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      Camel Milk Has Beneficial Effects on Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review

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          Abstract

          Context

          Controlling diabetes, a worldwide metabolic disease, by effective alternative treatments is currently a topic of great interest. Camel milk is believed to be a suitable hypoglycemic agent in experimental animals and patients with diabetes. The current systematic review aimed at evaluating the effect of camel milk on diabetes.

          Evidence Acquisition

          A comprehensive search was dine in PubMed and Scopus for all clinical trials and animal studies documented up to 2015, which focused on the effect of camel milk on diabetes markers. Studies which assessed the effects of camel milk, with no dose limit, on glucose parameters and lipid profiles in animals or humans with diabetes, were included. The quality of the included clinical trials was evaluated by the Delphi score checklist.

          Results

          The initial search yielded 73 articles. After screening abstracts and full texts, 22 articles were included consisting of 11 animal studies and 11 clinical trials, 8 of which focused on type 1 diabetes and the other three on type 2diabetes. All animal studies except for 1 showed significant reductions in at least 1 of the diabetes parameters such as blood glucose, insulin resistance, glycated hemoglobin, and lipid profile. In most of the clinical trials, the recommended dose of camel milk was 500 mL/day, which led to improvement of diabetes markers even after 3 months in patients with diabetes.

          Conclusions

          Most of the studies in the current systematic review demonstrated the favorable effects of camel milk on diabetes mellitus by reducing blood sugar, decreasing insulin resistance and improving lipid profiles.

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          Most cited references40

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          Nitric oxide in inflammatory bowel disease.

          Nitric oxide (NO) is a pleiotropic free radical messenger molecule. There is a large body of evidence that the inducible form of the NO synthase enzyme (iNOS) that is responsible for high-output production of NO from l-arginine is up-regulated in various forms of mucosal inflammation. Consistent with this, multiple detection strategies have demonstrated that iNOS expression, enzymatic activity, and NO production are increased in human inflammatory bowel disease tissues. There is also evidence that the level of iNOS-derived NO correlates well with disease activity in ulcerative colitis, while for Crohn's disease, the results are more variable. A substantial number of animal studies have assessed the role of inducible NO production. While the majority of studies have shown improvement in experimental inflammatory bowel disease with iNOS inhibition, there are also a significant number of reports of exacerbation of disease with inhibitors. Similarly, studies using iNOS-deficient mice in colitis models have shown improvement, worsening, or no effect on disease. The authors suggest that additional studies to assess the role of the competing biochemical pathway, namely the conversion of l-arginine to polyamines via the actions of arginase and ornithine decarboxylase, may provide important new insights into understanding the regulation of mucosal inflammation and inflammatory bowel disease.
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            Compositional, technological and nutritional aspects of dromedary camel milk

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              Effect of camel milk on glycemic control and insulin requirement in patients with type 1 diabetes: 2-years randomized controlled trial.

              Hypoglycemic effect of camel milk supplementation in experimental rat model and significant reduction in doses of insulin in type 1 diabetic patients have been observed in our previous studies. This long-term study was undertaken to assess the efficacy, safety and acceptability of camel milk as an adjunct to insulin therapy in type 1 diabetics. In this 2-year randomized clinical, parallel design study, 24 type 1 diabetics were enrolled and divided into two groups. Group I (n=12) received usual care, that is, diet, exercise and insulin and Group II (n=12) received 500 ml camel milk in addition to the usual care. Insulin requirement was titrated weekly by blood glucose estimation. Results were analyzed by using the regression technique. In camel milk group, there was decrease in mean blood glucose (118.58±19-93.16±17.06 mg/dl), hemoglobin A1c levels (7.81±1.39-5.44±0.81%) and insulin doses (32.50±9.99-17.50±12.09 U/day, P<0.05). Out of 12 subjects receiving camel milk, insulin requirement in 3 subjects reduced to zero. There was nonsignificant change in plasma insulin and anti-insulin antibodies in both the groups. It may be stated that camel milk is safe and efficacious in improving long-term glycemic control, with a significant reduction in the doses of insulin in type 1 diabetic patients.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Int J Endocrinol Metab
                Int J Endocrinol Metab
                10.5812/ijem
                Kowsar
                International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism
                Kowsar
                1726-913X
                1726-9148
                11 March 2017
                April 2017
                : 15
                : 2
                : e42150
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
                [2 ]Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
                [3 ]Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular -Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
                [4 ]Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
                [5 ]Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author: Fereidoun Azizi, Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 19395-4763, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel: +98-2122409309, Fax: +98-2122402463, E-mail: azizi@ 123456endocrine.ac.ir
                Article
                10.5812/ijem.42150
                5626114
                29026408
                ffbd6956-123f-4fd2-83b4-4443d61ca0bb
                Copyright © 2017, Research Institute For Endocrine Sciences and Iran Endocrine Society

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits copy and redistribute the material just in noncommercial usages, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 07 September 2016
                : 21 January 2017
                : 22 February 2017
                Categories
                Review Article

                camel milk,diabetes,insulin resistance,lipid profile
                camel milk, diabetes, insulin resistance, lipid profile

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