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      Correlation Between Hypertension, C-Reactive Protein and Serum Uric Acid With Psychological Well-being

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          Abstract

          Background:

          Multiple population-based human studies have established a strong association between increasing levels of serum C-reactive protein, uric acid and subsequent development of hypertension.

          Objectives:

          We aimed to investigate the association between mental well-being with presence of hypertension, hyperuricemia and hs-CRP levels. ‬‬

          Patients and Methods:

          This was a cross sectional study of 801 individuals aged 35-85 years old in Broujerd, Iran, included by randomized cluster sampling. General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) for assessing mental health/distress level, MONICA standard questions for evaluating hypertension history, serum hs-CRP and Serum Uric Acid (SUA) were evaluated Data were analyzed by appropriate statistical test such as chi-square, T-test and correlation.

          Results:

          One hundred eighty five patients (23.1%) had high distress/minor psychiatric disorders. SUA had significant association with hypertension (r = 0.64, P = 0.034). No significant relation was observed between hs-CRP and hypertension. The correlation between GHQ and hs-CRP was not significant but a weak and negative correlation was found between GHQ and SUA SUA (P = 0.012, r = -0.089).

          Conclusions:

          The weak and strong correlation among these parameters indicate that mental wellbeing relays on physical wellness and interact with each other; therefore, controlling hypertension along with uric acid control may effect mental health of any kind of patients.

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          Most cited references18

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          The 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12): translation and validation study of the Iranian version

          Background The objective of this study was to translate and to test the reliability and validity of the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) in Iran. Methods Using a standard 'forward-backward' translation procedure, the English language version of the questionnaire was translated into Persian (Iranian language). Then a sample of young people aged 18 to 25 years old completed the questionnaire. In addition, a short questionnaire containing demographic questions and a single measure of global quality of life was administered. To test reliability the internal consistency was assessed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Validity was performed using convergent validity. Finally, the factor structure of the questionnaire was extracted by performing principal component analysis using oblique factor solution. Results In all 748 young people entered into the study. The mean age of respondents was 21.1 (SD = 2.1) years. Employing the recommended method of scoring (ranging from 0 to 12), the mean GHQ score was 3.7 (SD = 3.5). Reliability analysis showed satisfactory result (Cronbach's alpha coefficient = 0.87). Convergent validity indicated a significant negative correlation between the GHQ-12 and global quality of life scores as expected (r = -0.56, P < 0.0001). The principal component analysis with oblique rotation solution showed that the GHQ-12 was a measure of psychological morbidity with two-factor structure that jointly accounted for 51% of the variance. Conclusion The study findings showed that the Iranian version of the GHQ-12 has a good structural characteristic and is a reliable and valid instrument that can be used for measuring psychological well being in Iran.
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            Hypertension awareness and psychological distress.

            There is conflicting evidence regarding the association of hypertension with psychological distress, such as anxiety and depressive symptoms. The association may be because of a direct effect of the raised blood pressure, adverse effects of treatment, or the consequences of labeling. In a representative study of 33 105 adults (aged 51.7+/-12.1 years; 45.8% men), we measured levels of psychological distress using the 12-item General Health Questionnaire and collected blood pressure, data on history of hypertension diagnosis, and medication usage. Awareness of hypertension was confirmed through a physician diagnosis or the use of antihypertensive medication, and unaware hypertension was defined by elevated clinic blood pressure (systolic/diastolic > or =140/90 mm Hg) without previous treatment or diagnosis. In comparison with normotensive participants, an elevated risk of distress (General Health Questionnaire score > or =4) was observed in aware hypertensive participants (multivariable adjusted odds ratio: 1.57 [95% CI: 1.41 to 1.74]) but not in unaware hypertensives (odds ratio: 0.91 [95% CI: 0.78 to 1.07]). Antihypertensive medication and comorbidity were also associated with psychological distress, although this did not explain the greater risk of distress in aware hypertensives. We observed a weak curvilinear association between systolic blood pressure and distress, which suggested that distressed participants were more likely to have low or highly elevated blood pressure. These findings suggest that labeling individuals as hypertensive, rather than having elevated blood pressure, per se, may partially explain the greater levels of distress in patients treated for hypertension.
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              Hypertension and happiness across nations.

              In surveys of well-being, countries such as Denmark and the Netherlands emerge as particularly happy while nations like Germany and Italy report lower levels of happiness. But are these kinds of findings credible? This paper provides some evidence that the answer is yes. Using data on 16 countries, it shows that happier nations report systematically lower levels of hypertension. As well as potentially validating the differences in measured happiness across nations, this suggests that blood-pressure readings might be valuable as part of a national well-being index. A new ranking of European nations' GHQ-N6 mental health scores is also given.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Iran Red Crescent Med J
                Iran Red Crescent Med J
                10.5812/ircmj
                Kowsar
                Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal
                Kowsar
                2074-1804
                2074-1812
                05 July 2014
                July 2014
                : 16
                : 7
                : e17205
                Affiliations
                [1 ]School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, IR Iran
                [2 ]Psychiatry Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran
                [3 ]School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
                [4 ]Students Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
                [5 ]Azna Health Services Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Azna, IR Iran
                [6 ]Imam Khomeini Hospital, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Borujerd, IR Iran
                [7 ]School of Nursing, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Aligudarz, IR Iran
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding Author: Ali Maleki, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, IR Iran. Tel: +98-9161623573, E-mail: Maleki.a@ 123456lums.ac.ir
                Article
                10.5812/ircmj.17205
                4166100
                fff0f680-960e-441d-b6ab-4f38d3275a49
                Copyright © 2014, Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal; Published by Kowsar Corp.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 27 December 2013
                : 28 January 2014
                : 11 March 2014
                Categories
                Research Article

                Medicine
                mental health,hypertension,c - reactive protein,uric acid
                Medicine
                mental health, hypertension, c - reactive protein, uric acid

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