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      Differential Effects of Isoxazole-9 on Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells, Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells, and Endothelial Progenitor Cells

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          Abstract

          Adult mammalian brain can be plastic after injury and disease. Therefore, boosting endogenous repair mechanisms would be a useful therapeutic approach for neurological disorders. Isoxazole-9 (Isx-9) has been reported to enhance neurogenesis from neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs). However, the effects of Isx-9 on other types of progenitor/precursor cells remain mostly unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of Isx-9 on the three major populations of progenitor/precursor cells in brain: NSPCs, oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). Cultured primary NSPCs, OPCs, or EPCs were treated with various concentrations of Isx-9 (6.25, 12.5, 25, 50 μM), and their cell numbers were counted in a blinded manner. Isx-9 slightly increased the number of NSPCs and effectively induced neuronal differentiation of NSPCs. However, Isx-9 significantly decreased OPC number in a concentration-dependent manner, suggesting cytotoxicity. Isx-9 did not affect EPC cell number. But in a matrigel assay of angiogenesis, Isx-9 significantly inhibited tube formation in outgrowth endothelial cells derived from EPCs. This potential anti-tube-formation effect of Isx-9 was confirmed in a brain endothelial cell line. Taken together, our data suggest that mechanisms and targets for promoting stem/progenitor cells in the central nervous system may significantly differ between cell types.

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          CNS stem cells express a new class of intermediate filament protein.

          Multipotential CNS stem cells receive and implement instructions governing differentiation to diverse neuronal and glial fates. Exploration of the mechanisms generating the many cell types of the brain depends crucially on markers identifying the stem cell state. We describe a gene whose expression distinguishes the stem cells from the more differentiated cells in the neural tube. This gene was named nestin because it is specifically expressed in neuroepithelial stem cells. The predicted amino acid sequence of the nestin gene product shows that nestin defines a distinct sixth class of intermediate filament protein. These observations extend a model in which transitions in intermediate filament gene expression reflect major steps in the pathway of neural differentiation.
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            Neurorestorative therapies for stroke: underlying mechanisms and translation to the clinic.

            Restorative cell-based and pharmacological therapies for experimental stroke substantially improve functional outcome. These therapies target several types of parenchymal cells (including neural stem cells, cerebral endothelial cells, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and neurons), leading to enhancement of endogenous neurogenesis, angiogenesis, axonal sprouting, and synaptogenesis in the ischaemic brain. Interaction between these restorative events probably underpins the improvement in functional outcome. This Review provides examples of cell-based and pharmacological restorative treatments for stroke that stimulate brain plasticity and functional recovery. The molecular pathways activated by these therapies, which induce remodelling of the injured brain via angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and axonal and dendritic plasticity, are discussed. The ease of treating intact brain tissue to stimulate functional benefit in restorative therapy compared with treating injured brain tissue in neuroprotective therapy might more readily help with translation of restorative therapy from the laboratory to the clinic.
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              Coordinated interaction of neurogenesis and angiogenesis in the adult songbird brain.

              Neurogenesis proceeds throughout life in the higher vocal center (HVC) of the adult songbird neostriatum. Testosterone induces neuronal addition and endothelial division in HVC. We asked if testosterone-induced angiogenesis might contribute importantly to HVC neuronal recruitment. Testosterone upregulated both VEGF and its endothelial receptor, VEGF-R2/Quek1/KDR, in HVC. This yielded a burst in local HVC angiogenesis. FACS-isolated HVC endothelial cells produced BDNF in a testosterone-dependent manner. In vivo, HVC BDNF rose by the third week after testosterone, lagging by over a week the rise in VEGF and VEGF-R2. In situ hybridization revealed that much of this induced BDNF mRNA was endothelial. In vivo, both angiogenesis and neuronal addition to HVC were substantially diminished by inhibition of VEGF-R2 tyrosine kinase. These findings suggest a causal interaction between testosterone-induced angiogenesis and neurogenesis in the adult forebrain.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                25 September 2015
                2015
                : 10
                : 9
                : e0138724
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
                [2 ]Department of Neurology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
                [3 ]Department of Developmental Neuroscience, United Centers for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
                [4 ]Regenerative Medicine Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
                University of South Florida, UNITED STATES
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: Several authors (JZ, HL, JCH, TTC, and JDM) were employed and paid by Glaxo-Smith-Kline. But this does not alter the authors’ adherence to PLOS ONE policies on data sharing materials. Isx-9 is not a Glaxo-Smith-Kline compound, and belongs to the public domain.

                Conceived and designed the experiments: SHK NO JZ HL JCH TTC JDM KA EHL. Performed the experiments: SHK ACL YT TM AS JZ HL. Analyzed the data: SHK ACL YT HL JCH TTC KA EHL. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JZ HL JCH TTC JDM. Wrote the paper: SHK HL JCH TTC JDM KA EHL.

                [¤]

                Current Address: Plasticell Ltd., Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Stevenage, United Kingdom

                Article
                PONE-D-15-25554
                10.1371/journal.pone.0138724
                4583469
                26407349
                ff9bec89-1b83-4102-ac95-daf72ee4c578
                Copyright @ 2015

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited

                History
                : 12 June 2015
                : 2 September 2015
                Page count
                Figures: 9, Tables: 0, Pages: 16
                Funding
                Work was supported in part by grants from the National Institutes of Health (P01-NS55104), the Uehara Memorial Foundation, and the Glaxo-Smith-Kline-Harvard-Stem-Cell-Institute consortium. Salaries for authors with primary appointments with Glaxo-Smith-Kline (JZ, HL, JCH, TTC, and JDM) were paid by Glaxo-Smith-Kline. JZ, HL, JCH, TTC, and JDM participated in study design and data analysis.
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                Research Article
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                All relevant data are within the paper.

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