ENERGY AND EXERGY ANALYSIS TO STUDY THE PERFORMANCE OF A SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) SYSTEM WITH AND WITHOUT COOLING SYSTEM

The decline in fossil fuel sources has led to an increase in demand for alternative energy sources. Photovoltaic (PV) technology is one of the most promising and popular renewable energy technologies. During the real operation of PV cells about 15% of the solar radiation is transformed into electricity, the rest into heat that warm up the PV cell. One of the challenges when construction a home photovoltaic capacity generation order or an off-gridiron photovoltaic capacity is the deficit of energy that is converted to heat in the cosmic photovoltaic piece, resulting in a loss of 6 volts per system at a low-energy conversion rate. However, photovoltaic solar panel systems can still offer a significant benefit by optimizing the system design by incorporating an active cooling system that would recover the 6-volt energy loss. In this research, the active cooling system of the photovoltaic module system is examined and discussed. The chill plan was installed with a leg on either side of the photovoltaic piece while the water abating arrangement was on the front. The energy and exergy analysis of both cooling systems were performed separately and combined using EES, METLAP and RET Screen Expert software. The highest temperature of the photovoltaic piece outside a cooling arrangement is 64.4 ℃ . There is a decrease in the hotness of 21.3 ℃ , 34.3 ℃ and 39.4 ℃ when the air, water and integrate chilling order is used to the photovoltaic piece plan to increase the warm adeptness of air, water and connect abating of about 8%, 14% and 23%, respectively. The system power improvement of 29.32W, 32.22W, and 37.37W for air, water, and combined cooling, respectively, was recorded.


Introduction
Photovoltaic systems convert solar radiation in the form of light into usable electricity. They consist of an assembly of several components, including solar panels to capture and convert sunlight into electricity, a solar inverter to convert the output from DC to AC, and mounting, wiring, and other electrical accessories to set up a working system (Chanchangi et al., 2020). Solar energy contributes only a tiny fraction of electricity generation in Nigeria, despite the country receiving maximum solar radiation, potential for solar photovoltaic (PV). Nigeria is in the solar belt, which is increasing its solar potential, but unfortunately, renewable energy opportunities have remained narrow and impractical compared to conventional electricity. Traditionally, solar energy in the country has been predominantly used for various activities by using the open-to-thesun method, mainly in rural communities. Solar power generation, on the other hand, emerged about two decades ago and has seen steady growth (Cai et al., 2020). The performance of the photovoltaic system depends on several factors, in particular meteorological conditions such as solar radiation, ambient temperature and wind speed. In order to size a photovoltaic system so that it can operate properly, efficiently and economically to meet the desired load requirements under the local meteorological conditions, the characteristic performance of each component in the photovoltaic system is required (Parida et al., 2011). The efficiency of PV modules is generally low because a large part of the incident solar energy is converted into heat. In addition, this low efficiency is compromised by the increase in operating temperature of PV modules due to the heat generated. It is reported in the literature that every 1°C increase in the operating temperature of PV modules results in a 0.5% reduction in efficiency (Kaushik et al., 2017). This leads to poor electrical efficiency, deterioration of PV module materials and poor economic scenario and solar photovoltaic module system results in a loss of 6 volts per module of the system resulting in a low quality energy conversion rate. However, photovoltaic solar panel systems can still offer a significant benefit by optimizing the system design by incorporating an active cooling system that would recover the 6-volt energy loss. This research drives that the right configuration can reduce the cell temperature and with a high working voltage of 24-volt photovoltaic system through the choice of water-and aircooling system. This will improve the output per square meter of solar PV systems and improve the economics (Shoeibi et al., 2020). Energetic and exergetic analysis is well known to researchers and engineers as an essential tool with a thermodynamic approach. In order to reduce the impacts associated with the processing of energy systems, the efficiency of energy plants should be improved, and such studies are carried out through energetic and exergetic analysis. The energetic and exergetic analysis together with the cost analysis to access the performance of the energy systems (Chandel et al., 2014). Also known from thermodynamics, exergy is an assessment of the maximum useful work that a system can do when interacting with an environment at constant pressure and temperature. It is an important tool to evaluate the efficient use of solar photovoltaic systems using the second law (exergetics) of thermodynamics (Yesildal et al., 2022). Some researchers and engineers have applied the exergy technique to analyze performance, design or improve power systems or conversion processes, compared to traditional energy techniques, the benefits of exergy evaluation are numerous (Hepbasli et al., 2016). Exergy is the maximum theoretical work that can be extracted from a combined system of the system under study and the environment as the system transitions from a given state to equilibrium with the environment (Ayub et al., 2018). With the introduction of the exergy concept, the qualitative match between supply and demand should be improved (Khechekhouche et al., 2021). The exergy analysis can provide information about whether and by how much a design of the energy system can be made more efficient by reducing the efficiency in the system (Kandilli, 2019). The second law of inquiry method used for energy and mass conservation standard to study organization and change of energy and different system, exergy is characterized as the greatest amount of useful work that a device can do when it comes to equilibrium with a reference state (Kareem et al., 2019).

Solar photovoltaic chilling Techniques
Scientists are active on chilling systems to lower the operating hotness of cosmic containers, known as alive and inactive chilling plans. Proper abating of the cosmic photovoltaic (PV) array bears to reduce capacity deficit and increases the dependability of the cosmic photovoltaic (PV) piece. Passive cooling and active cooling methods are used to improve the performance of solar photovoltaic (PV) modules. Active cooling requires a coolant such as air or water, which typically involves a fan used to do the work or pump work, while passive cooling requires no special power to cool PV cells (Parthiban and Ponnambalam, 2022).

Materials and Method
The air-cooling system was installed on the back of the photovoltaic module while the water cooling system was on the front. Since both cooling systems are active cooling systems, 2 units of DC fans were installed on the back of the photovoltaic module with a wind speed of 4.026 m/s. A water mass flow of 1.333 kg/s was selected for the water cooling. Both photovoltaic cooling systems are analyzed together under the same weather conditions. The water work is done by pumping fresh water through a water cooling tank to the inlet water tank, which is covered with insulation to maintain a stable atmospheric temperature through a piping path in contact with the surface of the PV module. The photovoltaic module is mounted on a frame with a tilt angle of 35°, which is the recommended tilt angle to maximize solar radiation on the surface of a photovoltaic system. The setup configuration, materials and measuring instruments were identical to this implemented research. Atmospheric conditions from Bauchi, Nigeria are used for the energy and exergy analyses. Bauchi is the capital of the state of Bauchi and one of the largest states in Nigeria with a significant insolation potential as the average annual insolation on horizontal surfaces is of outstanding importance. Ambient temperature and solar radiation will fluctuate as well, ranging from 6 a.m. to 6 p.m. The temperature of the photovoltaic module depends on the ambient temperature. The temperature data used in this work are average data for 14 days between sunny days, collected between April and May, the hottest months in Bauchi, with an average ambient temperature of 37.15℃. Engineering Equation Solver (EES), MATLAB, RET screen Expert and Microsoft Excel software are used to calculate energy and exergy efficiency, energy and exergy loss, exergy destruction and power output of the reference environment system.  The fill determinant can be particularized in this manner (Bevilacqua et al., 2021) = … (2) The strength adeptness of PV is outlined as the percentage between the open revolution capacity at avoid current and the energy from the sun on the photovoltaic surface Sheikh (2020) ղ = … (3) where: = Solar radiation (W/ 2 ) = Area of the panel

Exergy Analysis outside Cooling Technology
Exergy reasoning includes a concern of energy characteristic or potential, the total exergy balance of photovoltaics (PV) maybe meant as Fellows The degradation of strength quality is referred to as exergy deficit. The misfortune of exergy is more referred to as irreversibility. The exergy effectiveness of the PV piece is delineated as the percentage of the total productivity exergy to the total recommendation exergy (Bayrak et al., 2017) = … (6) The overall strength effectiveness of a PV system maybe premeditated as beneath (Fudholi et al., 2019):

Energy Analysis with Water Cooling Technology
The overall strength efficiency of a PV arrangement maybe calculated in this manner The energetic energy effectiveness of a PV system maybe persistent as follows (Fudholi et al., 2019); The warm efficiency of a PV method maybe defined apiece following equating; The available thermal strength of some water cooling arrangement can surely be calculated in this manner:

Energy Analysis of PV system with Air cooling Technology
The warm adeptness of a PV system is meant in Equation 10 above. The available strength of the air cooling scheme maybe deliberate in this manner (Wang et al., 2018):

Exergy Analysis of PV System with Water Cooling Technology
Irreversibility in bureaucracy, that is the destruction of exergy, maybe depicted as a beneficiary (Kumar et al., 2019).

… (13)
A new and smooth-to-use approach was more grown in this place study to judge the exergetic accomplishment of a PV whole by delineating the recommendation exergy rate (∑ ) and the profit exergy rate ( ) as follows. ∑ Consists of exergy rate of cosmic and rate of basin water and ∑ maybe represented as follows: The exergy rate at the exit maybe delineated as the total of the energetic exergy rate of the PV part and the exergy rate of the water at the exit = , + … (15) The exergy rate of solar radiation maybe erect as the following equating (Kandilli, 2019): The exergy rates of the estuary and release water maybe about the following equating (Kandilli, 2019). The energetic exergy output of the PV indiscriminate bureaucracy could be premeditated as grantees The exergy adeptness (the second regulation) is given beneath The rate of deterioration era can be articulated as (Kumar et al., 2019): Where 0 = dead state temperature

Exergy Analysis of PV System with Air Cooling Technology
The exergy rates of the inlet and outlet air can be expressed as follows: Where: _ and _ are particular exergy principles for meteorological air and fan air individually and are deliberate in this manner:

Results and Discussion
This division introduces and argues two photovoltaic modules with chilling arrangements that affect warm performance and produce amount power. Figure 1 shows the hotness of the photovoltaic piece with and outside the chilling system. The capital ambient hotness written was 43.3 ℃ accompanying solar radiation of 1000 2 ⁄ at 1 p.m. The maximal hotness of the photovoltaic module outside an abating method is 64.4 ℃, that of the photovoltaic piece accompanying water abating is 30.1 ℃, and the maximal hotness of the photovoltaic module accompanying chill is 49.8℃. There are almost 14.6 ℃ hotness differences 'tween photovoltaic modules without an abating system and photovoltaic modules accompanying air cooling. It maybe pronounced that with the help of a chilling arrangement, the temperature of the photovoltaic piece maybe reduced. A photovoltaic piece accompanying a water-cooling whole shows a growing drop in hotness distinguished to an air-cooling scheme, that corresponds to a hotness distinctness of 34.3 ℃ compared to a photovoltaic piece outside a cooling whole. The combined cooling system (air and water) shows an optimal temperature decrease of 39.4 ℃, which is the highest cell temperature decrease compared to air cooling and water cooling separately.

Figure 1: Effect of module temperature vs time
Figure 2 explains the voltage change; this is evidenced by the graph showing that a rise in temperature of a photovoltaic module reflects large changes in voltage, since a photovoltaic module without a cooling system has the highest temperature, therefore open circuit voltage (Voc) is only 17.05 V. With an air cooling system connected to it, the Voc becomes 22.05 V increased. The Voc of photovoltaic module temperature with the water cooling system was recorded as 23.01V. And the combined (air and water) cooling system shows the largest voltage fluctuation. The 6.0 V losses were recovered by a combined cooling system in the daily operation of the photovoltaic module system without a cooling system.  Figure 3 shows the power output for photovoltaic modules with and without a cooling system. The energy produced is based on the mean ambient temperature data obtained between April and May. Both cooling systems for photovoltaic modules are active cooling systems that require external energy for their operation. In other words, it secondhand the power generated apiece photovoltaic committee to run the cooling structure. Ultimately, even though both abating wholes have the unchanging input capacity, water abating has the highest amount capacity saving distinguished to air and no abating, while the combined abating order has the topmost output capacity of 138W, in addition to water cooling with 132.82W and air cooling has an output power of 129.9 W, while the output power without cooling is 100.65 W, neglecting the power consumption by the cooling system.  Figure 4 shows the variation in thermal efficiency, which proved that the photovoltaic module works optimally with a combined cooling system (air and water) compared to water and air separated and without cooling system, and also explains that there is a progressive increase in thermal efficiency by water and air cooling with a thermal efficiency of 35%, 26% and 20%, while that without cooling system is 12%. Thermal efficiency without cooling Thermal efficiency with water cooling Thermal efficiency with air cooling Thermal efficiency with combine cooling Figure 5 shows the friendship of the regular heat rate 'tween the open track voltage and the heat rate of the photovoltaic array. This shows that the photovoltaic energy heat absorbed at 12:00 of the day follows the hour at 11:00 and 13:00 respectively and the open circuit voltage output is between 9:00, 10:00, 14:00, 15:00 every day and 16:00 better. Figure 6 shows the exergy destruction rate in the photovoltaic module operated with and without a cooling system. The results show that each increased increase in cell temperature causes an increased average value of the exergy destruction rate of approximately 430.6 W when the photovoltaic module is operated with a cooling system and an exergy destruction rate of 2686.9W when the photovoltaic module is not operated with a cooling system.   Table 2 shows the results of the capacity profit of the photovoltaic piece following in position or time the second principal effectiveness accompanying a chilling arrangement, and from the table it can be seen that the system performed at its maximum when retrofitted with a combined (water and air) cooling system with a percentage thermal difference Efficiency of 11% from the watercooling system and with a network performance increase of 0.059 kW from the water-cooling system, which has a cabinet performance improvement performance from the combined (air and water) cooling system, while the heat rate decreases at a difference of 3.02 kg/s from the water-cooling.

Conclusion
The overall act and thermal effectiveness of cosmic photovoltaic (PV) systems may be upgraded by a cooling method argued in this item that also reduces the heat rate. Combine air and water cooling, proven to be the better cooling system based on Energy and Exergy analysis. From the comparison of the thermal efficiency and the exergetic efficiency of the photovoltaic module system, it can be concluded that it is sufficient to select the desired cooling system, the investigated parameters influencing the exergetic efficiency were mass flow, ambient temperature and time to increase the mass flow leads to an increase in the exergetic efficiency in photovoltaic thermal efficiency. The highest exergy destruction and exergy losses were observed in photovoltaic module systems that are operated without a cooling system.