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      Evaluación de riesgo genotóxico: biomonitorización de trabajadores agrícolas de Caranavi, Guanay, Palca y Mecapaca, expuestos a plaguicidas

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          Abstract

          Objetivo Detectar los efectos citotóxicos y genotóxicos en trabajadores agrícolas, mediante estudios de biomonitoreo genético. Diseño Casos y controles Participantes Trabajadores agrícolas de Caranavi, Guanay, Mecapaca y Palca del Departamento de La Paz Lugar Localidades de Caranavi, Guanay, Palca y Mecapaca. Unidad de Genética Toxicológica, Instituto de Genetica Material y Métodos Se aplicó cuestionario a 259 trabajadores agrícolas. Se evaluó el efecto genotóxico en linfocitos de sangre heparinizada, a través de la frecuencia de Intercambios entre Cromátides Hermanas (ICH), el índice de proliferación celular (PRI), el % de células con alta frecuencia de intercambios (%HFC), frecuencia de micronúcleos en células binucleadas (MNBN), el índice de división nuclear (IDN), la presencia de aberraciones cromosómicas estructurales (AC), y parámetros de la prueba del cometa, como DNA de la cola, DNA de la cabeza, longitud de la cola, longitud del cometa, el momento de la cola y momento Olive. Resultados Los casos presentaron un aumento estadísticamente significativo (p<0.05) en la frecuencia de ICH, MN/BN y aberraciones cromosómicas, en relación a los controles. Así mismo, los parámetros de DNA de la cola, DNA de la cabeza, longitud de la cola, longitud del cometa, el momento de la cola y momento Olive, mostraron un aumento en relación a los controles, (p<0.05). Los valores promedio (± ES) de los parámetros del ensayo del cometa, fueron mayores y estadísticamente significativos en los expuestos y RPP's en relación a los no expuestos. En el grupo de RPP´s se observo daño genotóxico en menor proporción pero no significativo en relación a los expuestos, posiblemente por su capacitación en medidas de protección. El análisis divariado entre exposición a plaguicidas y daño genotóxico mostró que las personas expuestas a plaguicidas tienen 1.49 veces más probabilidad de sufrir daño genotóxico con un OR de 2.49 (IC 95% 1.48 - 4.20). Conclusiones Los resultados indican que los trabajadores agrícolas expuestos sin protección ni medidas de seguridad a mezclas de plaguicidas, han experimentado riesgo genotóxico, que fue manifestado con elevada frecuencia de intercambios entre cromátides hermanas, micronúcleos, aberraciones cromosómicas y parámetros del cometa, en linfocitos de sangre periférica. Así mismo, la presencia de aberraciones cromosómicas, que son las que determinan la asociación con efecto carcinogénico, muestra que los trabajadores agrícolas expuestos a plaguicidas tienen mayor probabilidad de que las mutaciones encontradas al momento del estudio, puedan volverse irreversibles por la saturación de los sistemas de reparación del DNA y en el futuro desarrollar diversos tipos de cáncer. Estos hallazgos son indicativos de la necesidad de realizar biomonitorización permanente de los agricultores ocupacionalmente expuestos a varias mezclas de plaguicidas, utilizando una batería de pruebas de genotoxicidad. Por otra parte, ilustra la necesidad de implementar pautas generales para minimizar o prevenir la exposición.

          Translated abstract

          Objective To detect the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in farm workers, by means of genetic biomonitoring studies. Design Cases and controls Participants Farm workers from Caranavi, Guanay, Palca and Mecapaca Place Towns of Caranavi, Guanay, Palca and Mecapaca, Genetic Toxicology unit. Genetic Institute. Material and methods Questionnaires to 257 agricultural workers were applied genotoxic effect was evaluated in lymphocytes from heparinized blood, through analysis of sister chromatid Exchange (SCE), cells with a high frecuency of SCE (HFC), proliferation rate index (PRI) the micronucleus (MN) assay, nuclear division index (NDI), chromosomal aberrations (CA) and comet assay parameters like DNA tail, DNA head, tail length comet length, tail moment and Olive moment. Results The frequency of SCE, MN/BN and CA was significantly increased (p<0.05) in cases vs. control group. Likewise, the parameters of Tail DNA, DNA head , tail length, comet length, tail moment and Olive moment, showed increased values in relation to controls (p<0.05). Averages of comet parameters were significantly higher in exposed and RPP's group than in un exposed group. RPP`s groups showed minor DNA damage but not as significant as exposed group, possibly due to their training in protective measures. The bivariated analysis between pesticides exposure and genotoxic damage showed that the people exposed to pesticides have 1.49 times more probability of suffering genotoxic damage with OR 2.49 (IC 95% 1.48 - 4.20). Conclusions The results indicate that the farm workers exposed to mixture of pesticides without protection and safety measures, are at genotoxic risk hazard , with high frequency of sister chromatid exchange, micronuclei, chromosomal aberrations and parameters of the comet assay in lymphocytes of peripheral blood. Also, the presence of chromosomal aberrations, which are those that determine the association with carcinogenic effect, shows that the farm workers exposed to pesticides have greater probability that the mutations found at the time of the study, can become irreversible by saturation of the DNA repair systems and in the future develop diverse types of cancer. These findings are indicative of the necessity to do permanent biomonitoring of the farmers occupationally exposed to several mixtures of pesticides, using a battery of genotoxicity tests. On the other hand, it illustrates the necessity to implement general guidelines to diminish or to prevent the exposure.

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          Most cited references21

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          Genotoxicity of pesticides: a review of human biomonitoring studies.

          Pesticides constitute a heterogeneous category of chemicals specifically designed for the control of pests, weeds or plant diseases. Pesticides have been considered potential chemical mutagens: experimental data revealed that various agrochemical ingredients possess mutagenic properties inducing mutations, chromosomal alterations or DNA damage. Biological monitoring provides a useful tool to estimate the genetic risk deriving from an integrated exposure to a complex mixture of chemicals. Studies available in scientific literature have essentially focused on cytogenetic end-points to evaluate the potential genotoxicity of pesticides in occupationally exposed populations, including pesticide manufacturing workers, pesticide applicators, floriculturists and farm workers. A positive association between occupational exposure to complex pesticide mixtures and the presence of chromosomal aberrations (CA), sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE) and micronuclei (MN) has been detected in the majority of the studies, although a number of these failed to detect cytogenetic damage. Conflicting results from cytogenetic studies reflect the heterogeneity of the groups studied with regard to chemicals used and exposure conditions. Genetic damage associated with pesticides occurs in human populations subject to high exposure levels due to intensive use, misuse or failure of control measures. The majority of studies on cytogenetic biomarkers in pesticide-exposed workers have indicated some dose-dependent effects, with increasing duration or intensity of exposure. Chromosomal damage induced by pesticides appears to have been transient in acute or discontinuous exposure, but cumulative in continuous exposure to complex agrochemical mixtures. Data available at present on the effect of genetic polymorphism on susceptibility to pesticides does not allow any conclusion.
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            IPCS guidelines for the monitoring of genotoxic effects of carcinogens in humans. International Programme on Chemical Safety.

            The purpose of these guidelines is to provide concise guidance on the planning, performing and interpretation of studies to monitor groups or individuals exposed to genotoxic agents. Most human carcinogens are genotoxic but not all genotoxic agents have been shown to be carcinogenic in humans. Although the main interest in these studies is due to the association of genotoxicity with carcinogenicity, there is also an inherent interest in monitoring human genotoxicity independently of cancer as an endpoint. The most often studied genotoxicity endpoints have been selected for inclusion in this document and they are structural and numerical chromosomal aberrations assessed using cytogenetic methods (classical chromosomal aberration analysis (CA), fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH), micronuclei (MN)); DNA damage (adducts, strand breaks, crosslinking, alkali-labile sites) assessed using bio-chemical/electrophoretic assays or sister chromatid exchanges (SCE); protein adducts; and hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) mutations. The document does not consider germ cells or gene mutation assays other than HPRT or markers of oxidative stress, which have been applied on a more limited scale.
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              Cytogenetic effects from exposure to mixed pesticides and the influence from genetic susceptibility.

              Exposure to pesticides remains a major environmental health problem. Health risk from such exposure needs to be more precisely understood. We conducted three different cytogenetic assays to elucidate the biological effects of exposure to mixed pesticides in 20 Costa Rica farmers (all nonsmokers) compared with 20 matched controls. The farmers were also exposed to dibromochloropropane during the early employment years, and most of them experienced sterility/fertility problems. Our data show that the farmers had consistently higher frequencies of chromosome aberrations, as determined by the standard chromosome aberration assay, and significantly abnormal DNA repair responses (p 0.05). Genotype analysis indicates that farmers with certain "unfavorable" versions of polymorphic metabolizing genes (cytochrome P4502E1, the glutathione S-transferases mu and theta, and the paraoxonase genes) had significantly more biological effects, as determined by all three cytogenetic assays, than both the farmers with the "favorable" alleles and the matched controls. A unique observation is that, in individuals who had inherited any of the mentioned "unfavorable" alleles, farmers were consistently underrepresented. In conclusion, the Costa Rican farmers were exposed to genotoxic agents, most likely pesticides, which expressed the induction of biological and adverse health effects. The farmers who had inherited "unfavorable" metabolizing alleles were more susceptible to genotoxic effects than those with "favorable" alleles. Our genotype data suggest that the well-recognized "healthy worker effect" may be influenced by unrecognized occupational selection pressure against genetically susceptible individuals. Images Figure 1
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                chc
                Cuadernos Hospital de Clínicas
                Cuad. - Hosp. Clín.
                Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, Facultad de Medicina (La Paz, , Bolivia )
                1562-6776
                2006
                : 51
                : 1
                : 7-18
                Affiliations
                [02] orgnameCARE - Bolivia orgdiv1INSO orgdiv2Proyecto PLAGBOL
                [01] orgnameInstituto de Genética orgdiv1Unidad de Genética Toxicológica
                [03] orgnameDANIDA-Dinamarca
                Article
                S1652-67762006000100001 S1652-6776(06)05100100001
                ffd62340-47df-4353-898c-5b323ceac1fb

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 31, Pages: 12
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                SciELO Bolivia

                Categories
                Artículos Originales

                chromosomal aberrations,ensayo del cometa,plaguicidas,MN,trabajadores agrícolas,SCE,Genotoxicity,biomonitoreo,biomonitoring,aberraciones cromosómicas,pesticides,ICH,farm workers,Genotoxicidad,comet assay

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