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      Comprehensive inventory of true flies (Diptera) at a tropical site

      research-article
      1 , , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 8 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 18 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 18 , 25 , 26 , 1 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 29 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 7 , 18 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 8 , 10 , 43 , 30 , 44 , 7 , 45 , 1 , 8 , 46 , 29 , 47 , 48
      Communications Biology
      Nature Publishing Group UK

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          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Estimations of tropical insect diversity generally suffer from lack of known groups or faunas against which extrapolations can be made, and have seriously underestimated the diversity of some taxa. Here we report the intensive inventory of a four-hectare tropical cloud forest in Costa Rica for one year, which yielded 4332 species of Diptera, providing the first verifiable basis for diversity of a major group of insects at a single site in the tropics. In total 73 families were present, all of which were studied to the species level, providing potentially complete coverage of all families of the order likely to be present at the site. Even so, extrapolations based on our data indicate that with further sampling, the actual total for the site could be closer to 8000 species. Efforts to completely sample a site, although resource-intensive and time-consuming, are needed to better ground estimations of world biodiversity based on limited sampling.

          Abstract

          Brian Brown et al. report the results of the Zurquí All Diptera Biodiversity Inventory project, one of the largest efforts to date to directly assess species richness of a megadiverse order of insects. The authors identified 41,001 flies to 4332 species, including 73 of the world's 160 Diptera families.

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          Most cited references28

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          How many species are there on Earth?

          R M May (1988)
          This article surveys current answers to the factual question posed in the title and reviews the kinds of information that are needed to make these answers more precise. Various factors affecting diversity are also reviewed. These include the structure of food webs, the relative abundance of species, the number of species and of individuals in different categories of body size, along with other determinants of the commonness and rarity of organisms.
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            Arthropod diversity in a tropical forest.

            Most eukaryotic organisms are arthropods. Yet, their diversity in rich terrestrial ecosystems is still unknown. Here we produce tangible estimates of the total species richness of arthropods in a tropical rainforest. Using a comprehensive range of structured protocols, we sampled the phylogenetic breadth of arthropod taxa from the soil to the forest canopy in the San Lorenzo forest, Panama. We collected 6144 arthropod species from 0.48 hectare and extrapolated total species richness to larger areas on the basis of competing models. The whole 6000-hectare forest reserve most likely sustains 25,000 arthropod species. Notably, just 1 hectare of rainforest yields >60% of the arthropod biodiversity held in the wider landscape. Models based on plant diversity fitted the accumulated species richness of both herbivore and nonherbivore taxa exceptionally well. This lends credence to global estimates of arthropod biodiversity developed from plant models.
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              The Magnitude of Global Insect Species Richness

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                bbrown@nhm.org
                Journal
                Commun Biol
                Commun Biol
                Communications Biology
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2399-3642
                22 March 2018
                22 March 2018
                2018
                : 1
                : 21
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2302 4724, GRID grid.243983.7, Entomology Section, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, ; 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90007 USA
                [2 ]Royal British Columbia Museum and the American Museum of Natural History, 691-8th Ave. SE, Salmon Arm, BC V1E 2C2 Canada
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0665 0280, GRID grid.26090.3d, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, , 130 McGinty Court, E-143 Poole Agricultural Center, Clemson University, ; Clemson, SC 29634-0310 USA
                [4 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1937 0722, GRID grid.11899.38, Depto. de Biologia, FFCLRP, , Universidade de São Paulo, ; Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14.040-901 Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
                [5 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2295 5236, GRID grid.202033.0, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, , Natural Resources Canada, ; 1219 Queen St. E., Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, P6A 2E5 Canada
                [6 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0470 8815, GRID grid.438303.f, Australian Museum, ; 1 William Street, Sydney, NSW 2010 Australia
                [7 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8649, GRID grid.14709.3b, Department of Natural Resource Sciences, , McGill University, Macdonald Campus, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, ; Quebec, H9X 3V9 Canada
                [8 ]ISNI 0000 0001 1302 4958, GRID grid.55614.33, Canadian National Collection of Insects, Invertebrate Biodiversity, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, ; K.W. Neatby Building, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6 Canada
                [9 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2192 7145, GRID grid.167436.1, Department of Biological Sciences, Spaulding Hall, , University of New Hampshire, ; Durham, NH 03824 USA
                [10 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7937, GRID grid.268333.f, Department of Biological Sciences, , Wright State University, ; 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy, Dayton, OH 45431 USA
                [11 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0370 4193, GRID grid.472965.b, Instituto Federal do Triângulo Mineiro – Campus Uberaba. Rua João Batista Ribeiro 4000, Distrito Industrial II, ; 38064-790 Uberaba, Minas Gerais Brazil
                [12 ]Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Jardim das Américas, 81531-980 Curitiba, Paraná Brazil
                [13 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0816 8287, GRID grid.260120.7, Mississippi Entomological Museum, , Mississippi State University, ; 100 Old Highway 12, P.O. Drawer 9775, Mississippi State, MS 39762-9775 USA
                [14 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2286 2224, GRID grid.268184.1, Department of Biology, , Western Kentucky University, ; Bowling Green, KY 42101 USA
                [15 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0476 8496, GRID grid.299784.9, Integrative Research Center, , Field Museum of Natural History, ; Chicago, IL 60605 USA
                [16 ]Independent Investigator, Crawfordville, FL USA
                [17 ]California State Collection of Arthropods, 2683 Tam O’ Shanter Dr., El Dorado Hills, California, CA 95762 USA
                [18 ]California Department of Food and Agriculture, California State Collection of Arthropods, 3294 Meadowview Rd., Sacramento, CA 95832–1448 USA
                [19 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2181 3113, GRID grid.166341.7, The Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, ; 1900 Ben Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia, PA 19103-1195 USA
                [20 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2152 1081, GRID grid.241963.b, American Museum of Natural History, ; Central Park West at 79th St., New York, NY 10024-5192 USA
                [21 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2222 1582, GRID grid.266097.c, Department of Entomology, , University of California, Riverside, ; 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA 92521 USA
                [22 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2097 1371, GRID grid.1374.1, Zoological Museum, Biodiversity Unit, FI-20014, , University of Turku, ; Helsinki, Finland
                [23 ]Instituto de Ecología, A.C. (INECOL), Red Ambiente y Sustentabilidad, Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, Col El Haya, Xalapa, CP 91070 Veracruz, Mexico
                [24 ]Station Linné, Ölands Skogsby 161, SE-38693 Färjestaden, Sweden
                [25 ]GRID grid.435272.5, I. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, ; Bogdan Chmielnicki St. 15, 01030 Kyiv, Ukraine
                [26 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0636 5254, GRID grid.10984.34, Universidad de Panama, ; Panama City, Panama
                [27 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7443, GRID grid.7914.b, Department of Natural History, University Museum of Bergen, , University of Bergen, ; P.O. Box 7800, 5040 Bergen, Norway
                [28 ]ISNI 0000 0001 1302 4958, GRID grid.55614.33, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, ; 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6 Canada
                [29 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8198, GRID grid.34429.38, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, ; Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
                [30 ]ISNI 0000 0000 8716 3312, GRID grid.1214.6, Department of Entomology, , Smithsonian Institution, ; PO Box 37012, MRC 169, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012 USA
                [31 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0674 042X, GRID grid.5254.6, Natural History Museum of Denmark, ; Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
                [32 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1937 0650, GRID grid.7400.3, Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, ; Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
                [33 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0404 0958, GRID grid.463419.d, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, , USDA, ARS, c/o National Museum of Natural History, ; MRC-168, P.O. Box 37012, Washington DC, 20013-7012 USA
                [34 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0674 042X, GRID grid.5254.6, Natural History Museum of Denmark, ; Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
                [35 ]Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, CCEN, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Castelo Branco, s/n, CEP 58.051-900 João Pessoa/PB Brazil
                [36 ]GRID grid.435417.0, Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), ; Kliniekstraat 25, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium
                [37 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2069 7798, GRID grid.5342.0, Research Group Terrestrial Ecology (TEREC), Ghent University, ; K.L.Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
                [38 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2171 9581, GRID grid.20478.39, Entomology Unit, Royal Belgian Institute for Natural Sciences (RBINS), ; Vautierstraat 29, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium
                [39 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0404 3120, GRID grid.472551.0, USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, ; 1648 S. 7th Avenue, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA
                [40 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 842X, GRID grid.253135.3, Department of Biological Sciences, Bishop’s University, ; 2600 College Street, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 1Z7 Canada
                [41 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2188 478X, GRID grid.410543.7, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal; Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, ; 14884-900 Jaboticabal, SP Brazil
                [42 ]Canadian National Collection of Insects & Canadian Food Inspection Agency, OPL-Entomology, K.W. Neatby Bldg., C.E.F., 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6 Canada
                [43 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7697, GRID grid.22072.35, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, ; 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4 Canada
                [44 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0410 2071, GRID grid.7737.4, Finnish Museum of Natural History, Zoology Unit, University of Helsinki, ; Helsinki, FI-00014 Finland
                [45 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2157 6568, GRID grid.30064.31, Washington State University, ; 2533 Inter Avenue, Puyallup, WA 98372 USA
                [46 ]Independent Investigator, Hereford, AZ USA
                [47 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 9684, GRID grid.27860.3b, Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, ; One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
                [48 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0485 9824, GRID grid.452557.4, Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INBio), ; 22-3100 Santo Domingo, Heredia Costa Rica
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6609-0609
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5198-5928
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3876-4829
                Article
                22
                10.1038/s42003-018-0022-x
                6123690
                29809203
                ff550dbe-40c3-48c9-a299-116fd21fd32c
                © The Author(s) 2018

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 30 December 2017
                : 20 February 2018
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