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      Pacientes que rehúsan el tratamiento antirretroviral en el medio penitenciario Translated title: Patients who refuse antiretroviral treatment in prison

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          Abstract

          Introducción: En los estudios existentes sobre pacientes VIH+ la población a estudio ha sido tomada de manera homogénea, sin diferenciar aquella que cumple los requerimientos terapéuticos de la que no lo hace. Quizás por la dificultad en el acceso al grupo de pacientes que rehúsan el tratamiento antirretroviral. El medio penitenciario nos permite acceder a esta población, hasta hoy no estudiada. El objetivo de este estudio es describir el estado clínico y psicosocial de los reclusos seropositivos que rehúsan el TARV, comparándolo con el de aquellos que sí están en TARV o no se les indica tomarlo. Métodos: Estudio transversal con 585 reclusos VIH positivos ingresados en tres prisiones andaluzas entre mayo-julio de 2004. Como variable de agrupación se empleó rehusar el TARV, tomarlo o no hacerlo por no estar indicado. Como independientes se incluyeron sociodemográficas, psicosociales, clínicas y relacionadas con el medio penitenciario. Resultados: El 16,8% de los reclusos rehusaban el TARV, mientras el 56,3% estaban en tratamiento y al 26,8% no le estaba indicado. Entre los reclusos que rehusaban el TARV aparece una mayor prevalencia de coinfección por VHC, mayor consumo intrapenitenciario de opiáceos y tratamiento con metadona, más juicios pendientes y más entradas en prisión. Conclusiones: Estos resultados ponen de relieve la existencia de un grupo poblacional, accesible gracias al medio penitenciario, con características propias que no sigue las indicaciones terapéuticas y que representa un riesgo no sólo para su salud, sino para la de la comunidad.

          Translated abstract

          Introduction: Current studies of HIV+ patients in the prison population have been carried out without considering differences that might exist between patients who accept retroviral treatment and those who do not. One possible reason for this may be the difficulty in gaining access to patients who refuse antiretroviral treatment. However, the prison environment makes it possible to locate and study this type of patient, who up till now has not been the subject of study. The aim of this article is to describe the clinical and psychosocial state of HIV+ inmates who refuse ARVT and compare this data with patients receiving treatment and others for whom treatment has not been indicated. Methods: Cross-sectional study using 585 HIV+ inmates in three prisons in Andalusia from May to June 2004. Refusal, acceptance and non-indication of ARVT treatment was the grouping variable used. The independent variables were socio-demographic, psychosocial, clinical and other variables relating to the prison environment. Results: 16.8% of patients refused ARVT, while 56.3% were receiving treatment and another 26.8 were not indicated for any medication. Amongst the patients that refused ARVT there was a greater prevalence of HIV co-infection, higher inprison consumption of opiates and methadone treatment, more cases pending and higher rates of recidivism. Conclusions: these results highlight the existence of a group with unique characteristics that is accessible thanks to the special conditions within the prison environment. It is a group that chooses not to follow therapeutic indications and which represents a risk factor not only for its own health, but also for the community at large.

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          Most cited references39

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          Validation of a simplified medication adherence questionnaire in a large cohort of HIV-infected patients: the GEEMA Study.

          To assess the effectiveness of the simplified medication adherence questionnaire (SMAQ) in identifying non-adherent patients. Prospective observational study of adherence. The six-item SMAQ was developed. The following aspects were evaluated: (i) criterion validity, comparison with electronic adherence monitoring; (ii) construct validity, association between adherence, as defined by the SMAQ, and virological outcomes; and (iii) reliability, internal consistency and reproducibility. A group of 3004 unselected HIV patients who had initiated nelfinavir therapy combined with other antiretroviral drugs [21% naive, 15% protease inhibitor (PI)-naive, 64% PI-experienced] between January 1998 and December 1999 were enrolled in 69 hospitals in Spain. The SMAQ was administered at months 3, 6 and 12. The SMAQ showed 72% sensitivity, 91% specificity and a likelihood ratio of 7.94 to identified non-adherent patients, compared with the medication-event monitoring system (40 patients evaluated). At month 12, 1797 patients were evaluated, of whom 32.3% were defined as non-adherent; viral load 5 log10/ml, CD4 cell count < 200 x 10(6)/l, and non-adherence as independent variables. Non-adherence was the only significant risk factor in failing to achieve virological suppression. Cronbach's alpha internal consistency coefficient was 0.75, and overall inter-observer agreement was 88.2%. The SMAQ appears to be an adequate instrument with which to assess adherence in HIV-infected patients, and may be applied in most clinical settings.
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            Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in New Zealand prisons: a national study.

            The paper describes the methodologies and results obtained on a large cohort of prison inmates in New Zealand who were screened for psychiatric disorder. All women and remanded male inmates in New Zealand prisons, and a randomly selected cohort of 18% of sentenced male inmates were interviewed. Interviewers used the Composite International Diagnostic Interview - Automated to establish DSM-IV diagnoses, and the Personality Disorders Questionnaire to identify personality disorder. All prisons in New Zealand were visited. The results indicate markedly elevated prevalence rates for major mental disorder in the prison population when compared with community samples. This is especially the case for substance misuse, psychotic disorders, major depression, bipolar disorder, obsessive- compulsive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. Of particular concern is not only the increased prevalence rates for schizophrenia and related disorders but also the high level of comorbidity with substance misuse disorders demonstrated by this group. While 80.8% of inmates diagnosed with bipolar disorder were receiving psychiatric treatment in the prison, only 46.4% of depressed inmates and 37% of those suffering from psychosis were receiving treatment. Maori inmates were grossly overrepresented in the remand, female and male sentenced inmate population compared with the general population. A significant increase in provision of mental health services is required to cope with the high number of mentally ill inmates. The level of need demonstrated by this study requires a level of service provision that is quite beyond the capacity of current forensic psychiatry services, Department of Corrections Psychological Services or the prison nursing and medical officers. The elevated rates of common mental disorders argues for the use of improved psychiatric screening instruments, improved assessment and treatment capacities in the prison and an increased number of forensic psychiatric inpatient facilities to care for those psychotic inmates who are too unwell to be treated in the prison.
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              HIV/AIDS surveillance in Europe: End-year report 2000

              (2001)
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                sanipe
                Revista Española de Sanidad Penitenciaria
                Rev. esp. sanid. penit.
                Sociedad Española de Sanidad Penitenciaria (Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain )
                1575-0620
                2013-6463
                June 2008
                : 10
                : 1
                : 03-09
                Affiliations
                [01] Granada orgnameHospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves de Granada orgdiv1Servicio de Medicina Preventiva
                [02] Granada orgnameCampus Universitario de Cartuja orgdiv1Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública España
                [06] orgnameCentro Penitenciario de Córdoba orgdiv1Servicio Médico
                [05] Albolote orgnameCentro Penitenciario de Albolote orgdiv1Servicio Médico
                [03] orgnameCiber Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)
                [04] Granada orgnameHospital Clínico Universitario San Cecilio orgdiv1Servicio de Medicina Intensiva
                [07] La Ribera orgnameCentro Penitenciario de Huelva orgdiv1Servicio Médico
                Article
                S1575-06202008000100002
                10.4321/s1575-06202008000100002
                ffcc2bba-cc86-4ad7-853a-a400513afb5b

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 International License.

                History
                : April 2007
                : October 2007
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 25, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Spain


                VIH,Impacto Psicosocial,Terapia Antirretroviral,Prisiones,Negativa al Tratamiento,HIV,Psychosocial Impact,Antiretroviral Therapy,Prison,Refusal to Treatment

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