A Review on Internet of Things (IoT)-Related Disabilities and Their Implications

The transformative potential of the Internet of Things (IoT) extends to the lives of approximately one billion individuals worldwide living with disabilities, representing around 15% of the global population. This article highlights the importance of addressing challenges related to disability inclusivity and support, recognizing their significant impact on individuals and the global community. Despite inadequate support services, the IoT emerges as a beacon of hope, offering innovative solutions to empower people with disabilities. By integrating smart devices and technologies, the IoT can disrupt the cycle of dependence on families, thereby fostering economic activity and social inclusion. Introducing a proposed IoT framework elucidates its pivotal role in enhancing the quality of life for individuals with disabilities and facilitating their active engagement in societal and economic spheres. The article explores diverse application scenarios to underscore how the IoT can meet the unique needs of this demographic. Furthermore, it addresses critical challenges that must be acknowledged and overcome to implement IoT-based solutions in this context successfully. This study offers a comprehensive overview of IoT solutions tailored to mitigate the challenges encountered by individuals grappling with visual impairments.


INTRODUCTION
The Internet of Things (IoT) holds significant promise for enhancing the lives of individuals with disabilities.By integrating smart devices and technologies, the IoT offers innovative solutions to address various challenges faced by people with disabilities and promote inclusivity (Alenizi andAl-Karawi, 2022a, 2023a).Through IoT-enabled assistive devices and applications, individuals with disabilities can gain increased independence, access to vital services, and improved overall quality of life (Vasco Lopes, 2020;Alenizi and Al-Karawi, 2022a).IoT devices with sensors, actuators, and connectivity enable real-time monitoring and support in healthcare, accessibility, and mobility.For instance, wearable devices can track vital signs and transmit data to healthcare professionals, providing timely medical assistance and personalized care (Khan et al., 2016;Alenizi and Al-Karawi, 2023b).Smart home technology can automate tasks, making living spaces more accessible and enabling individuals to control their environment through voice commands or other adaptive interfaces (Al-Karawi, 2021;Almusaed et al., 2023).Moreover, IoT-based navigation systems facilitate easy movement and accessibility in public spaces, ensuring that people with disabilities can navigate streets, buildings, and transportation with greater ease.While the IoT offers immense potential, it is crucial to address privacy and security concerns to protect the sensitive data collected by these devices (Farahsari et al., 2022;Al-Karawi 2023a).Furthermore, ensuring that IoT solutions are designed with universal accessibility principles will create an inclusive and empowering environment for people with disabilities (Shahrestani, 2017;Al-Karawi, 2023b).The IoT signifies a groundbreaking technological revolution that intertwines computing and communications.It paints a picture of a world where smart devices are seamlessly interconnected, as documented in the intensive therapy unit (ITU) internet reports, and possess digital identities (ID) (Lachtar et al., 2017;Al-Karawi and Ahmed, 2021).By amalgamating the internet and emerging technologies such as Journal of Disability Research 2024 radio-frequency identification (RFID) (Amaral et al., 2011;Al-Karawi and Mohammed, 2019), real-time localization, and embedded sensors, ordinary objects transform into smart entities capable of perceiving, interpreting, and responding to their environment.This technological advancement paves the way for novel communication between individuals, the objects they interact with, and these interconnected objects themselves (Tan and Wang, 2010;Al-Karawi and Mohammed, 2021).Figure 1 shows the IoT-baxsed assistive technologies for people with disability.
In June 2011, the World Health Organization (WHO) released the inaugural World Report on Disability, shedding light on the worldwide disability scenario.Drawing from population figures as of 2010 (6.9 billion) and disability prevalence estimations from 2004 (Murray et al., 2007;Krahn, 2011;World Health Organization, 2022), approximately one billion individuals, encompassing children, which equates to around 15% of the global populace, are believed to be grappling with varying forms of disabilities (Krahn, 2011;Mohammed et al., 2021).According to the WHO report, within this demographic, 110 million individuals encounter substantial challenges in their daily functioning.Simultaneously, 190 million fall into the category of "severe disability," akin to conditions like quadriplegia, profound depression, or complete blindness (Krahn, 2011;Frontera, 2012).Furthermore, a recent 2010 study conducted by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development sheds light on the significant labor market disparities experienced by people with disabilities.On average, the employment rate for people with disabilities was only 44%, compared to 75% for those without disabilities.Similarly, the inactivity rate, indicating those not participating in the labor force, stood at 49% for people with disabilities and only 20% for those without disabilities.Discrepancy data reveal that disabled individuals face an inactivity rate that is approximately 2.5 times higher than that of their nondisabled counterparts.Adding to these challenges, the absence of essential support services, such as accessible infrastructure, transportation, and efficient information systems, can result in disabled individuals relying heavily on their families for assistance.This paper explores the potential of the IoT to improve the quality of life and engagement of individuals with disabilities, including those with visual, auditory, and physical impairments.This highlights the importance of integrating assistive IoT technologies to enhance independence and social involvement (Vasco Lopes, 2020;Semary et al., 2024).
This paper offers an extensive overview of the potential benefits of the IoT for individuals facing disabilities.The review of IoT-related disabilities aims to achieve several objectives.Primarily, it systematically identifies and evaluates existing IoT solutions designed to address the needs and challenges of individuals with disabilities.Through this review, the paper assesses the effectiveness and usability of IoT technologies in improving accessibility, independence, and overall quality of life for this demographic.Additionally, the review explores emerging trends, innovations, and best practices in developing and implementing IoT-related solutions for disabilities.It covers a broad spectrum of disabilities, including visual, hearing, mobility, and cognitive impairments, while examining diverse IoT technologies and application domains.By shedding light on accessible and innovative IoT solutions, the review contributes to informing policy and practice, fostering innovation, and empowering individuals with disabilities to fully participate in society.The paper is organized into the following sections: The IoT for People with Disabilities section discusses on why we should focus on the IoT for people with disabilities, followed by the IoT Framework section.The next is the Application Scenarios section, followed by the Advantages of IoT for Individuals with Disabilities section.The challenges in implementation is discussed in the Challenge in Research section, and the article ends with the Conclusion section.

IOT FOR PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES
The IoT is a vast network of connected devices that collect data from the physical world, offering various conveniences and lifestyle improvements (Alenizi and Al-Karawi, 2022b).While many papers have discussed the general promise and privacy concerns of the IoT, there is a scarcity of research addressing the specific privacy implications of IoT use by people with disabilities.Since approximately 15% of the world's population lives with some form of disability, their unique needs and preferences demand more exploration (Das et al., 2017;Vasco Lopes, 2020).The potential benefits of developing IoT devices and services tailored for people

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with disabilities hold tremendous significance, as they can significantly enhance their quality of life and open up new opportunities for accessibility and inclusivity (Rose et al., 2015;Abdelwahab et al., 2024).The IoT can potentially transform the lives of people with disabilities, as it offers opportunities to enhance safety, mobility, and independence, leading to improved privacy.IoT technology has given rise to many innovative devices and services tailored to the needs of individuals with disabilities, aiming to empower them and reduce their reliance on external assistance.A few notable examples include the following (Das et al., 2017)  The potential for further transformative applications in this field is vast as IoT technology advances.Besides the numerous benefits of accessible IoT devices and services, they also present the opportunity to gather more data about people with disabilities, bringing advantages and challenges (Tsatsou, 2020).One significant benefit is bridging the "data divide," addressing the scarcity of high-quality data about specific individuals or communities.By mitigating this gap, it becomes possible to enhance policymaking, allocate resources more effectively, and develop improved products and services tailored to the needs of people with disabilities.Ultimately, this can reduce social and economic inequalities (Al-Karawi et al., 2015;Hollier and Abou-Zahra, 2018).Moreover, universal and accessible designs are vital in enhancing accessibility.Universal design involves creating products, buildings, public spaces, and programs to be usable by the widest range of people possible.On the other hand, accessible design focuses on explicitly considering the needs of people with disabilities during the design process.This approach ensures that advancements in the IoT, such as closed-captioning technologies and virtual assistants, benefit not only people with disabilities but also everyone in society.Interestingly, many technologies widely enjoyed by the general public, such as auto-complete and voice-recognition features, were initially designed to assist people with disabilities in using computers (Rghioui and Oumnad, 2018;Al-Karawi and Mohammed, 2023).This principle, known as the "curb-cut effect," illustrates how society benefits from innovations to aid vulnerable groups.For example, curb cuts initially meant for wheelchair users now help various individuals, including parents, with strollers and shoppers carrying groceries, making walking the streets more accessible.In conclusion, accessible IoT devices not only enhance the lives of people with disabilities but also foster inclusivity and improve the overall quality of life, demonstrating the potential positive impact of designing with diverse needs in mind (Mouha, 2021).

Perception layer
The perception layer provides context-aware information for disabled individuals, providing insights about their surrounding environment.Within this layer, specific components are designed to cater to the needs of individuals with different disabilities, including visual impairment, hearing impairment, or physical impairment (Schwiebert et al., 2001).

Visually impaired
The components designed to aid the visually impaired consist of body micro-and nanosensors.These sensors are miniaturized devices integrated into wearable accessories or clothing.They capture and process real-time data about the wearer's surroundings, providing context-aware information through tactile feedback or auditory cues.RFID-based assistive devices are devices that utilize RFID technology to assist visually impaired individuals in object identification and navigation.RFID tags embedded in objects communicate with RFID readers carried by the individual, conveying essential information about the objects' location and characteristics.Let's introduce these components in more detail in the following paragraphs.
The first category, body micro-and nanosensors, refers to tiny sensing devices integrated into smart gloves, glasses,

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or canes.These sensors continuously monitor the environment, detecting obstacles, changes in terrain, or the presence of objects.The data collected by these sensors are then processed and relayed to the user through tactile vibrations or auditory cues, providing valuable context-aware information about their surroundings.The second category, RFID-based assistive devices, utilizes RFID technology to facilitate object identification and navigation for the visually impaired.RFID tags are attached to various objects or landmarks, such as doorways, bus stops, or specific items in a store.When a visually impaired individual with an RFID reader approaches these tagged objects, the reader wirelessly communicates with the tags, relaying relevant information about the object's ID and location to the user.This assists the individual in navigating their environment more effectively and independently.Together, these components offer significant support to visually impaired individuals, enhancing their mobility, safety, and overall independence by providing valuable context-aware information.Schwiebert et al. (2001) devised a retinal prosthesis to regain vision for individuals afflicted with retinitis pigmentosa and age-related macular degeneration, two progressive conditions leading to blindness.Although these conditions result in the gradual deterioration of photoreceptor cells in the outer retina, including rods and cones, they do not impact the inner retinal ganglion nerve cells that constitute the optic nerve (Bhatnagar et al., 2019).The retinal prosthesis uses eyeglasses to transmit image data to an implant connected to the retina, which activates microsensors and converts electrical impulses into neurological signals, partially restoring vision in degenerative diseases (Ye et al., 2010;Chaudhari et al., 2016).Scientists are developing a nanoscale artificial retina, the bio-retina project, which uses specialized activation eyeglasses to transform natural light into electrical signals for image relay (Sarkar et al., 2023) (Figure 4).

RFID-based assistive devices
RFID-based navigation systems aid blind individuals in unfamiliar areas by strategically placing RFID tags at the center of sidewalks, providing orientation cues, and preventing accidental falls (Hafsi and Thomas, 2005;Saaid et al., 2009).By detecting and interacting with these RFID tags using a handheld or wearable RFID reader, blind people can receive audible or tactile feedback, helping them stay on course and avoid potential hazards.This RFID-based navigation system is invaluable in empowering blind individuals to explore new environments with increased confidence and independence, enhancing their overall mobility and safety (Kher Chaitrali et al., 2015).As shown in Figure 3, the RFID cane is designed with a tag reader featuring an antenna capable of emitting radio waves.In return, the RFID tags positioned in the surroundings respond by sending their stored data, effectively pinpointing the blind person's location.This RFID cane, serving as a tag reader, transmits the data acquired from the RFID tag using Bluetooth or ZigBee communication protocols.The transmitted data encompass the unique ID string associated with the tag (D'Atri et al., 2007;Li et al., 2018).The information captured by the RFID cane is transmitted from the monitoring station via the network layer to the RFID server situated in the application layer.Individuals with visual impairments can save the destination's name at the monitoring station as a voice message.After registration, the monitoring station retrieves and conveys navigational directions to the destination as voice messages, facilitating efficient navigation for the visually impaired person (Shiizu et al., 2007;Fukasawa and Magatani, 2012).The RFID-based navigation system in the cane enhances the autonomy and safety of visually impaired individuals by providing real-time guidance

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and obstacle detection.This additional feature enhances the safety and mobility of the blind person further.The ultrasonic sensor can detect objects and obstacles in the blind person's path by emitting high-frequency sound waves and measuring the time it takes for the waves to bounce back after hitting an object.When the ultrasonic sensor detects an obstacle within a specific range, it sends a signal to the monitoring station on the RFID cane (Yu and Marinov, 2020).The RFID cane, a combination of RFID-based navigation and an obstacle detection system with an ultrasonic sensor, offers real-time information to blind individuals, enhancing their confidence and safety during navigation, providing immediate feedback in the form of audible alerts or vibrations (Ruder et al., 2003;Discant et al., 2007).
This layer is at the bottom and represents the physical world where data are sensed and collected.It includes sensors, actuators, monitoring stations (e.g.smartphones, tablets, etc.), RFID tags, and readers/writers (Schwiebert et al., 2001).The perception layer in an IoT system provides contextually relevant information for people with disabilities, using tactile sensors and advanced image recognition systems (Ye et al., 2010).
Vibrating sensors enable deaf individuals to perceive sounds through touch, while motion sensors detect movement and gestures.Physically impaired individuals use robotic devices, actuators, and artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms for mobility support and object manipulation.

Network layer
The network layer in the IoT facilitates seamless data exchange between devices and procedures, encompassing wired and wireless networks, private networks, the internet, and network administration systems, serving as the backbone for connecting IoT devices to various networks (Bello et al., 2017).The network layer manages protocols like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, cellular, and low-power wide area network (LPWANs) based on range, power efficiency, and data requirements.It ensures the unique identification of IoT devices, manages routing, forwarding, and mesh networking, and prioritizes security through encryption, authentication, and authorization (Gokhale et al., 2018).

Application layer
This layer represents user-centric intelligent solutions built on the IoT architecture.It comprises various applications and services that leverage the data collected from the perception layer and processed by the network layer.These intelligent applications cater to specific user needs and provide valuable insights and services.The application layer in the IoT is where IoT systems' true value and functionality come to fruition (Karagiannis et al., 2015).The application layer in the IoT architecture processes and analyzes data from devices, enabling specific applications and services for various industries.It uses protocols and application programming interface (APIs) to create custom software, dashboards, and interfaces, incorporating machine learning and AI algorithms for real-world benefits and customization (Yassein and Shatnawi, 2016).

APPLICATION SCENARIOS
Here, we present several application scenarios of the IoT specifically created to aid individuals with disabilities.These scenarios illustrate the smooth integration of diverse elements within the IoT framework.Table 1 shows the main applications of the IoT.

Remote health-monitoring systems
IoT-enabled health-monitoring systems for individuals with chronic conditions or disabilities allow the remote monitoring of vital signs, medication adherence, and health status through wearable sensors and smart medical devices.

Smart assistive devices for daily living activities
IoT-based assistive devices support daily living activities for individuals with disabilities, including smart kitchen appliances, adaptive utensils, and home safety devices with remote monitoring and alerts.

Navigation and way-finding tools
IoT-based navigation and way-finding tools for individuals with visual impairments, including smart canes, wearable navigation aids, and indoor positioning systems that provide real-time navigation and location information (Figure 5).
Abbreviation: IoT, Internet of Things.

A shop situation
The integration of IoT in shopping enhances convenience, optimizes store operations, and provides a personalized shopping experience for all customers, including those with disabilities.A study by López-de-Ipiña et al. ( 2011) introduced a blind navigation system using RFID tags.A supermarket has a smartphone-based monitoring system for visually impaired individuals to assist them during shopping trips.The system uses RFID tags and a Bluetooth-connected monitoring station with a smart cane, allowing users to specify the supermarket section they want to visit.The system uses wireless local-area network (WLAN) to determine optimal routes, providing real-time routing instructions via an Android application.RFID tags on supermarket products offer crucial information, including product name, description, and price.The RFID cane transmits tag ID to a monitoring station, which retrieves product details and relays them to the user (Figure 6).
Furthermore, RFID tags can store additional product attributes, including nutritional content, calorie information, and user-specific details such as dietary allergies and intolerances.Additionally, social media platforms can be utilized to collect insights, such as product reviews from friends or price comparisons with similar items.In a study by Krishna and colleagues, experiments were conducted to evaluate the detection range of RFID readers for different types of tags and materials in which these tags were integrated (Krishna et al., 2010).The results showed that the RFID readers' performance was unaffected by the materials of the products.Numerous real-world studies have been conducted in this application context (Kulyukin and Kutiyanawala, 2010; Hakobyan et al., 2013;Stangl et al., 2018).
In the research conducted by Lanigan et al., they present "Trinetra," a system explicitly created to aid visually impaired individuals in locating and identifying products during grocery shopping (Lanigan et al., 2006;Narasimhan, 2006).When individuals with visual impairments scan a grocery item using a portable barcode or RFID reader, the scanned data are transmitted via Bluetooth to their smartphone.The smartphone initiates the process by checking locally stored data for a potential product match.The phone communicates via general packet radio services (GPRS) with a remote server if no match is found in the cache.It also has the option to query a public Universal Product Code or RFID database for additional information.The remote server or database takes the barcode or tag data and translates them into a user-friendly product name and relevant details, which are then transmitted back to the smartphone.Equipped with an integrated text-to-speech software, the smartphone converts the text displayed on the screen into spoken words, providing valuable assistance to individuals with visual impairments in identifying the product.RFID tags offer several advantages over barcodes, including their reprogramming capability, capacity to store more comprehensive product data, and the ability to be read without requiring a direct line of sight (Narasimhan, 2006;Hakobyan et al., 2013).Trinetra was subjected to a successful trial at the Carnegie Mellon University campus store, confirming its practicality and efficiency in assisting shoppers with visual impairments.(Nandini et al., 2019).Abbreviations: GPS, global positioning system; RADAR, radio detection and ranging; SIM, subscriber identification module; SONAR, sonic navigation and ranging.

Local environment
Smart home technology is a collection of interconnected devices, appliances, and systems that enhance convenience, efficiency, security, and quality of life through automation and remote control, allowing homeowners to manage various aspects of their home environment (Suresh and Sruthi, 2015;Wilson et al., 2017).The technology often utilizes sensors, Wi-Fi connectivity, and AI to enable seamless communication and interaction between different devices, creating a more integrated and responsive living space (Martin et al., 2008).Smart homes facilitate the automatic management and regulation of the household setting through various devices, including automated kitchen appliances, controllers for lighting and doors, indoor temperature regulators, water temperature adjusters, and home security systems (Stefanov et al., 2004).Home automation systems use sensors and actuators to monitor environmental conditions, process data, and communicate with devices via wireless networks.These data are relayed to a central server for user services.Actuators respond to emergencies like burglary or fire.RFID technology is integrated into the smart home environment for efficient identification and tracking, bridging automation, security, and convenience (Alsinglawi et al., 2017).RFID technology enhances smart home intelligence, allowing personalized experiences, enhanced security, and data insights.It optimizes resource usage, refines daily routines, and improves user interaction in living spaces (Hussain et al., 2009).Figure 7 shows the smart watch for blind people.In their study, Darianian and Michael (2008) introduced a master-slave RFID framework.The system architecture integrates slave readers within various home appliances, enabling communication with mobile readers, monitoring stations, and a central master reader.This master reader is connected to a smart home server.Multiple master readers  Journal of Disability Research 2024 can be shared among mobile readers.This framework serves as the foundation for managing home laundry, as depicted in Figure 8.Each clothing item has RFID tags that store vital information such as color, material, and suitable washing programs.An automated alert is triggered when an RFID reader detects a threshold quantity of soiled clothes, suggesting an energy-efficient washing program.
Additionally, the reader verifies the compatibility of clothing items as they are loaded into the washing machine.In conjunction with a database, the smart home server facilitates monitoring the next batch of soiled laundry designated for the upcoming washing cycle.Moreover, other applications leverage the synergy of internet services and RFID identification within the context of smart homes.Slave readers embedded in household appliances like refrigerators and shelves establish connections with a master reader in the kitchen.This interaction leads to recommending customized cooking recipes based on the resident's preferences and health considerations, which may encompass factors like food allergies or cholesterol levels.This process involves the use of web services for recipe search and retrieval.Furthermore, a health-monitoring server and database play a vital role in monitoring and recording the resident's health status.Additionally, the smart home server and database maintain records of the resident's inventory of essential food items and assess their availability.This information is then compared to generate an automated shopping list (Domingo, 2012).Moreover, automation logic aimed at optimizing daily power consumption is presented in the work by Buckel et al. considering the external electricity price obtained from a web service; this approach reduces energy usage within the household.For instance, approaches like disconnecting the home from the power grid and utilizing stored battery energy or activating energy-conservation modes for appliances like refrigerators are implemented until certain temperature thresholds are met.A prospective home automation scenario is outlined for illustrative purposes (Buckl et al., 2009).Modern residences equipped with sensor-embedded systems, commonly called smart homes, can play a crucial role in assisting individuals with impairments and addressing their social isolation (Chan et al., 2008).Smart homes are tailored to accommodate individuals with disabilities using two distinct approaches: (i) Customized interfaces are developed to streamline the operation of home automation and control devices; and (ii) specialized assistive devices are crafted to enhance their living conditions within the home.(Domb, 2019).Abbreviation: RFID, radio-frequency identification.

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The specific interfaces required to aid disabled individuals in managing smart homes are outlined in the following text, as elaborated in Stefanov et al. (2004).
• Individuals with visual impairments necessitate a specialized human-machine interface (HMI), a user interface designed to facilitate communication and interaction between humans and specific machines or systems, often tailored to them.
Specialized HMIs are designed to cater to specific domain, industry, or user group needs, tasks, and limitations, unlike generic HMIs, which serve a broader range of applications (Peschel and Murphy, 2012;Boy, 2017).An alternative approach to improve their vision using retinal prostheses (Schwiebert et al., 2001).Additionally, employing voice control for devices installed in their homes is a suitable method.Revamping human-machine interaction (HMI): People affected by severe paralysis can find value in specialized head-tracking devices that provide up to three proportional signals, allowing forward-backward head tilting, left-right head rotation, and lateral head tilting.Several techniques contribute to this domain, including facial detection, eye movement control, brain interfaces, gesture recognition, and facial expression analysis.In a study conducted by Ju et al. ( 2009) and Ruzaij and Poonguzhali (2012), they introduce an innovative and intelligent wheelchair that calculates its path based on the inclination of the user's face and stops movement based on the shape of the user's mouth (Ju et al., 2009;Ruzaij and Poonguzhali, 2012).

Specialized human-machine interface (HMI)
Touchscreens are utilized for accessing graphical data and reading text.Assistive devices tailored for the deaf community offer valuable support.Summarized below are several instances of specialized assistive devices designed to enhance the living conditions at home for disabled individuals:

Indoor navigation tools
A navigation system based on voice-synthesized instructions and an obstacle detection system serve as valuable assistance tools (Saaid et al., 2009;Shaha et al., 2018).Examples include powered wheelchairs and specialized lifting mechanisms designed to transfer users between beds and wheelchairs (Ahmad and Tokhi, 2011).They have unveiled an innovative two-wheeled wheelchair that can elevate its front wheels (casters), allowing users with mobility limitations to attain an upright position.This advancement empowers individuals to reach elevated heights and handle items on shelves effectively.Within robotic movement assistance systems, rehabilitation robots are engineered to aid individuals in tasks like sitting and object manipulation.Satoh and colleagues introduced a method for providing bathing care assistance through the hybrid assistive limb (HAL) robot suit.These assistive devices may also integrate specialized human-machine interfaces (HMIs) as needed, ensuring effective operation for individuals with disabilities (Satoh et al., 2009).

In education
Integrating the IoT into education revolutionizes traditional learning environments.In this dynamic scenario, classrooms are becoming intelligent and interactive, equipped with various connected devices.These devices, including interactive whiteboards, tablets, and sensors, empower educators to deliver more engaging and personalized lessons (Marquez et al., 2016;Kim and Smith, 2017).IoT in education goes beyond the classroom, extending to administrative functions such as campus security and energy management.
IoT-powered security systems enhance safety, while energy-efficient solutions optimize resource usage (Pei et al., 2013).IoT facilitates remote learning, asset management, and attendance tracking in education, promoting innovation and improving outcomes.However, careful consideration of data privacy and security is needed to protect students and staff (Axelsson et al., 2014;Ramlowat and Pattanayak, 2019).Figure 9 illustrates a school scenario highlighting the benefits of intelligent interactive play and educational environments for toddlers aged 1.5-4 years, especially those with multiple disabilities (Martin et al., 2008).These systems aim to enhance their language and communication abilities.These play and learning environments utilize RFID technology to identify different objects, including children's toys like sheep (Hengeveld et al., 2009).Moreover, RFID-tagged toys assist deaf children aged 3-4 years in learning sign language (Parton et al., 2010).The software enables children to scan an item's tag, capture its unique identification number, and send it to a computer's software, triggering an animation featuring videos and avatars (Hengeveld et al., 2009), underscoring the significant advantages of creating intelligent interactive play and learning environments tailored for toddlers aged 1.5-4 years, especially those with multiple disabilities.These innovative systems are specifically crafted to boost their language and communication capabilities.

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Furthermore, RFID-tagged toys are instrumental in aiding deaf children aged 3-4 years in learning sign language, as elaborated in Hengeveld et al. (2009), emphasizing the substantial benefits of developing intelligent interactive play and learning environments for toddlers aged 1.5-4 years, particularly those with multiple disabilities.These innovative systems are designed to enhance their language and communication skills.Additionally, RFID-tagged toys assist deaf children aged 3-4 years in learning sign language, as detailed by Goldin-Meadow and Feldman (1975); Parton et al. (2010);Lieberman et al. (2014).The software enables a child to utilize an RFID reader to scan a tag attached to an item, capturing its distinct identification number and transmitting it to the computer's software through a universal serial bus (USB) connection.An animation is initiated, featuring videos of a person alongside an avatar.Additionally, these systems support the learning process by signing the item's name [in American Sign Language (ASL)] and displaying various images of the object to acquaint the child with different variations of the item, such as multiple types of ships.Figure 10 illustrates the finger reader.
The Louisiana School for the Deaf implemented a bilingual approach to language acquisition, incorporating technology into their 4-week early childhood curriculum, resulting in positive outcomes (Parton et al., 2009).Furthermore, the research conducted by Parton et al. (2010) concluded that inexpensive RFID tags and readers proved more appropriate than low-cost barcode readers/tags within an educational environment (examined with elementary school students in grades K-6).The RFID technology achieved a success rate of 99% in launching animations, compared to only 26% with barcode technology.RFID technology demonstrated rapid success, with successful scans occurring in as little as 1-15 seconds for 96% of launched animations.Currently, information about the tagged objects is stored on a computer.However, for enhanced efficiency, it is proposed that an RFID server and database be employed to manage the application.The multimedia videos could also be stored and accessed via an application server.There is also the suggestion that the tag reader could simultaneously scan multiple objects to establish connections between different items and their corresponding nouns.In such scenarios, a new multimedia video would be initiated, incorporating sign language and offering examples of the objects collectively.Single microchip tags could also be affixed to the same thing, forming an RFID grid.As an illustration, the reader might scan a doll with tags on various body parts to trigger informative videos.This approach allows children to learn to distinguish different body parts.The  (Giannakas et al., 2023).Abbreviations: AR, augmented reality; IP, internet protocol; RFID, radio-frequency identification.

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technology allows children to engage in experiential learning at zoos or farms using tag readers and monitoring stations.
The RFID server retrieves information about the scanned object, triggering the playback of a multimedia video.Augmented reality (AR) merges real-world and computer-generated environments.A computer program recognizes AR objects and their tag IDs, allowing it to display them on the screen, play real-time audio files, and incorporate AR tags into picture cards, creating a virtual sound with real imagery (Chien-Yu et al., 2010).This method aids children with sensory or cognitive challenges in understanding typical everyday sounds.Furthermore, it facilitates the learning of different materials by visually impaired children by combining tactile sensations with audio descriptions, allowing them to explore various materials through their sense of touch (Chien-Yu et al., 2010;Ivanov, 2010).Research on young children with physical disabilities demonstrates AR as an efficient assistive technology, engaging them in interactive experiences with plant elements (Richard et al., 2007).The interactive setup involves children manipulating an object using an AR system, using visual, auditory, and olfactory cues to guide them in placing it correctly, using visual, auditory, and olfactory cues.Moreover, RFID technology is crucial for children with visual impairments in helping them locate specific books.These books can then be "read" to them using a text-to-speech module available at a monitoring station.Ongoing research on using RFIDembedded storybooks in educational contexts with deaf children is explored in greater detail in the work of Parton and Hancock (2011).Whenever deaf children scan the tags on the book's pages, a computer is triggered to play videos presenting a story in ASL.The research involving a prototype of this system yielded highly successful results, garnering overwhelmingly positive feedback from both teachers and the deaf students involved.

ADVANTAGES OF IOT FOR INDIVIDUALS WITH DISABILITIES
The IoT significantly benefits individuals with disabilities, enhancing mobility, communication, and functionality.Smart home systems and customized assistive devices improve the quality of life, enhancing independence (Shahrestani, 2017;Mohammed et al., 2020).IoT devices are revolutionizing health monitoring, navigation, education, and employment, promoting accessibility, customization, and social inclusion, and improving independence and quality of life for disabled individuals (Farahani et al., 2020;Abdelwahab et al., 2024).Creating inclusive environments that foster the participation and inclusion of individuals with disabilities in various aspects of life, including social, economic, political, and cultural domains, is a priority (Chadha et al., 2021;World Health Organization, 2022).The IoT significantly enhances inclusive environments for individuals with disabilities by improving access to buildings, transportation, information, and communication and enhancing independence and self-assurance (Lanigan et al., 2006;Ripat and Woodgate, 2011).IoT integration in shopping and smart homes fosters independence, reducing caregiver assistance and empowering individuals with disabilities.Home automation manages routine tasks, reducing caregiver assistance.IoT-facilitated interactive play environments benefit children with sensory or cognitive disabilities, enhancing their learning experiences, language acquisition, social skills, and self-esteem (Hengeveld et al., 2009;Hussien et al., 2020).
Additionally, these interactive IoT systems are designed to accommodate the individualized learning paces of these children.For instance, for deaf children with hearing parents unfamiliar with ASL, these systems provide additional exposure to facilitate their language acquisition process (Parton et al., 2009).Utilizing IoT-based interactive systems, these children can extend their learning experiences beyond the classroom, allowing them to revisit and reinforce challenging vocabulary until they fully comprehend and commit it to memory.This innovative and engaging approach to learning significantly enhances accessibility.It reduces learning barriers, which is particularly significant given the strong connection between early exposure to signed language and later academic achievement in deaf children (Parton et al., 2009).

CHALLENGES IN RESEARCH
The research challenges in implementing IoT for individuals with disabilities include customizing solutions, implementing intelligent workflows, and leveraging context-aware IoTdriven processes to make contextually informed decisions; despite the unique needs of this user group (Wieland et al., 2008), these workflows transform low-level contextual data into high-level business insights.Developers often employ business process modeling tools to define tasks within these intelligent workflows.Another notable framework, Presto, adopts a model-based approach (Giner et al., 2010) to capture the interactions between physical entities and their digital counterparts.The Presto architecture addresses the challenge of balancing the customization needs of individuals with disabilities while optimizing efficiency and usability in IoT-driven workflows.By enabling users to interact with the physical world, the system presents services based on their role and current tasks.This allows users to be steered through workflows tailored to their needs, such as library patrons using pathological demand avoidance (PDAs).The system also accommodates disabled users by automatically detecting returned books using RFID technology.The guidance for IoT solutions for individuals with disabilities includes providing visual or auditory information directions and facilitating access to amenities.However, self-management is a significant challenge, requiring self-configuration, self-healing, self-optimization, and self-protection to ensure an inclusive experience (Haller et al., 2009).Self-configuration and self-healing are key aspects of IoT technology, ensuring they adapt to different scenarios and requirements.Selfoptimization focuses on automated monitoring and resource management, providing peak performance.Self-protection involves proactive identification and safeguarding of IoT systems, mitigating security threats.Self-healing is crucial for individuals with disabilities, as disruptions can impact Journal of Disability Research 2024 daily lives.Research in IoT for disabled individuals faces various challenges such as customization, personalization, and accessibility standards.Developing flexible devices and interfaces and creating comprehensive guidelines are essential for ensuring usability and inclusivity.Integrating user-centered design principles, seamless interoperability, robust security measures, energy efficiency, affordability, and ethical considerations are crucial for the full potential of IoT technologies.These include involving people with disabilities in the design process, addressing privacy and security issues, focusing on energy-efficient designs, reducing production costs, providing adequate training, examining ethical frameworks, and staying updated on evolving regulations.These efforts are essential for fostering independence, inclusion, and accessibility in the lives of individuals with disabilities.Table 2 shows the advantages and disadvantages of the IoT.

CONCLUSION
This paper delves into the transformative potential of the IoT for individuals with disabilities, illuminating its capacity to foster enhanced independence and inclusivity.It meticulously examines the landscape of IoT applications tailored to meet the diverse needs of individuals with disabilities, from smart assistive devices to adaptive home automation systems.Furthermore, the paper navigates through the ongoing research challenges within this domain, meticulously addressing critical areas such as accessibility standards, user-centered design principles, technical barriers, affordability constraints, proper training, and ethical considerations surrounding data privacy and security.By spotlighting these challenges, the paper underscores the need for collaborative efforts among researchers, policymakers, and stakeholders to navigate and mitigate these complexities effectively.Despite the multifaceted hurdles, the paper remains optimistic, envisioning a promising future where IoT technologies seamlessly empower individuals with disabilities, fostering a more accessible and equitable world for all.

Advantages of IoT
Disadvantages of IoT Enhanced connectivity: IoT enables seamless connectivity between devices, allowing for efficient data exchange and communication.
Security Concerns: IoT devices are vulnerable to cybersecurity threats, posing risks to privacy, data integrity, and system security.Improved efficiency: IoT enhances operational efficiency by automating processes, optimizing resource utilization, and enabling real-time monitoring and control.
Complexity and interoperability issues: Managing diverse IoT devices and platforms can be complex, leading to interoperability and integration issues.Cost savings: IoT technologies help organizations reduce costs through predictive maintenance, energy optimization, and streamlined operations.
Privacy Risks: IoT devices collect vast amounts of personal data, raising concerns about privacy infringement, data misuse, and unauthorized access.Enhanced decision-making: IoT generates valuable insights through data analytics, enabling informed decision-making, predictive analytics, and trend analysis.
Limited standards and regulations: The absence of standardized protocols and regulations for IoT devices hinders interoperability, security, and compliance.Remote monitoring and control: IoT enables remote monitoring and control of devices and systems, facilitating remote diagnostics, troubleshooting, and management.
Data overload and management: The proliferation of IoT devices generates massive volumes of data, posing challenges in data storage, processing, and analysis.Innovation and business opportunities: IoT drives innovation and creates new business opportunities across industries, fostering product innovation, market expansion, and revenue growth.
Reliability and stability: IoT systems may encounter reliability issues, downtime, and performance bottlenecks, impacting service availability and user experience.
Abbreviation: IoT, Internet of Things.

Figure 3 :
Figure 3: The IoT architecture proposed is analyzed from a technical standpoint.Abbreviations: BION, (wilfred ruprecht Bion) was an influential English psychoanalyst; IoT, Internet of Things; RFID, radio-frequency identification; PC, personal computer; WCDMA, wideband code division multiple access; WiMAX, worldwide interoperability for microwave access.

Table 1 :
The applications of the IoT.

applications for people with disability Description Smart
wearable devices Wearable devices equipped with sensors and assistive technologies for individuals with disabilities, such as smartwatches with health-monitoring features or navigation aids for the visually impaired.

Table 2 :
The advantages and disadvantages of the IoT.