ASSEMBLY OF NEUROSCIENCE TO THE MODEL OF MIND

In current, there was several mind models developed as cognitive architectures and their main focus is to explain mind functions. However, few architectures explain the neural basis of the mind. Also in neuroscience explain the neural basis of the brain and is directly related to the mind. The study objective was to identify a mind model with a neural basis established in the model. Therefore the study uses a systematic review of existing literature to find a mental model with a neural basis. For that study use articles within databases of PUBMED and Google scholar. Only English-language articles were selected, but no year restriction was applied. Previous literature about cognitive science, mind models, fundamentals of neuroscience, developmental neuroscience, visual and auditory neuroscience was considered for the study. The data was critically appraised by independent two reviewers to eliminate the risk of bias. Then articles characterized motivations, major assumptions, relationships to neurobiology, modules, working memory, long-term memory, goals, learning, standard cognitive cycle, and model creation. Then best-described mind functions and neural structures synthesis to identify neural circuits assembled mind model. International module, declarative module, visual module, manual module, goal buffer, retrieval buffer, visual buffer, manual buffer, a procedural module with matching, selection, and execution identified as main functions in mind model. Temporal/Hippocampus, VLPFC, aPFC, DLPFC, occipital, parietal cortex, cerebellum, motor cortex, basal ganglia, striatum, pallidum, and thalamus was the associative neural areas of the brain. This explained sensory inputs to brain structures of the frontal cortex, hippocampus & septum, sensory cortex, thalamus, amygdala, midbrain & hypothalamus, hindbrain, and spinal cord. Also reveal the interaction of brain structures of the sensory cortex, hypothalamus, thalamus, amygdala, hippocampus


1.Introduction to the Mind model
The consciousness, mental functions, events, properties, nature of mind, and their relationship to the physical body explains the philosophy of mind.Understanding the scientific, philosophical, and psychological view of the mindbrain system is the most complex and challenging subject.
According to the Sigman Freud topographical model of the mind, there are at least 3 levels of mind namely the conscious mind, the subconscious mind, and the unconscious mind.He explained it using an analogy of an iceberg as follows.
Figure 1 -The topographical model of mind by Sigmund Freud Image credit -https://www.simplypsychology.org/Sigmund-Freud.htmlAccording to him, the tip of the iceberg represents the conscious mind that has mental activities which we are known.The subconscious mind consists of all which can recall by memory.
However, the most significant region is the unconscious mind.It includes many memories and thoughts that we are not aware of, Strangor et al., (2014).
The structure of a cognitive architecture explains component organization using information and processing, and how flowing of information between components.
The standard model of mind explains that the mind has distinct functionalities and is built of independent modules, and is not an undifferentiated pool of information and processing, Laird et al.,(2017).

IJRARTH00129
International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR) 3 The scientific study of the nervous system is called neuroscience.It understands the fundamental and emergent properties of neurons and neural circuits by combining physiology, anatomy, molecular biology, developmental biology, cytology, mathematical modeling, and psychology.
Therefore the model of a mind is directly related to neuroscience.Each function of a mind has a certain neural circuit.Which explains the physical basics of the mind.
According to neuroscience brain functions of the mind are as follows.
Frontal lobe: ability to move, reasoning and problem solving, part of language and emotions.It is mainly involved in executive, personality, and decision-making functions.
Occipital lobe: production of images and where we see.
Temporal lobe: visual tasks such as face recognition.Also receives and processes information from the ears, contributes to balance, and regulates emotions and motivations such as anxiety, pleasure, and anger.The main function of the hippocampus is to mediate the generation and recovery of memories.
Figure 4. Hippocampus The Limbic system is responsible for processing and regulating emotions, the formation and storage of memories, sexual arousal, and learning.The neocortex is responsible for computations of attention, thought, perception, and episodic memory.
Figure 6.The neocortex The cerebral cortex refed to meanings.The prefrontal cortex, posterior partial cortex, fusiform gyrus, and reticular formation leads to attention.Mind models are providing answers for the number of questions which is related to our mind.The way we think, the way people understand knowledge, and the way we anticipate the world and make decisions are represented by mind models.
According to Johnson-Laird (2004), perception and linguistic comprehension yield mind models.He also explained that thinking and reasoning are the internal manipulations of mental models.In a simple mind models are representations in the mind of real or imaginary situations, Laird et al., (2004).
Extensive studies of mental models are carried out since the models are important to understand the knowledge involved and would be able to stimulate and test it.
Some theorists and psychologists explored their knowledge to prove the existence of mind models while other suggested refinement in the existing mental model theory.Gentner, D. and Stevens, A., (2014).
According to the model theory, everyday reasoning depends on the simulation of events in mind models.It depends on simple primary assumptions as follows, Laird et al., (2006). Models are explain as iconic as far as possible  Procedures for reasoning in a mental models rely on counterexamples.Young (1983) suggested eight tentative types of mind models namely strong analogy, surrogate, mapping, coherence, vocabulary, problem space, psychological grammar, and commonality, Young et al., (1983).
However Young does not mention the origin of the model types and their evaluation criteria.Later Laird (1989) cautions that all model distinctions may be artificial for they may represent the same reality, Laird et al.,(1989).
Cognitive scientists may argue that the mental models are constructed as a result of perception (becoming aware of something by seeing), imagination (forming new ideas), knowledge, and the hearing or action of understanding something by using other senses by written or spoken communication (comprehension).
Within the research, field scientists have identified several problems challenges, and confusions related to the construction of mental models.
Norman reports concluded that the mental models are fragmentary and worse, Norman et al., (1983).
1.Mental models are incomplete 2.Ability of the peoples to run their models are severely limited 3.Models are unstable 4.Mind models do not have firm boundaries.
5.Mind models are unscientific 6.Mind models are parsimonious often.
7.People do extra physical operations rather than mind planning.
Due to the dynamic nature of mental models, they seem to be more process than outcome basis.
Although mind model research had begun 3-4 decades ago, several issues remain to be solved.More work is to be done for the clarification of definitions even.
It is better to do studies on what learning concepts help to explain the mind models phenomena.Also, researches should be carried out to find the answers to whether mind models are transitory or more permanent, how does mind models research relate to the current thinking in brain psychology.

2.Objectives
In neuroscience studies, the nervous system explains the physical or biological view of the mind.In cognitive science studies mental functions and explains the logical view of the mind.cyclically form such a network according to neuroscience.Therefore, cognitive architecture should be biologically inspired to implement conceptually and computationally.
Figure 10.Theoretical levels of abstraction Image credit : Franklin, (2012) This revealed how is the grounding of the model of the mind in neuroscience to be accomplished.To ground these perceptual symbols representation in the underlying neuro science cell assemblies, but rather wings of chaotic attractors in an attractor landscape.Therefore this study aims to develop a mental model with mental function as well as neural circuits.It can be explained as a neurologically inspired cognitive model of a mind.
The study uses a systematic review of literature developed in mind models, cognitive architectures, neurological models and combines those to get a clear picture of the mind.

Protocol and registration
The method used to develop a neurologically inspired mind model was a systematic review.This systematic review use literature related to mental models, cognitive architectures, and neuroscience models will make assembly of neuroscience to the model of the mind.
The protocol used for a systematic review is PRISMA-P.This systematic review is for developing a mental model using literature, and not for health-related studies.Therefore no need to register in the PROSPERO registry.

Eligibility criteria
Previous literature about cognitive science, mind models, fundamentals of neuroscience, developmental neuroscience, visual and auditory neuroscience was considered for the study.There is no year restriction, but only English language literature is considered for the study.

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Information sources
Published research articles about cognitive science, mind models, fundamentals of neuroscience, developmental neuroscience, visual and auditory neuro science used as information sources and those available in google scholar, PUBMED databases.

Search
Literature explained the model of mind used in this study.Search terms included as follows: "cognitive architectures", "mental models", "fundamental of neuroscience", "developmental neuroscience", "visual and auditory neuroscience", "biologically inspired cognitive architectures".

Study selection
According to the search criteria, information databases were searched and initial literature was identified.After identification of initial literature, duplicates were removed.Then record screening was done by 2 independent reviewers (myself and Dr. Dayangi Hemalika) for inclusion criteria were met in the duplicate removed literature.
The literature identified by both reviewers was selected for continuation.Then full-text articles were assessed for eligibility using eligibility criteria.Then n articles were selected for qualitative synthesis.From the systematic reviewing of literature of mental models, the best model or combination of models was selected for further analysis.

Data collection process
When the search strings were applied to all databases, the result articles were downloaded.The results were imported for duplicate removal.Duplicate removed articles submitted to a screening process by two independent reviewers.Then articles were assessed according to the eligibility criteria.Selected articles from assessing eligibility criteria, submitted to qualitative synthesis.

Data items
Each functional category of the selected mind model is considered a data item.Also neurologically path identified by the systematic review was a data item.Motivations, major assumptions, relationships to neurobiology, modules, working memory, long-term memory, goals, learning, standard cognitive cycle, and model creation were extracted from each article Schierwagen, (2010).

Risk of bias in individual studies
The data was critically appraised by independent two reviewers.The record was appraised by 2 independent reviewers (myself and Dr. Dayangi Hemalika) for inclusion criteria were met in the duplicate removed literature.
This was done at the outcome level.Articles identified by both reviewers were selected for continuation.

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Summary measures
There are 290 articles identified in searching databases of PUBMED and Google Scholar.Also, an additional record of 10 articles was identified in other sources of books.Then those identified 300 articles submitted to duplicate removal.After duplicated removal, 200 articles were identified as unique articles.Then initial screening was done using 2 independent reviewers.From the screened articles, 85 articles were excluded, and the remaining 115 fulltext articles were submitted to eligibility assessment.
Articles about cognitive science, mind models, fundamentals of neuroscience, developmental neuroscience, visual and auditory neuroscience were considered as the eligible articles for the study.There is no year's restriction, but only English language articles are considered for eligibility.
From assessed full-text articles, 9 full-text articles were selected for synthesis.Those selected articles described cognitive architectures of mental models and neurological paths related to cognitive functions.

Synthesis of results
A cognitive architecture should be biologically structures assembled to explain insights from what is known from the brain science of humans.Such architectures should model using processes of cognitive neuroscience.Also, the model of mind is expected to contribute from biologically inspired cognitive architectures.This proposes that the mind model dynamically and cyclically form such a network according to neuroscience.Therefore, cognitive architecture should be biologically inspired to implement conceptually and computationally.
Each function of the selected mind model will combine neurological path in articles of fundamental of neuroscience, developmental neuroscience, visual and auditory neuroscience for assembling the selected mind model to neuroscience.
This included functional analysis and structural analysis of the mind, Schierwagen, (2010).4.Results

4.1.Study selection
There are 290 articles identified in searching databases of PUBMED and Google Scholar.Also,an additional record of 10 articles was identified in other sources of books.Then those identified 300 articles submitted to duplicate removal.After duplicated removal, 200 articles were identified as unique articles.Then initial screening was done using 2 independent reviewers.From the screened articles, 85 articles were excluded, and the remaining 115 fulltext articles were submitted to eligibility assessment.
Articles about cognitive science, mind models, fundamentals of neuroscience, developmental neuroscience, visual and auditory neuroscience were considered as the eligible articles for the study.There is no year restriction, but only English language articles are considered for eligibility.
From assessed full-text articles, 9 full-text articles were selected for synthesis.Those selected articles described cognitive architectures of mental models and neurological paths related to cognitive functions.(2) the importance of the cognitive cycle two-phase structure; (3) the functional elegance

Limitations
This study consists of a systematic review according to PRISMA guidelines for developing a mental model with neural structures assemblies.To get the articles, the study use databases of PUBMED and Google scholar.Therefore the study is limited to available articles of those databases.Also, only English-language articles were considered.
Although this systematic review as done according to PRISMA guidelines, the study use existing articles, therefore the final model will limit to features of only available cognitive architectures.

6.Conclusions
The study was done as a systematic review to find a model of a mind with neurological circuits assembled.To achieve this use the PRISMA guideline for systematic review.It uses databases of PUBMED, Google Scholar for search literature.Articles of9 cognitive architectures identified for explaining mind models.
Synthesis of cognitive architectures selects ACT-R functions as functions of the mind model.This includes an international module, declarative module, visual module, manual module, goal buffer, retrieval buffer, visual buffer, manual buffer, a procedural module with matching, selection, and execution.This reveals the mind model with neurological circuit assemblies to it.This is according to the current research done and base on this research it can enhance to find a more accurate mind model with neural structures assemblies.

Figure 2 :
Figure 2: The structure of the standard model Figure 3. Brain lobes

Figure
Figure 5. Limbic system

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Functional areas of the cerebral cortex.

Figure 8 :Figure 9 .
Figure 8: Prefrontal cortex, posterior partial cortex, fusiform gyrus Each model represents a possibility  Models explain deduction, induction, and explanation  Mind models represent only what is true

Figure 12 :
Figure 12: Analysis of brain and cognition Image credit: Schierwagen, (2010) 4.2.Study characteristic 4.2.1.LIDA cognitive architecture LIDA consists of sophisticated action selection, motivation by emotions, and attention mechanism of centrally important, and multimodal instructionalist and selectionist learning.The LIDA architecture grounded a variety of modules and processes in cognitive science and cognitive neuroscience, each with its effective representations and algorithms.LIDA has explained motivation, emotion, attention, and autonomous learning in cognitive agents,Franklin et al., (2012).

Figure 17 :
Figure 17: Main modules of ACT-R

Figure
Figure 20: Affective architecture

Figure 23 :
Figure 23: Key brain areas and ACT-R theories

Figure 26 :
Figure 26: Structure of the hippocampal memory system Image credit: O'Reilly et al., (2012) It explained the memory process of memory encoding, memory retrieval, and critical learning related to brain structures of the partial cortex, it cortex, para hippo cortex, perirhinal cortex, entorhinal cortex, subiculum, dentate gyrus, CA1 and CA3 areas of the hippocampus.

Figure 27 :
Figure 27: Specialized brain areas interacting to produce overall cognitive function Image credit: O'Reilly et al., (2012) to aPFC.Declarative module related to temporal/hippocampus. Visual module related to the occipital lobe.Manual module related to motor/ cerebellum.Goal buffer related to DLPFC.Retrieval buffer related to VLPFC.Visual buffer related to the parietal cortex.Manual buffer related to the motor cortex.Procedural module related to basal ganglia.Matching related to the striatum.Selection related to pallidum.Execution related to the thalamus.The mind takes the input of cognitive analyses, context, complex natural stimuli, neutral stimuli, species-specific threat stimuli, and noxious or contact stimuli.Then cognitive analyses process by frontal cortex; context processed by hippocampus & septum; complex natural stimuli process by sensory cortex; neutral stimuli process by thalamus; then the output of hippocampus & septum, sensory cortex, and thalamus processed by the amygdala; speciesspecific threat stimuli processed by midbrain & hypothalamus; sudden distal stimuli processed by hindbrain and noxious or contact stimulus processed by the spinal cord.Then it generated output to motor, autonomic & endocrine structures.The central structure of the mind is the amygdala.It gets sensory inputs through the sensory cortex and external stimuli through the thalamus.Process those inputs it uses working memory as mPFC and dLPFC.After processing amygdala provides output as behavior.Also, brain structures of the partial cortex, cortex, para hippo cortex, perirhinal cortex, entorhinal cortex, subiculum, dentate gyrus, CA1 and CA3 areas of the hippocampus are used for memory encoding, memory retrieval, and critical learning.Overall posterior cortex process the sensory and semantic.Hippocampus work as episodic memory.Frontal cortex work as active maintenance of the thinking process.Basal ganglia work as action selection and the main part of the thinking process.

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To get a clear picture of a mental model both of physical or neurological view and logical or cognitive view needed.A cognitive architecture should be biologically structures assembled to explain insights from what is known from the brain science of humans.Such architectures should model using processes of cognitive neuroscience.Also, the model of mind is expected to contribute from biologically inspired cognitive architectures.This proposes that the mind model dynamically and

Table 1 :
Borst et al. (2017)ve models4.5.Synthesis of resultsIn here synthesis across six existing cognitive architectures: LIDA, ACT-R, Sigma, Soar, Leabra, and SAL.The synthesized standard model highlights loci of architectural agreement as well as identifying potential remaining incompleteness areas.It also explains key aspects of structure and processing, memory and content, learning, and perception, and motor.From those architectures, ACT-R provides a more realistic view of human psychology.Also, it explains international module, declarative module, visual module, manual module, goal buffer, retrieval buffer, visual buffer, manual buffer, a procedural module with matching, selection, and execution.It also explains the neural basis of those modulesBorst et al. (2017). www.