Paradigm Shift: an Eco-friendly Approach to Create and Display Stereoscopic Geometric Designs

Conventionally, a 2D image can be captured by a camera, composed and painted by a 2-button mechanical mouse (a digital brush) with a digital palette. A 3D object can be modeled by 3D (translate, rotate, scale, transform) software or formulated by equation-based method. Be it 2D images or 3D objects, the result can be displayed on a 2D image on screen or print it on a given surface. The color and lighting conditions can be embedded in the software in a single or multi-step process. While stereopsis is as old as the built-in capability of the human or animal (cats and apes), the desire for enabling stereopsis was first noted by Leonardo da Vinci, 15 th Century. Many attempts have been made to reproduce human stereo vision deploying sophisticated software and hardware at prohibitive costs, albeit with mammoth commercial success. To experience this 3D phenomenon, a common practice to view such illusion-of-depth effects is to provide the archetype 3-D glasses to view anaglyph images, or polarized 3D glasses from the 80s, or LCD shutter glasses using the ellipse method and the increasing emergence of new 3-D viewing systems without special glasses. Autostereoscopic LCD displays include the lenticular lens-based Alioscopy 3D LCD display screens since mid 1990s, Sharp Actius RD3D notebook, 2004, Hitachi mobile phone in 2009, and handheld gaming device Nintendo 3DS, 2010. To date, autostereoscopy has increasingly become a method of displaying stereoscopic images without the use of special headgear or glasses by the viewer, albeit there is still the " obligatory " 3D display hardware in use. In lieu of such commercial euphoria, there is a pertinent need and hence to device a method to produce autostereoscopic effects on existing flat-panel display. This paper offers and presents an eco-friendly and cost effective possibilities to create and view two categories of illusion-of-depth effects, viz: lenticular lens and stereoscopy instantaneously. Fundamentally, it is based on the rudiments of colors, the principal of spatial visualization and the language of spatial constructs. The approach is to define a geometric design, create a structural displacement, coupled with appropriate color interactions to resonate the perception of eyes, and hence provide the illusion-of-depth effects. As such, this conjugation demonstrates the results of an unprecedented create-and-display stereoscopic efforts of a huge repertoire of generative or non-generative simple and/or geometric designs with moderate complexities. (beyond grisaille and grunaille) as well as true depth-of-illusion effects can be achieved …


INTRODUCTION
Fundamentally, a stereoscopic 3D image is based on the rudiments of colors, the principal of spatial visualization and the language of spatial constructs.In this paper, the approach to stereoscopic images is to define a geometric design, create a structural displacement, coupled with appropriate color interactions to resonate the perception of eyes, and hence provide the illusion-of-depth effects.As such, in lieu of the foray of recent studies in both hardware and software driven interests and research in multi-layer, time-multiplexed, multi-view auto/non-auto stereoscopic images and video generation; hardware assisted devices such as IRcontrolled active shutter, head-mounted display, pulsed LED-LCD projectors, glasses-based or glasses-free displays, this conjugation demonstrates the results of an unprecedented inexpensive create-and-display stereoscopic efforts of a huge repertoire of generative or nongenerative simple and/or geometric designs with moderate complexities free of visual fatigue.

Definition
Stereoscopy creates the illusion of depth from images on a two-dimensional plane based on the fact that all points in the image focus at the same plane regardless of their depth in the original scene.Basically, it is presenting two images of the same subject, each from a different position, then "informing" the brain into merging these images into one.In addition, lightings, colors different orientations and/or viewpoints can result in different illusions.
A properly constructed stereoscopic image is aligned vertically on the display screen, so onscreen binocular disparities are strictly horizontal.As and when the viewer's inter-ocular axis is also horizontal, he/she makes horizontal vergence eye movements to fuse the stereoscopic image.

Categories of Illusions
Presented herein are categories of illusions that can possibly be achieved in generating stereoscopic 3D geometric designs.

Color and Geometry
Traditionally, a perfect identity with an object with the most faithful resemblances of real objects described with shadowing and coloring was used to present to the mind of the observer a stereoscopic view.However, stereoscopic view does not limit itself upon the representation of real objects only.As such, the deployment of colors and geometry that constitute the arrangement in scene enable and influence the depth of view, in part or in whole (Smith & Collar 2012).Hence it is possible to construct and present an abstract geometric composition or structure with stereoscopic 3D view.In addition, it is entirely possible to observe different constructs with different designated or prescribed viewing distance.

Definition
Linear Perspective is a representation formed by the convergence of parallel edges seen from a sufficiently distant viewpoints.The depth is conveyed primarily by the linear perspective of the angles of the horizontals whereby all horizontal structures (dis)appearing into the distance away from the image plane should project to a single central vanishing point (Weigle, 2008).

Lenticular Images
Definition grisaille (French, from gris, gray) is a decoration in monotones especially gray designed to produce a three-dimensional effect.Hence it is possible to create an extension of grisaille, that is, coleuraille, a decoration in any and multiple colors for producing three-dimensional effect.Therein, the interlaced images, sequels, grisaille, grunsaille or coleuraille is the formation of a lenticular image, which can be used for lenticular printing or animation.

Hybrid
It is possible to create stereoscopic 3D design with any two of the categories defined herein.

Capturing and Generating Stereoscopic 3D Images
Listed below are several methods known to date used for capturing and generating a stereoscopic 3D images.
i The simplest of generating a stereoscopic 3D images is a stereo rig with two cameras precisely matched and aligned, while focusing on single camera precision.Any correction of the deviations there arise can be performed either live or during post-production.This process is limited to stationary objects or the use of synthetically ii Depth imbued stereoscopic 3D images can also be generated by aligning two or more cameras along the same horizontal axis, point and shoot the same scene or object from different viewpoints, wherein controlling and presenting a camera footage to the left or right eye, hence the binocular parallax to induce depth sensation.
iii Scalable multi-view stereo camera array used for real-time image capture (Hill, 2004) iv software-based method to convert 2D images to stereoscopic 3D images according to the monocular depth cues (Koido & Kawai 2012).

Viewing and Displaying Stereoscopic 3D Images
Stereoscopic 3D images can be viewed and displayed on several commercially available 3D LCD monitors, either viewed with glasses or glassfree.Beyond which, current non-commercial 3D stereoscopic image display include: i Multi-focal display for displaying images in focus on geometrically and radiometrically complex surfaces (Watt, MacKenzie & Ryan 2012) .
ii Multilayer displays constructed by stacking multiple liquid crystal panels along with a pair of polarizers and a light source (Gotoda, 2012).
iii Floating image display (Chen et al 2012) ix Specially constructed 3D display system consists of multiple basic 3D display units without a screen.The basic unit consists of a micro-projector, a lenticular lens array sheet, and a cylindrical lens deploying the light rays from a micro-projector that pass through a lenticular lens array sheet and be observed directly (Takahashi, Hirooka & Yamada 2012).
x Specially constructed glasses-free 3D display for displaying stereoscopic 3D images on a large screen using multi-projectors and an optical screen consisting of a special diffuser film with an optimally designed large condenser lens capable of using natural parallax images (Kawakita et al 2012).
xi Multi-view video and depth coding system for multiview video applications such as 3DTV.
xii View synthesis based on the concept of missing area being filled with the background parts to generate a virtual scene in a desired view point (Kim et al, 2012)

Known Deficiencies
Several known hardware and software deficiencies have been reported: i Occurrence of perspective distortion when relative disparity between elements are detected (Doyen, Sacré & Blondé 2012).
iii Depth noise reduction, depth super-resolution for stereoscopic image synthesis.

New Method
While waiting for the possibility of manufacturing low-power and low-cost 3D sensing and display devices, the availability of the current 3D hardware has so far outpaced the production of 3D content.This paper offers and presents the results of an unprecedented eco-friendly and cost effective possibilities to create-and-view three categories of illusion-of-depth and highly scalable stereoscopic 3D images instantaneously: a huge repertoire of generative or non-generative simple and/or geometric designs with moderate complexities with the following attributes i Images to be generated, viewed and displayed without installing extra hardware ii As stereoscopic 3D content should be captured for a specific viewing geometry in order to provide a satisfactory 3D experience, the viewing distance for these algorithm-based images can be calculated and adjusted accordingly.
iii The scalability of these stereoscopic 3D images can be purposed for billboard size screen, projector, any PC LCD or LED screen, laptop, TV and mobile devices that include tablet, smart phone without supporting stereoscopic display, and hence eliminating the need for retargeting the content.
iv As it does not require any head mount display and/or glasses, viewing these stereoscopic 3D images does not cause head and eyes discomforts and fatigues.

The Results
The result of this algorithm-based creation and display of stereoscopic 3D images presented here is in accordance to the specified categories described in paragraph 2. These images are highly scalable, exhibit the same Quality of Experience regardless of size, maintaining the minimal file size at creation time, and it is without additional storage burden during viewing and display.
The indicated viewing distance here is suitable for a desktop PC screen or laptop.It can be adjusted accordingly when viewing on different display devices.All works are created on a Linux platform.Viewing distance:38cm

Conclusions
As dissemination of 3D technologies at cinemas and in consumer products trend to become a lifestyle, This inexpensive method described herein allows a viewer native access to the viewer's own display technology without the need for special configuration settings and additional hardware without visual and eyes fatigues.This approach ensures high availability, no device compatibility trans-codings with on demand performance efficiency.It illustrates the single process createand-view direct approach based on the concept herein.More research will be conducted in the near future to achieve stereoscopy for a wider range of subject matters that merit artistic potentials.

Figure 9 :
Figure 9: Crystals by Lin Hsin Hsin, 2011 multi-layer, multi-view Viewing angle:parallel to xy plane.Viewing distance:38cm Figure 10: Perspectives by Lin Hsin Hsin, 2010 multi-layer, multi-view Viewing angle:parallel to xy, xz, or yz plane.Viewing distance:38cm Paradigm Shift: An Eco-friendly Approach to Create and Display Stereoscopic Geometric Designs Lin Hsin Hsin Chamaret C., Boisson G., and Chevance C., Video retargeting for stereoscopic content under 3D viewing constraints, Stereoscopic Displays and