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      Intervenciones farmacéuticas en las prescripciones de pacientes ingresados con insuficiencia renal crónica Translated title: Pharmaceutical interventions in prescriptions for patients admitted with chronic renal failure

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          Abstract

          Antecedentes: La insuficiencia renal crónica (IRC) es una patología que necesita un ajuste posológico de determinados medicamentos. Objetivos: Evaluar las características de las intervenciones farmacoterapéuticas relacionadas con la adecuación de la posología de los medicamentos en los pacientes con IRC que ingresan en un hospital. Métodos: Estudio longitudinal y prospectivo de 10 meses de duración en el que se calculó el filtrado glomerular de los pacientes ingresados desde Urgencias y se seleccionaron los que tenían valores menores de 50 ml/min/1,73 m². Posteriormente, se realizaron recomendaciones posológicas de los medicamentos que no estaban adaptados a su función renal. Resultados: Se revisó la función renal de 5311 pacientes. Ciento ochenta y uno (3,4 %) tenían un filtrado glomerular menor de 50 ml/min/1,73 m² y algún medicamento pautado susceptible de ser ajustado. Se registraron 221 intervenciones, siendo la más frecuente la reducción de dosis (65,6 %); un 65,6 % fueron aceptadas por el médico. El grupo de antiinfecciosos tuvo el mayor número de intervenciones (57,5 %). La unidad donde más se intervino fue Medicina Interna (50,2 %). Conclusiones: Los pacientes con IRC ingresados desde Urgencias suponen un objetivo clave en la adecuación de las dosis a la función renal, siendo las recomendaciones farmacéuticas muy valoradas por los médicos por su alta aceptación. La revisión de los medicamentos antiinfecciosos es la que más oportunidades ofrece.

          Translated abstract

          Background: Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) is a disease that requires determined medications dosages to be adjusted. Objectives: To assess the characteristics of pharmaceutical interventions concerning the dose adjustment of these drugs in patients with CRF who are admitted into hospital. Methods: A 10-month prospective and longitudinal study that calculated the glomerular filtration rate of patients who are brought into the emergency department and had values below 50ml/min/1.73m2. Subsequently, dosage recommendations were provided for the drugs that had not been adapted to the patient's renal function. Results: The renal functions of 5311 patients were reviewed. One-hundred and eighty-one (3.4%) had a glomerular filtration rate below 50ml/min/1.73m² and were receiving drugs that needed to be adjusted. 221 interventions were recorded. Reductions in dosages were the more frequent results (65.6%); 65.6% of these recommendations were accepted by the doctor. The antimicrobial group had the highest number of interventions (57.5%). Internal Medicine (50.2%) was the unit with the most interventions. Conclusion: CRF patients that are admitted into the emergency department are a key objective concerning dosages in chronic renal failure. Pharmaceutical recommendations are highly esteemed by doctors, given their high acceptance. Revising antimicrobial drugs offers more opportunities.

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          Prevalence of chronic renal disease in Spain: Results of the EPIRCE study

          Introduction: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an independent cardiovascular risk factor. The knowledge of prevalence in general population may help to early detection of CKD and prevent or delay its progression. Methods: Sociodemographic, baseline characteristics, and CKD prevalence (measured by centralized serum creatinine and MDRD equation) were evaluated in a randomly selected sample of general population aged 20 years or older, collected in all Spanish regions and stratified by habitat, age and sex according to 2001 census (n = 2,746). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate associations with CKD risk factors. Results: Mean age was 49.5 years. The overall prevalence of Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative grades 3-5 CKD was 6.8%, with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 5.4 to 8.2 (3.3% for age 40-64 years and 21.4% for age >64 years). The prevalence estimates of CKD stages were: 0.99% for stage 1 (glomerular filtration rate [GFR] >90 ml/min per 1.73 m² with proteinuria); 1.3% for stage 2 (GFR 60-89); 5.4% for stage 3a (GFR 45-59); 1.1% for stage 3b (GFR 30-44); 0.27% for stage 4 (GFR 15-29); and 0.03% for stage 5 (GFR <15). An important prevalence of classical cardiovascular risk factors was observed: dyslipemia (29.3%), obesity (26.1%), hypertension (24.1%), diabetes (9.2%) and current smoking (25.5%). The independent predictor factors for CKD were age, obesity and previously diagnosed hypertension. Conclusions: The prevalence of CKD at any stage in general population from Spain is relatively high, especially in the elderly, and similar to countries of the same geographical area. Independently of age, two modifiable risks factors, hypertension and obesity, are associated with an increased prevalence of CKD.
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            Drug dosing adjustments in patients with chronic kidney disease.

            Chronic kidney disease affects renal drug elimination and other pharmacokinetic processes involved in drug disposition (e.g., absorption, drug distribution, nonrenal clearance [metabolism]). Drug dosing errors are common in patients with renal impairment and can cause adverse effects and poor outcomes. Dosages of drugs cleared renally should be adjusted according to creatinine clearance or glomerular filtration rate and should be calculated using online or electronic calculators. Recommended methods for maintenance dosing adjustments are dose reductions, lengthening the dosing interval, or both. Physicians should be familiar with commonly used medications that require dosage adjustments. Resources are available to assist in dosing decisions for patients with chronic kidney disease.
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              Impact of a renal drug dosing service on dose adjustment in hospitalized patients with chronic kidney disease.

              Appropriate drug selection and dosing for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is important to avoid unwanted drug effects and ensure optimal patient outcomes. To assess the rate of inappropriate dosing in patients with CKD in a nephrology unit and to evaluate the impact on dose adjustment, adverse drug events (ADEs), and drug cost of having a pharmacist accompany a team of physicians on their rounds. This was a comparative study with a preintervention and postintervention design. The preintervention phase served as the control; it was prospective and observational only and was conducted from the beginning of February to the end of May 2007. The second phase (intervention phase) was conducted from the beginning of March to the end of June 2008. Two random samples of 300 patients with an estimated creatinine clearance less than or equal to 50 mL/min were included. During the intervention phase, a clinical pharmacist made rounds with the nephrology unit team and gave dosing adjustment recommendations when needed. A collection of reliable and up-to-date drug information references that are commonly used globally were used during the intervention. In the preintervention group, drug dosage adjustment or avoidance, based on renal function, was necessary in 607 of 2814 (21.6%) prescriptions. Of these, 322 (53.0%) did not comply with guidelines. In the intervention group, adjustment was necessary for 640 of 2981 (21.5%) prescriptions. The pharmacist made 388 recommendations related to dosing adjustment, 212 (54.6%) of which were accepted by physicians. Clinicians' noncompliance with dosing guidelines decreased to 176 (27.5%) (p < 0.001). In the preintervention group, 64 (21.3%) patients had a suspected ADE, with a total of 73 events. In the intervention group, this number was significantly lower with 49 events in 48 (16.0%) patients (p < 0.05). The intervention resulted in drug cost savings of $2250 US. A renal drug dosing service for patients hospitalized with CKD can increase the proportion of drug dosing that is adjusted to take into account renal function. This can save drug costs and may prevent ADEs.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                nefrologia
                Nefrología (Madrid)
                Nefrología (Madr.)
                Sociedad Española de Nefrología (Cantabria, Santander, Spain )
                0211-6995
                1989-2284
                2014
                : 34
                : 6
                : 710-715
                Affiliations
                [01] Madrid orgnameHospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón orgdiv1Servicio de Farmacia Hospitalaria
                [02] Segovia orgnameHospital General de Segovia orgdiv1Servicio de Farmacia Hospitalaria
                Article
                S0211-69952014000600004
                10.3265/Nefrologia.pre2014.Jul.12541
                25415570
                fffc6f4e-6ef8-4fa8-9e0c-6a6b02ca596e

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 International License.

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                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 19, Pages: 6
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                SciELO Spain


                Insuficiencia renal,Urgencias médicas,Atención farmacéutica,Renal insufficiency,Emergency units,Pharmaceutical care

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