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      Surface Decoration of Pt Nanoparticles via ALD with TiO 2 Protective Layer on Polymeric Nanofibers as Flexible and Reusable Heterogeneous Nanocatalysts

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          Abstract

          Coupling the functional nanoheterostructures over the flexible polymeric nanofibrous membranes through electrospinning followed by the atomic layer deposition (ALD), here we presented a high surface area platform as flexible and reusable heterogeneous nanocatalysts. Here, we show the ALD of titanium dioxide (TiO 2) protective nanolayer onto the electrospun polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibrous web and then platinum nanoparticles (Pt-NP) decoration was performed by ALD onto TiO 2 coated PAN nanofibers. The free-standing and flexible Pt-NP/TiO 2-PAN nanofibrous web showed the enhancive reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) to 4-aminophenol (4-AP) within 45 seconds though the hydrogenation process with the degradation rate of 0.1102 s −1. The TiO 2 protective layer on the PAN polymeric nanofibers was presented as an effective route to enhance the attachment of Pt-NP and to improve the structure stability of polymeric nanofibrous substrate. Commendable enhancement in the catalytic activity with the catalytic dosage and the durability after the reusing cycles were investigated over the reduction of 4-NP. Even after multiple usage, the Pt-NP/TiO 2-PAN nanofibrous webs were stable with the flexible nature with the presence of Pt and TiO 2 on its surface.

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          Most cited references36

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          Highly efficient nonprecious metal catalysts towards oxygen reduction reaction based on three-dimensional porous carbon nanostructures.

          Developing a low cost, highly active, durable cathode towards an oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is one of the high-priority research directions for commercialization of low-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). However, the electrochemical performance of PEMFCs is still hindered by the high cost and insufficient durability of the traditional Pt-based cathode catalysts. Under these circumstances, the search for efficient alternatives to replace Pt for constructing highly efficient nonprecious metal catalysts (NPMCs) has been growing intensively and has received great interest. Combining with the compositional effects, the accurate design of NPMCs with 3D porous nanostructures plays a significant role in further enhancing ORR performance. These 3D porous architectures are able to provide higher specific surface areas and larger pore volumes, not only maximizing the availability of electron transfer within the nanosized electrocatalyst surface area but also providing better mass transport of reactants to the electrocatalyst. In this Tutorial Review, we focus on the rational design and synthesis of different 3D porous carbon-based nanomaterials, such as heteroatom-doped carbon, metal-nitrogen-carbon nanostructures and a series of carbon/nonprecious metal-based hybrids. More importantly, their enhanced ORR performances are also demonstrated by virtue of their favorably porous morphologies and compositional effects. Finally, the future trends and perspectives for the highly efficient porous NPMCs regarding the material design are discussed, with an emphasis on substantial development of advanced carbon-based NPMCs for ORR in the near future.
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            Noble metal–metal oxide nanohybrids with tailored nanostructures for efficient solar energy conversion, photocatalysis and environmental remediation

            The controlled synthesis of nanohybrids composed of noble metals and metal oxides have received considerable attention for applications in photocatalysis, solar cells, drug delivery, surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy and many other important areas. The controlled synthesis of nanohybrids composed of noble metals (Au, Ag, Pt and Pd, as well as AuAg alloy) and metal oxides (ZnO, TiO 2 , Cu 2 O and CeO 2 ) have received considerable attention for applications in photocatalysis, solar cells, drug delivery, surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy and many other important areas. The overall architecture of nanocomposites is one of the most important factors dictating the physical properties of nanohybrids. Noble metals can be coupled to metal oxides to yield diversified nanostructures, including noble metal decorated-metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs), nanoarrays, noble metal/metal oxide core/shell, noble metal/metal oxide yolk/shell and Janus noble metal–metal oxide nanostructures. In this review, we focus on the significant advances in tailored nanostructures of noble metal–metal oxide nanohybrids. The improvement in performance in the representative solar energy conversion applications including photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants, photocatalytic hydrogen generation, photocatalytic CO 2 reduction, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) and perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are discussed. Finally, we conclude with a perspective on the future direction and prospects of these controllable nanohybrid materials.
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              Dopamine as a carbon source: the controlled synthesis of hollow carbon spheres and yolk-structured carbon nanocomposites.

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                uyar@unam.bilkent.edu.tr
                Journal
                Sci Rep
                Sci Rep
                Scientific Reports
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2045-2322
                17 October 2017
                17 October 2017
                2017
                : 7
                : 13401
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0723 2427, GRID grid.18376.3b, Institute of Materials Science & Nanotechnology and UNAM–National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, ; Ankara, 06800 Turkey
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0860 4915, GRID grid.63054.34, Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Connecticut, ; Storrs, CT 06269-4157 USA
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3989-4481
                Article
                13805
                10.1038/s41598-017-13805-2
                5645354
                29042622
                ff60f7d9-0ec9-4c9e-8bcb-87d5bedf2745
                © The Author(s) 2017

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 27 June 2017
                : 3 October 2017
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