsi register
in 2000-2019, and Group II, 45 lethal cases of multiple congenital malformations (based
on the material of autopsies of the regional pathological and anatomical bureau of
Chernivtsi, in the same years).
Results
According to the results of the study, in both groups the most common anomaly was
congenital musculoskeletal defects, the second - congenital heart defects, the third
- congenital malformations of the urinary system. The incidence of congenital heart
defects in the multiple congenital malformations of group II significantly exceeded
that of group I (p <0.001), which could have influenced the prognosis for the life
of the child. In addition, group II showed a number of birth defects (pulmonary hypoplasia,
biliary atresia, congenital bowel obstruction), which did not occur in group I and
could also increase the risk of mortality in children.
Discussion
Congenital heart defects can determine the prognosis in children with multiple congenital
malformations, including congenital malformations of the central nervous system. Congenital
heart defects detected antenatally by ultrasound can serve as markers for the presence
of multiple birth defects in the fetus and have diagnostic and prognostic value. This
is of practical importance for choosing the tactics of childbirth and surgical tactics
in the treatment of this category of children.
P59 Prognostic value of modified MELD score in double valve replacement
Grace Kwok1, Yu Yu Juan2, Yiu Kai Hang2
1School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; 2University
of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
Correspondence: Grace Kwok
Introduction
Double valve replacement (DVR) is a standard surgical procedure for mitral and aortic
valve disease, which has been safely performed in elderly population in the recent
years. Although DVR has shown to have satisfactory outcome in short term, mortality
in the long term remains high.
The Model of End Stage Liver Disease excluding International Normalized Ratio (MELD-XI)
and the modified Model of End Stage Liver Disease replacing International Normalized
Ratio with albumin (MELD-Albumin) has been reported as predictors for adverse events
in liver disease, heart disease, and surgery. However, its predictor value in patients
undergoing double valve replacement is not well understood.
Methods
A total of 262 patients (mean age, 59.8 years; men 93, women 169) underwent DVR between
2007 and 2019 were evaluated. 88% of patients were diagnosed with chronic rheumatic
heart disease. Baseline clinical, laboratory, and echocardiographic parameters were
collected in all patients, with laboratory test collected at intervals (pre 1 month,
post 1 month, and post 1 year operation). Adverse outcome was defined as heart failure
and all-caused death.
Results
The preliminary results showed that MELD-XI and MELD-Albumin score were good predictors
of 1-year adverse outcomes (area under the curve: 0.65 and 0.71, respectively). Kaplan-Meier
survival curve suggested that high score of MELD-XI (≥12.0) and MELD-Albumin (≥10.7)
were associated with an increase risk of adverse events.
Discussion
Both MELD-XI and MELD-Albumin score can be used as a prognostic measurement for patients
undergoing double valve replacement surgery to prevent the occurrence of adverse events.
Early detection and treatment of high MELD-XI and MELD-Albumin score before DVR may
reduce the occurrence of adverse events. This project is still ongoing, and further
study with larger population size will demonstrate stronger significance of modified
MELD score used as a prognostic measure for DVR.
P60 Rare genetic variants associated with lung cancer in a Romanian population
Alexandru-Ioan Pîntea1, Cristina Constantin2, Ana-Maria Gheorghe1, Silvia-Ioana Andrei1,
Dan-Denis Boloca1, Dan-Denis Boloca1, Elena Poenaru1
1Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; 2Fundeni Clinical
Institute, Bucharest, Romania
Correspondence: Alexandru-Ioan Pîntea
Introduction
For more than a decade, the genome-wide associations studies (GWAS) represented a
step forward in the identification of genetic risk factors for cancer. Today, the
GWAS continue to reveal new single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with
lung cancer. Lung cancer is a major public health problem in Romania and other Eastern
European countries, with incidence and mortality rates among the highest worldwide.
Methods
The study included a cohort of genotyped Romanian subjects. 1835 lung cancer cases
and 1437 cancer-free controls passed a data filtration process and were included in
an association test between lung cancer and 95205 genetic markers.
Results
Nine tested variants reached GWAS significance (p-value < 5 x 10-8) and 82 SNPs had
a p-value under 5 x 10-6. Among the most prominent SNPs are rs10508047 (p-value =
2.44 x 10-11, odds ratio = 0.26) and rs4445762 (p-value = 1.85 x 10-8, odds ratio
= 0.58), both on the NALCN-AS1 gene, rs6558165 (p-value = 3.42 x 10-8, odds ratio
= 0.47) on the CCAR2 gene (which is proven to have a suppressing role in lung cancer)
and rs2284985 (p-value = 1.19 x 10-8, odds ratio = 0.57), on the SIM2 gene.The SNPs
mentioned above have not been previously associated with lung cancer. They are protective
variants and have a lower allele frequency in cases than in controls. Also, their
allele frequency in cases is lower than in the world and European populations.
Discussion
Our study, the first GWAS of lung cancer patients in Romania, shows a convincing correlation
between this pathology and genetic variants that have not been previously known to
have any clinical significance. These findings are important, given the high incidence
and mortality rates of lung cancer in Romania.
P61 Refining the role of actomyosin contractility for platelet function
Reema Alsufyani, Ingmar Schoen
Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
Correspondence: Reema Alsufyani
Introduction
Platelets mediate haemostasis. Platelet adhesion, aggregation and clot contraction
requires contractile forces mediated by myosin IIA pulling on actin filaments. Myosin
IIA mutations can cause MYH9-related disease resulting in bleeding. To which extent
myosin dysfunction compromises platelet functions beyond platelet biomechanics, namely
the secretion of alpha granules, is not well understood. By directly inhibiting myosin
IIA in vitro using blebbistatin (BBT) we aimed to distinguish between effects on the
actin cytoskeleton and granule secretion, respectively.
Methods
Blood was obtained from healthy consenting volunteers according to national regulations.
Washed platelets were seeded onto fibrinogen (Fg) or von Willebrand Factor (vWF) coated
coverslips in the presence of BBT (1-100μM) for 1 hour, fixed, stained for filamentous
actin and vinculin, and imaged by confocal microscopy to determine the alignment of
actin fibers. To address platelet secretion, washed platelets were preincubated with
BBT (1.25...80 μM) and anti-P-selectin for 10 minutes, then activated with 10 nM thrombin
receptor activating peptide (TRAP) and analysed by flow cytometry to determine the
% of P-selectin positive platelets.
Results
BBT concentrations 16 μM and higher inhibited actin stress fiber formation of spread
platelets on Fg, as well as on vWF. P-selectin expression in TRAP-activated platelets
decreased between 0-10 μM BBT by 20% and remained constant at higher doses.
Discussion
The sensitivity of actin morphology to BBT on vWF and Fg indicates that platelet contractility
defects affect both, adhesion and aggregation steps. The partial reduction of P- selectin
expression by BBT shows that granule secretion is controlled by contractility-dependent
and independent pathways.
P62 Sample size determination in qualitative research
Maryam Ehtesham1, Tom O'Connor2
1Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; 2School of Nursing & Midwifery,
Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
Correspondence: Maryam Ehtesham
Introduction
Qualitative research is used in a variety of fields to elicit information that cannot
be quantified. The challenges that the mismatch between the philosophical basis and
practical methods of qualitative research poses remain an area of ambiguity. Since
qualitative research does not work towards a numerical outcome, the application of
statistical techniques to obtain the optimal sample size remains unsuccessful. Thus,
sample size determination for qualitative studies is a challenge that researchers
have tried to combat by means of different strategies.
Methods
Using a systematic review methodology, top ranked journals in Scopus in the fields
of pharmacy, nursing, medicine and physiotherapy were searched for qualitative research
papers published in 2018. Data relating to sample sizes and justification for sample
sizes were extracted from purely qualitative studies with mixed methods research being
an exclusion criteria.
Results
Data was extracted from 38 papers which met the inclusion criteria. These were broken
down across the disciplines as pharmacy 39%, nursing 39%, medicine 11% and physiotherapy
11%. The review demonstrated that the justifications offered were similar across the
board. They were normally either due to saturation or generally had a pragmatic basis
involved. In a significant proportion of cases there was no justification offered
for the sample sizes employed, demonstrating a lack of transparency. It was also noted
that sample sizes in qualitative studies were relatively small generally. The mean
and standard deviation were 40 and 52 respectively. The primary justification was
saturation followed by no justification.
Discussion
It is concluded that the research offers insight on a gap in knowledge in qualitative
research in the field of healthcare. It addresses the limitations in regards to sample
size as well as the reasons governing such. The importance for increased sample size
reporting by qualitative researchers in addition to larger sample sizes is concluded.
P63 Synoptic operative reporting for thyroidectomies: A quality improvement project
Angela Mazzuchin1, Albino Chiodo2, Antoine Eskander2, Bradley Hubbard2, William El
Masri2
1Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; 2Department of Otolaryngology-Head
& Neck Surgery, Michael Garron Hospital, Toronto, Canada
Correspondence: Angela Mazzuchin
Introduction
In an era where communication has become instantaneous, medicine has lagged behind,
particularly when it comes to dictated post-operative reports by surgeons. The aim
of this project was to choose a new type of post-operative report that would result
in superior communication of thyroidectomy procedures. Based on an initial literature
review, it was hypothesized that a synoptic operative report would improve how surgical
reports were created.
Methods
To discover which elements of an operative report were most important, a number of
sources were consulted. Guidelines for the creation of synoptic operative reports,
put forward by the American Thyroid Association (ATA) and Canadian Partnerships Against
Cancer (CPAC), were compared to existing thyroidectomy synoptic reports from other
hospitals in North America and current operative report templates. Data elements that
appeared consistently across reports were deemed important, and further input from
the surgeons at Michael Garron Hospital was used to determine relevant information
for the department.
Results
Upon completion it was deemed necessary to design two operative forms for thyroidectomies,
one for procedures including lateral neck dissections, the other without. These forms
included 59 and 54 data elements respectively, the difference being owed to the variations
in the procedures. The report was then added to charts as a PowerNote in the electronic
medical records system used at Michael Garron Hospital.
Discussion
As an ongoing project, the reports are currently being evaluated for completeness,
efficiency, and physician satisfaction. In the future there is the potential to analyze
hospital savings, point of care patient outcomes, contributions to resident education,
and the reports validity to contribute to future databases.
P64 Shear stress strains cognition: Linking cerebral blood flow and cognitive performance
Kalle Amolins1, Ian Newhouse2, Kurt Smith2
1School of Medicine, College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; 2School of Kinesiology,
Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Canada
Correspondence: Kalle Amolins
Introduction
Engaging in acute bouts of sub-maximal aerobic exercise increases cerebral blood flow
(CBF). Concomitant increases in CBF and intra-arterial shear stress (SS) mechanically
trigger a cascade of endothelial markers known to enhance cognitive performance. In
contrast, it is unknown if acute reductions in CBF and SS will attenuate cognitive
performance. This study therefore aimed to quantify the impact of acute elevations
and reductions in CBF and SS on cognitive performance in otherwise healthy adults.
Methods
Participants (n = 11; ♂ = 5; ♀ = 6; 18-35 years) each performed cycling exercise (≥120
bpm) and hyperventilatory hypocapnia (-10 mmHg PetCO2) interventions to increase or
decrease CBF and SS for 15 minutes respectively. Transcranial colour duplex sonography
was used to measure intra-arterial diameter (MCAD), velocity (MCAV), blood flow (MCAQ),
and shear stress (MCASS) in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) prior to, during, and
following each intervention. Cognitive performance was assessed prior to and following
each intervention. Primary experimental outcomes were compared to baseline using a
two-tailed paired samples t-test and assessed for bivariate correlation strength using
a two-tailed Pearson test.
Results
Exercise increased MCAD (Δd = 8.87%; SD = 7.75%), MCAQ (ΔQ=44.30%; SD=27.68%) and
MCASS (ΔSS=11.42%; SD=12.02%) during and following exercise. Hyperventilation reduced
MCAD (Δd=-9.88%; SD=5.47%), MCAQ (ΔQ=-39.47%; SD=13.62%) and MCASS (ΔSS=-17.89%; SD=16.43%)
during and following hyperventilation. Exercise did not enhance cognitive performance
as compared to baseline, whereas cognitive performance was reduced following hyperventilation
as compared to baseline and exercise.
Conclusions
This study was the first to both measure MCAQ and MCAD during hypocapnia and dynamic
exercise and demonstrate an attenuation in cognitive performance following acutely
reduced MCAQ and MCASS in healthy humans. This latter finding may highlight the potential
importance of acute endothelial stimulation in the maintenance of cognitive health.
P65 Systematic review on the prevalence of incontinence-associated dermatitis in acute
healthcare settings
Abdulaziz Alghanam1, Declan Patton2, Zena Moore2
1School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; 2School
of Nursing & Midwifery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
Correspondence: Abdulaziz Alghanam
Introduction
IAD is a skin condition characterized by skin inflammation of the perineal area due
to urine or stool exposure. It is mostly common among incontinent, elderly patients
and requires special care. The aim of this systematic review was to measure the prevalence
of incontinence-associated dermatitis (IAD) in acute care settings among adult patients.
Methods
A systematic review, following PRISMA guidelines, was conducted across three databases
(CINAHL, Medline, and Embase) in search of published articles on the prevalence of
IAD in acute hospitals.
Results
From the 7 included studies, the prevalence of IAD among all adult patients in acute
care ranged from 2.7% to 28.7%. The prevalence of IAD among incontinent adult patients
in acute care ranged from 29% to 45.7%.
Discussion
This review demonstrates that the prevalence of IAD among adult patients in acute
settings varies greatly due to numerous factors. The review also found that studies
measuring IAD prevalence have different criteria for IAD assessment and use different
surveys to collect IAD data from patients. Therefore, there is a necessity to establish
standardized IAD assessment guidelines and valid IAD prevalence surveys in order to
enhance the accurate measurement of IAD prevalence in acute hospitals.
P66The effectiveness of aspirin post-paediatric cardiac surgery
Noor Alkhaleefa1, Irene Regan2
1School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; 2Our Lady's
Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
Correspondence: Noor Alkhaleefa
Introduction
Children with congenital heart disease often undergo high-risk cardiac surgical procedures.
The routine use of aspirin is given to children post cardiac surgery in order to prevent
platelet aggregation. 2-5mg/kg is prescribed empirically. There are no prospective
studies that prove the effectiveness or adequateness of aspirin’s antiplatelet effect
in children after congenital heart surgery. Therefore, is 2-5 mg/kg of aspirin effectively
inhibiting platelet aggregation post cardiac surgery in children?
Methods
Retrospective review of 65 cardiology charts from 2015-2018 at Our Lady's Children's
Hospital, Crumlin. Phone calls were made to ask parents about children's compliance
to aspirin drug type and method of distribution of drug. Laboratory results were given
blindly and used to determine the percentage of platelet inhibition.
Results
23.08% or 15 children on an aspirin dose of 1.13-1.28 mg/kg received adequate and
effective treatment. 76.92% or 50 children were inadequately treated. Most children
were on a 2-5 mg/kg dose of aspirin and underwent Glenn, Fontan, and Norwood procedures.
All ages and both genders were present throughout which did not impact results. All
patients were compliant to aspirin according to phone calls to parents.
Discussion
2-5 mg/kg of aspirin is not fully effective in bringing about treatment in some patients.
Factors that affect treatment include: dosing method-aspirin type, genetic mutations,
age- metabolism rate, surgery type, and rate of absorption. Further work needs to
be done to rule out the above factors.
P67 The potential role of GRP78 as a biomarker in poor prognostic colorectal cancer
subgroups
Shivaali Karelia, Robbie Carson, Hajrah Khawaja, Sandra Van Schaeybroeck
Queen’s University, Belfast, Northern Ireland
Correspondence: Shivaali Karelia
Introduction
In order to improve colorectal cancer (CRC) patient management, the Consensus Molecular
Subtypes (CMS) and CRC Intrinsic Subtypes (CRIS) were developed to stratify patients
based on the genomic makeup of their tumours. There is a need for new clinical biomarkers
in CRC to help identify poor prognostic patient subgroups, in need of novel treatments.
Glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP78), encoded by the HSPA5 gene, is a molecular chaperone
implicated in the survival of multiple cancers. The aim of this project was to determine
whether GRP78 has a potential role as a biomarker in CRC.
Methods
CRC clinical datasets (GSE39582/GSE103479), obtained from the NCBI Gene Expression
Omnibus repository, were analysed for HSPA5 expression and its impact on patient overall
survival (OS). GRP78 levels were quantified in fresh frozen primary CRC tumour samples
using Western blotting (ethics approval number: 19.12v1). Figures and statistical
analysis were generated using GraphPad Prism 5 software.
Results
Western blotting analysis revealed that GRP78 expression was markedly higher in patient’s
CRC tumours compared to their normal matched tissue. HSPA5 expression was significantly
increased in CMS1/CRIS-A subtypes of CRC (one-way ANOVA: p<0.0001***) and in proximal
BRAF mutant tumours (p<0.0001***). High HSPA5 expression levels were associated with
a worse OS in stage 2 CRC patients.
Discussion
GRP78 was highly expressed in CMS1/CRIS-A subtypes of CRC, both which are associated
with a high frequency of BRAF mutant tumours, higher histopathological grade and worse
survival post relapse. In accordance, GRP78 may have clinical relevance as a biomarker
for poor prognostic CRC.
P68 The scale of diagnosis of appendicitis in children aged 15-17 years
Daryia Palityka
Grodno State Medical University, Grodno, Belarus
Introduction
Diagnosis of acute appendicitis (AA) in children is an actual problem of surgery.
Current trends in the diagnosis of this disease suggest the following main tasks:
early and accurate detection of patients requiring emergency surgery, reducing the
number of complications of AA, reducing the number of negative appendectomies. To
that end, diagnostic scales of AA were proposed. One of the most common diagnostic
scales is the Pediatric Appendicitis Score (PAS). As it was demonstrated by us in
our studies earlier, the PAS cannot be recommended for use in children 15–17 years
old.
Aim
To develop a scale for the diagnosis of AA in children aged 15–17 years.
Methods
22 signs were analyzed. At the first stage, an analysis of the informativeness of
the signs of Kulback was performed. Based on the analysis, diagnostic coefficients
(DC) were calculated for signs with informativeness more than 1.0. The values of
the signs were replaced by DC. At the second stage, discriminant analysis was performed
and the SDA (Scale of Diagnosis of Appendicitis) equation was obtained.
Result
There was developed SDA, which includes 6 signs (pulse rate, leukocyte count, ESR,
sex, DC of muscle tension, DC of Right Lower Quadrant pain to cough/percussion/ hopping)
and a constant.The accuracy of the coincidence of the clinical diagnosis and the predicted
diagnosis was 95.7% (CI 91.5 - 99.8). When cross-checking identified 92.4% (CI 87.0
- 97.8) observations.
Discussion
Diagnosis of AA in children should be accompanied by regular analysis of the results
and be constantly corrected depending on the opportunities of the hospital. An analysis
of the results of application of SDA, depending on age, is necessary.
P69 What elements are important for trust in the patient pharmacist relationship?
A scoping review
Thamer Alsharif1, Jephin Joseph1, Erica Smyth2, Teresa Pawlikowska2
1School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; 2Health
Professions Education Centre RCSI, Dublin, Ireland
Correspondence: Thamer Alsharif
Introduction
Pharmacists’ extended role is developing from medicines experts to patient- centred
professionals. A strong relationship between patients and the pharmacist has shown
to improve patient outcomes and reduce healthcare costs. Trust is known to be an important
aspect of the relationship between healthcare providers and patients. It also is linked
to patient enablement. The gap in the knowledge base regarding trust between patients
and pharmacists is lacking. The justification for this review stems from this. The
role of trust in the pharmacist and patient relationship can be explored with a scoping
review: existing evidence on the nature of trust and its importance can be mapped
out.
Aim
Exploring the elements of trust in the pharmacist and patient relationship using a
scoping review approach.
Methods
Scoping review process followed Arksey and O’Malley framework. Databases used: EMBASE,
WEB OF SCIENCE, CINAHL, Psych INFO and PUBMED. A team of two (JJ and TA) independently
screened title and abstracts. Relevant full texts were again assessed for eligibility
by each team member. Disagreements were resolved by ES/TP. Finally, data extraction
was carried out to map out some of the elements under investigation.
Results
From our review, we found 12 elements of trust between pharmacists and patients: perception,
familiarity, friendliness, communication-skills, advice, privacy and confidentiality,
professionalism, cultural competence, benevolence, knowledge and information source,
technical competence and pharmacist constitutional factor
Discussion
This scoping review helped define the importance of trust in the pharmacist-patient
relationship in different contexts as well as the elements that shape it. These findings
can inform future research in pharmacy practice and education.
P70 Understanding the contribution of P2X7 receptor in the pathology of neonatal seizures
Razi Alalqam1, Jonathon Smith1, Annette Nicke2, Tobias Engel1
1Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; 2University of Munich, Munich,
Germany
Correspondence: Razi Alalqam
Introduction
The risk of having a seizure is greatest at the neonatal period. It can lead to various
disabilities such as epilepsy, autism and death. P2X7 receptor is an ATP-gated ion
receptor located on the membrane of cells. It is mainly activated by high amounts
of extracellular released ATP occurring during pathological conditions, thus P2X7
targeting may lead to less side effects. This study aims to further understand P2X7
receptor in neonatal seizures to reach a possible therapeutic approach.
Methods
The model used was seizures induced mouse pups (p7) via intraperitoneal injection
of kainic acid (KA). Four groups were included: Transgenic (Tg) KA, Wild-type (Wt)
KA, Tg PBS, Wt PBS. Brains were collected 72hrs post KA and prepared for immunofluorescence
double staining. Analysis of cells was carried out on the hippocampus and cortex using
confocal microscopy. Three regions in the hippocampus were considered, the dentate
gyrus, CA3 and CA1. Similarly in the cortex, Cx1, Cx2 and Cx3 regions. To support
our results, Western blots were carried to identify the expression of P2X7.
Results
Upon microglia analysis, there was an increased cell count in Tg KA compared to Wt
PBS. Also, colocalization of P2X7 with Microglia was detected in both transgenic groups.
Contrarily, oligodendrocyte count showed no trend. No observed colocalization was
detected of P2X7 with oligodendrocytes, astrocytes or neuronal beta tubulin. Furthermore,
western blots representation showed increased P2X7 expression in the hippocampus of
Tg KA.
Discussion
This study shows P2X7 contribution to neonatal seizures following KA injection. Analysis
of this model at different time points post-KA injection would yield a better understanding
of P2X7 function. Future studies are needed to observe P2X7 in neonates using other
forms of insults such as hypoxia-induced injury.
P71 Vascular risk factor burden in individuals with mild cognitive impairment: An
opportunity to prevent progression to promote brain health?
Githmi Palahepitiya Gamage1, Adam Dyer2, Cathy McHale2, Joshi Dookhy2, Deborah Fitzhenry2,
Desmond O'Neill2, Sean P Kennelly2
1School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; 2Memory
Assessment Clinic, Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
Correspondence: Githmi Palahepitiya Gamage
Introduction
Recent research suggests that over 30% of one’s lifetime risk of developing dementia
is attributable to modifiable lifestyle and vascular risk factors (VRFs). These VRFs
include alcohol intake, smoking, elevated BMI, hypertension and diabetes. On foot
of previous evidence suggesting that management of VRFs may delay the onset of dementia,
we aimed to assess the burden of VRFs in individuals presenting to a memory clinic
with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), who may be an increased risk of progression
to dementia.
Methods
Participants who had a confirmed diagnosis of MCI on the basis of history, neuropsychological
evaluation, and neuroimaging were included. Participants were asked about known VRFs
and a comprehensive medical history was obtained. Blood pressure and Body Mass Index
(BMI) were measured in a standard fashion.
Results
We reviewed 129 patients who were diagnosed with MCI in our memory clinic. Mean age
was 74.5 (± 5.32) and 65 (50.4%) were female. Nearly one-fifth (22/116, 19.0%) reported
excessive alcohol intake (>21 units/week) and nearly two-fifths (39/117, 39.3%) were
current or ex-smokers. A history of Ischaemic Heart Disease was noted in 23% (27/117)
and just under 10% (12/123, 9.8%) reported a history of stroke. Of those with BMI
measured, 61.8% (47/76) had a BMI of 25 or greater. Two-fifths (39.8%, 49/123) had
a history of hypertension.
Conclusion
We report a significant burden of VRFs in individuals presenting to a memory clinic
with MCI. Increasing knowledge around the burden of such VRFs in cognitively vulnerable
individuals in addition to optimal management of same may produce cognitive benefit
in this high risk group.
P72 Willingness of medical students to refer patients to a physician associate or
a doctor based on clinical scenarios when time is a trade-off
Saif Ullah Syed, Pauline Joyce, Richard Arnett
School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
Correspondence: Saif Ullah Syed
Introduction
The Physician Associate (PA) role was piloted in Dublin, Ireland between 2015 and
2017. The concept of a PA and the acceptance of the role has been previously explored
from the perspective of the patient. How medical student’s previous experience and
knowledge influences their referral decisions to the emerging role of PAs as future
interns remains uncertain, and needs to be explored before expanding the role in Ireland.
Methods
A quantitative study was undertaken using an online survey with a sample of 1909 medical
students. Based on 3 medical scenarios, they were asked to choose a referral to a
PA or a doctor, with 6 time trade-off options offered. Year of study, country of residence
and previous experience of working/treatment with PAs and Nurse Practitioners were
recorded. Descriptive statistics and Rasch analysis were used.
Results
177 medical students (undergraduate and graduate entry) took part in the survey. No
significant difference was found between the groups. Students from countries with
established PA roles and those that had previous experience with them choose the PAs
more often. Overall PAs were chosen where wait time was shorter. Doctors were chosen
where the time difference was less.
Discussion
This study confirms that medical students’ willingness to refer a patient is influenced
by past familiarity with the PA role and severity of the medical condition. In addition,
wait time is a primary motivator. These findings suggest a need to improve communication
about the PA role among medical students to build confidence among future medical
colleagues.