The Communication Infrastructures of Living Systems and the Universe: Analysis from the Perspective of Antenna Theory

It is still unknown how molecules coordinate their activity and operate at high speeds in the crowded environment of a cell. The study focuses on the geometry of biomolecules, assuming B-DNA, α-helix, β-strand, water molecules, and chemical bonds, including hydrogen bonds, as various types of antennas. The analysis demonstrates that living systems have highly sophisticated wireless and wired communication infrastructures for regulating and coordinating molecular activities, revealing why water is essential for molecular dynamics and indicating how we evolved. The study also includes a few equations linking antenna fields with Einstein’s general relativity, Kepler’s law of planetary motion, and Newton’s law of gravitation, which divides the gravitational field into antenna field zones and clarifies many astronomical facts. The findings, furthermore, suggest that the gravitational field is the antenna field of astronomical objects; and that nature's antennas, such as molecules and astronomical objects, communicate via gravitational waves. We hope that the study, which uses a classical approach to explain the facts of living systems and the Universe, will find applications in biology, astronomy, communication engineering, and other areas of science.

The mystery of how molecules communicate to keep living systems running remains unsolved. The conventional and widely accepted theory that has described molecular communication via both the chemical and physical contact modes has generated enormous biological facts that help build up modern biology with immense success. However, the question of how molecules coordinate at high speeds inside cells remains unanswered. (1,2) Furthermore, little is known about how a molecule searches for other molecules in a crowded cell environment for contact mode communication. (3,4) Over the years, various hypotheses for high-speed communication and how molecule searches for another inside a cell have been discussed in the literature, including electromagnetic communication, vibrational resonance, and diffusion theory. (5)(6)(7)(8)(9) However, these hypotheses have been unsuccessful in explaining the wellknown biological facts and clarifying the incompatibility of electromagnetic radiation and vibrational resonance with living systems. (10,11) As a result, the puzzle remains open for solutions that will explain high-speed communication and coordination within a cell remaining consistent and compatible with biological facts.
One of the most remarkable technological achievements of the last century has been communication engineering. Antennas, which are various geometries of conductors, are critical in communication engineering because they enable contactless (wireless) communication by transmitting and receiving signals. Biomacromolecules such as DNA and proteins are conductive in living systems and exist in various geometries similar to antennas. (12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18) Because of the similarities between biomacromolecules and antennas, we assumed that biomacromolecules act as antennas and facilitate high-speed wireless communication in crowded cell environments. Therefore, in this study, we emphasized the significance of biomolecular geometry and investigated them from the perspective of antenna theory to explore the possibility of wireless communication in living systems.
The manuscript is divided into four parts. The first part will explain the communication in living systems considering biomolecules as antennas. Part two will describe how communication works in the Universe and why wireless communication in living systems is compatible. After discussing its limitations and implications, we will summarise and conclude the study in the third and fourth parts.

Communication infrastructures of living systems
Part 1 has four sections. In section one, we assumed that B-DNA and α-helix operate as helical antennas and each nucleotide and amino acid are the segments of the helical antennas. (19) (20) We considered only the B-DNA and α-helix for the study, as they are the most commonly observed helical structures of the genomes and proteins under physiologic conditions. Section two explains the significance of a βstrand as zigzag and Vee-antenna. Section three will show that cytoskeletons operate as transmission lines inside a cell. Furthermore, the section will describe histones and spermidines from the antenna theory perspective. Section four will describe water molecules as Vee-antennas and demonstrate that chemical bonds operate as dipole antennas and communicate with the biomacromolecules.

Role of B-DNA and α-helix
In a crowded environment, B-DNA and α-helix as helical antennas provide numerous advantages.
Helical antennas can track and monitor activity efficiently by emitting a directive signal (for point-topoint communication) in axial mode and an omnidirectional signal (for broad coverage) in normal mode. Furthermore, helical antennas transmit information using circularly polarised waves that increase the likelihood of establishing a reliable connection in a crowded environment. However, in order to receive a circularly polarised wave, the handedness of the receiving antenna must be the same as that of the transmitting antenna; otherwise, the receiving side will suffer a significant loss of gain. The need for similar-handed structures for efficient communication explains why the B-DNA, the α-helix, and the twisting of β-strands are identical right-handed structures.
B-DNA, as bifilar helical antenna, has advantages over α-helix, the monofilar helical antenna. A bifilar helical antenna has a broader bandwidth and higher gain, does not need a ground, monitors multiple signals more efficiently, and functions as a highly efficient transceiver system. (21,22) As a result, these additional characteristics suggest that B-DNA functions as an efficient base station or regulator of cellular activities. Furthermore, it appears that the nucleus of a cell rotates, orients, and constantly changes position so that DNA can coordinate and control multiple cellular activities simultaneously. (23)

Antenna parameters of B-DNA and α-helix
It is difficult to assess biomacromolecules' structural parameters accurately due to conformational change. As a result, we calculated the antenna parameters of B-DNA and α-helix using only the dimensions that have been widely reported in the literature. (Table 1 However, in order to function as a small helical antenna, the wavelength of the receiving signal must be at least ten times greater than the wire length. This can be accomplished by using a normal mode helical antenna with a higher axial ratio or by incorporating another antenna, which transmits a signal with a longer wavelength. Indeed, the need for a longer wavelength so that DNA can also work as a

The game of numbers between the helical antennas
While going through the structural parameters of helical antennas, we noticed simple relationships between the structures, such as the radius of B-DNA (10 Å) is equal to the sum of the pitch (5.4 Å) and the diameter (4.6 Å) of α-helix. Furthermore, the sum of B-DNA's pitch (34 Å) and diameter (20 Å) is ten times the pitch (5.4 Å) of α-helix.
As our interest in numbers grew, we began to look into the relationships between the antenna parameters. Considering two numbers equal when the percentage difference is less than 1%, we observe a relationship between two antenna parameters in ratios involving integers and π ( Table 2). The percentage difference between the two numbers was calculated using the following formula: Notably, we took the antenna parameters down to five decimal places in the angstrom unit for the percentage difference calculations.
These ratios are significant in the context of dipole antennas. A half-wave dipole antenna has a physical length to wavelength ratio of 1:2. Furthermore, for a half-wave dipole antenna, the effective length to physical length ratio is 2: π, and the ratio between the effective length to wavelength is 1: π. The effective length measures antenna efficiency in transmitting and receiving waves. For example, suppose the antenna's length equals the effective length of a wavelength. In that case, it means that the antenna transmits or receives that particular wavelength with the least power loss and that the antenna is highly efficient for the wavelength.
From various perspectives, many interpretations and explanations of a single ratio or combination of multiple ratios are possible.

Simulation of B-DNA and α-helix
We simulated the helical antennas to understand the radiation characteristics. The single turn of B-DNA was designed in AutoCAD 2021, while the single turn of α-helix was designed in ANSYS Electromagnetics Suite 18.1. On ANSYS HFSS, the following simulation settings were used: all structures had a radius of 0.2 Å, the material was 'perfect conductor,' the excitation was 'lumped port,' an 'air box' was created at λ/4 distance from the surface of the structures, and the Perfectly Matched Layer (PML) was used as a radiation boundary for all wavelengths. The following was the setup for illustrating the far-field radiation pattern: Theta sweep was from -180° to +180°, and Phi sweep was from 0° to 360° with a step size of one.
B-DNA emits an omnidirectional 3D radiation pattern at all wavelengths up to 122.64 Å. At and above 174.17 Å, the 3D radiation patterns are directional, which justifies the higher gain in those wavelengths (Table 3). The highest gain is measured at 232.23 Å (6.11 dB), followed by 174.17 Å (4.47 dB) and The cardioid pattern represents wideband, unidirectional radiation with a high front-to-back ratio, which results in improved performance in a multipath environment. Furthermore, a loop-dipole radar system also uses a cardioid radiation pattern to determine direction. As a result, it is possible that biomacromolecular helical antennas, which are also loop-dipole systems, use cardioid radiations to determine the direction and control cellular activities in a crowded intracellular environment.
High-gain antennas provide more precise signal targeting and are critical for long-range wireless communication. Increasing the number of turns and arranging the helices in different geometries are two common ways helical antennas achieve higher gain. The average number of turns in α-helix is three; longer helices with more turns are present in super secondary motifs such as coiled-coil structures.
(31) As a result, these coiled-coiled structures perhaps have increased sensitivity and range extension due to their higher gain. Furthermore, the α-helices arrange themselves in variously patterned designs such as spirals, sheets, and rings in proteins. For example, in the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, αhelices are present in hexagonal and triangular patterns ( Figure 1C-D). As a result, it appears that αhelices replaced dipole rod antennas in living systems, resulting in a diverse range of antenna systems for various biological functions.
Tapering the ends of helical antennas is another way to increase their gain. (32) Therefore, it appears that 310 helices, another common helical secondary structure of proteins present at the N and C termini of α-helices and have a smaller diameter than α-helix, create a smaller diameter tapering ends and increases gain. Interestingly, another helical secondary structure, the π-helix, is generally present in functionally important sites of proteins between the α-helix chains and causes the α-helical structure to have a non-uniform diameter. Indeed, helical antennas with non-uniform diameters increase antenna bandwidth, justifying the presence of π-helices in functional sites. (33) Therefore, from the perspective of antenna theory, the α-helices also have the necessary modifications with improved properties for various biological functions.

Role of β-Strand
The β-strand, which has a zigzag-like protein backbone, is another crucial and abundant secondary structure of proteins. The pitch of a β-strand is usually 7 Å, and the angle between the zigzag arms is 109.5° due to the tetrahedral chemical bonding of the Cα atom.
We assumed that the β-strand acts as a zigzag antenna, with each unit, also functioning as a Vee-antenna ( Figure 1E). Interestingly, the antenna parameters of the β-strand show a striking resemblance to antenna parameters of α-helix (Table 4) However, as a single strand is not favorable energetically, two or multiple strands self-assemble to form complex structures. Interestingly, if we replace β-strands with the dipole rod antennas, all the selfassembled structures of β-strands also resemble different types of existing antennas and antenna arrays.
The antiparallel β-pleated sheet, for example, resembles a sectoral horn antenna, twisting between consecutive strands resembles a bowtie antenna, and β-barrels look like barrel antennas. To further investigate, we calculated the wavelengths of the antiparallel β-pleated sheet structure as horn antenna using the aperture width and slant height as 7 Å and 4.29 Å, respectively (SI Eq. 1.4). Surprisingly, the wavelengths relate to the helical antenna parameters. The E-field wavelength is 5.72 Å, which is nearly 1/4 of effective length (11.37 Å) of wavelength 71.44 Å, and the H-field wavelength is 3.81 Å, which is almost 1/4 of the wirelength of α-helix (15.43 Å) or 4 times the wavelength of water (0.95 Å).
It is difficult to know exactly the dimensions of these self-assembled structures, as not only do the arm's length and angle vary, but the gap between the strands also varies with the oscillation of proteins.
However, in the case of an antiparallel β-pleated sheet, if the interstrand gap is 3.5 Å, as observed in silk and β-keratin, the structure displays some interesting game of numbers ( Figure 1F). In the case of Moreover, it seems that the aperture of a single unit of an antiparallel β-pleated sheet represents a twosegment aperture, with each segment having a width of 3.5 Å. Such segmented aperture antennas are usually for multiple beam formations to track the target. Notably, the zigzag and Vee antennas also have the beam-forming ability, and antiparallel β-pleated sheets are present in those proteins, namely receptors and enzymes that require the precise direction-finding ability to operate.
Based on the preceding discussions, it is clear that all the biomacromolecular antennas (β-strand, αhelix, and B-DNA) formed complex geometries to communicate efficiently with one another.
Furthermore, it appears that wireless communication is required for any biomolecular activity. This is why losing the unique geometry results in losing molecular functions. Understanding how different geometries of biomacromolecular antennas operate and coordinate could reveal vital insights into the communication networks of living systems. In physiological conditions, the main chain of proteins perhaps carries a signal unidirectionally from N-terminal (amine as electron donor group) to C-terminal (carboxyl as electron withdrawal group) because of the field gradient. (42) Although more study is required to understand the directional conductivity and electronic behaviors of proteins and amino acids, this directional conductivity signifies the differential distribution of N and C terminals of proteins across organelles and cell membranes. (43) The directional conductivity along the protein chains also highlights the parallel and antiparallel arrangement of chains in β-sheets, α-helices in the coiled-coil structures, and other transmission lines of a cell.

Intermediate filaments
Intermediate filaments (IF) are primarily composed of different proteins in various cells ( Figure 4C). Microtubule-organizing centers such as the basal bodies, centrosomes, and spindle pole bodies, besides serving as microtubule nucleation sites, possibly also serve as special waveguide components such as couplers, dividers, and multiplexers. (46) The basal body of the ciliary-flagellar system, for example, resembles a rotating joint coupler between the intracellular microtubular waveguide and the extracellular ciliary-flagellar waveguide system. This allows the extracellular and intracellular waveguides to move independently, resulting in stable back-and-forth communication between the internal and external environments. Furthermore, tubulin proteins, via their α-helices and β-strands, perhaps act as couplers between the intra-waveguide propagating and extra-waveguide signals. (47,48) This also explains how cilia and flagella-bearing cells and microorganisms sense their surroundings and transmit signals within. Moreover, it appears that the microtubules are the most critical transmission lines for communication. Therefore, any damage or loss of activity leads to cell death or apoptosis.
Although the cytoskeletons, as advanced transmission lines, justify many biological facts within a cell, a more in-depth investigation on how these transmission lines of the living systems operate is essential to understand the physiology of cells.

Role of Histones and spermidines
Histones are a family of basic proteins that helps Interestingly, the toroidal DNA-protamine complex replaces the solenoidal DNA-histone complex in the mature sperms of a few species, including Homo sapiens. Indeed, the toroidal shape has benefits over the solenoidal shape in the compact environment found inside sperm heads. A toroidal shape generates a confined magnetic field, is less susceptible to interference, has wider bandwidth, and is a better candidate than a solenoidal structure inside any compact environment. This justifies why spermidine replaced histones for the compaction of DNA inside the sperm heads.

Role of water molecules and hydrogen bonds
Water, another biomolecule, is essential for the survival of living systems. Although water is vital for molecular interactions, we still know little about how water works in biomolecule dynamics. (52,53) To understand the role of a water molecule in molecular communication, we explored the properties of water molecules as Vee-antennas ( Figure 5A) We compared the antenna parameters of a water molecule with the antenna parameters of B-DNA, αhelix, and β-strand to determine whether a water molecule also communicates with biomacromolecules.
Surprisingly, even the antenna parameters of water molecules relate to biomacromolecules' antenna parameters ( Table 5) Water produces a maximum gain in the simulation study of all the discussed biomolecules (Table 3). Therefore, as an essential part of the communication network, water molecules and hydrogen bonds play a vital role in the structure and stability of biomacromolecules, serve as biological coordinate systems, and assist in navigation and transmitting information.

Role of chemical bonds
Taking We have shown that biomacromolecules, water molecules, and even chemical bonds have communication ability or communicate among themselves. However, the ability to communicate necessitates processors and circuitry to interpret and respond to signals. Although the location of processors and circuitries is unknown, the fact that a chemical bond can operate as an antenna and communicate suggests that atoms have processors and circuitries for understanding and responding to signals. We still do not understand how an atom, composed of several subatomic particles, interprets and reacts to the information it receives; but, if we define the ability to sense, comprehend and respond to signals as "consciousness," the results show that "consciousness" occurs at the atomic level. (71)(72)(73) Because consciousness requires direction-finding ability and memory, the findings indicate that atoms also have these characteristics. (74) We have seen that chemical bonds operate like small dipole antennas or Hertzian dipole antennas to biomacromolecules. However, because chemical bonds formed first and then biomacromolecules, it appears that the biomacromolecules were designed with the antenna parameters of the chemical bonds in mind. Interestingly, although the lengths of carbon atom bonds with bioatoms vary across biomolecules, the bond length of the carbon atom to other elements on the periodic table stays constant. It is difficult to say whether atoms had a priori knowledge of creating a living system. However, given the complex and sequentially upgraded communication infrastructures that have evolved in living systems, it seems that the evolution did not occur as randomly as previously postulated. (76) Instead, the consciousness-mediated adaptive evolution appears to be systematically experimental to achieve that goal, with features of innovation, invention, and creativity. (77) Perhaps these experiments gave rise to biodiversity on Earth; at the same time, natural selection, or the ability to sense, adapt, integrate, and communicate with one's surroundings, determined the outcome or success of the experiments. (78) We believe the 1% difference between the numbers is acceptable because biomolecules are structurally dynamic, and the antennas they represent are broadband antennas. Furthermore, a half-wave dipole antenna's physical length may not be precisely half of the wavelength due to the end effect. In a few relationships, notably the average bond length of C-N, S-S, and wavelength 0.95 Å of a water molecule, the mismatch percentage exceeds 1%. This is also reasonable because other biomolecular antennas, such as A-DNA, Z-DNA, and π-helix, may accurately match these interlinked antenna parameters.
Perhaps, network optimization with all the parameters will give more relevant and accurate information about the communication architecture and dimensions of the biomolecules.
Therefore, part 1 of our manuscript demonstrates that living systems have advanced wireless and wired communication infrastructures consistent with biological facts. However, antennas transmit and receive electromagnetic radiation, and the calculated wavelengths of the antennas fall in the X-Ray and deep-UV spectrums. As a result, it is improbable that biomolecules communicate with one another via these highly energetic and potentially harmful electromagnetic radiations. Because compatibility of the communication infrastructures in living systems is critical for this work, the next part is devoted to resolving the issue.

Communication infrastructures of the Universe
We know that living systems can adapt, integrate, and communicate with one another and their surroundings by using different waves such as sound waves and electromagnetic radiation. This piqued our interest in the biological implications of the recently discovered gravitational waves, also known as ripples in the space-time fabric. We thought why space-time fabric, which exists everywhere in the Universe, could not exist within living systems. According to Balanis, "electric charges are required to excite the fields but are not needed to sustain them and may exist in their absence." (79). After noticing that the antenna field can exist without electromagnetic radiation, we explored the links between the antenna field and the gravitational field.

Antenna aperture and general relativity
We assumed the magnetic dipole of an astronomical object as a magnetic dipole antenna, and devised the following equation linking the reactive near field radius of dipole antennas and Schwarzschild radius of Einstein's general theory of relativity. To develop the equation, we assumed that the Schwarzschild radius, or event horizon radius, represents the radius of the circular effective aperture of a magnetic dipole antenna. When the aperture serves as receiving system, the field propagates inward at the speed of light towards the antenna system, implying that the escape velocity must be greater than the speed of light to escape from the aperture. This is also a characteristic of the event horizon. The analogy between the event horizon and the aperture justifies the Schwarzschild radius as the aperture radius. Therefore, the equation indicates that the Schwarzschild radius of the astronomical object is the operating wavelength of the magnetic dipole antenna, which determines the ReNFR of the astronomical object.  (Table 8). Notably, the Sun's ReNFR, or the outer boundary of Sun's reactive near field zone (ReNFZ), lies between Mars and Jupiter (≈ 4 AU), just outside the asteroid belt. Then, using the following formula, we calculated the radiating far-field boundary of the solar system to establish the solar system's antenna field zones.

( ) ≥ (2.2)
The result reveals that the RaFFZ (Fraunhofer's zone) begins around 8759 AU, located in the Oort cloud region, more specifically in the inner Oort cloud region or Hills cloud region. We can deduce from the results that the zone between the ReNFR (3.95 AU) and the RaFFZ (8759 AU) is the solar system's radiating near field zone (RaNFZ) or Fresnel zone. Interestingly, the four planets inside the ReNFR (Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars) are smaller, non-volatile, and rocky. In contrast, the four planets inside the RaNFZ (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) are larger and gaseous. It appears that the rocky planets require the ReNFZ characteristics to form higher molecular weight elements.
Furthermore, the planets of the RaNFZ also have ring systems implying that there could be a link between the RaNFZ's characteristics and the planets' ring development.
Following that, we used the planets' polar diameter as the length of the magnetic dipole antenna and their Schwarzschild radius as the operating wavelength to calculate the ReNFR of individual planets (Table 7). Intriguingly, the four planets inside the ReNFR of the Sun accumulated mass in quantity so that these planets' ReNFR is approximately half the Sun's ReNFR. Furthermore, the Earth's ReNFR is nearly equal to the diameter of its orbit, and the Earth has the lowest ReNFR of any planet. Compared to the planets within the Sun's ReNFZ, interestingly, the planets within the RaNFZ have a ReNFR greater than or nearly equal to the Sun's ReNFR. The most surprising aspect of the data is the ReNFR of Saturn, which is almost 30% higher than the ReNFR of the Sun. Importantly, Saturn has the most prominent ring system among the planets, implying a link between the ReNFR and the planets' ring systems.
Additionally, we modified equation 2.1 to include Newton's law of gravitation in the equation.

Antenna gain and general relativity
After observing that many solar system features, such as the structural arrangement, can be explained using the equation, we started exploring the other implications of the equations. As the gain of a dipole antenna varies exponentially with the wavelength, we varied the wavelength in multiples of 10 (Table   8) The observation suggests that the lower wavelength than the Schwarzschild radius or higher gain indicates towards the features of the radiative zone, whereas, higher wavelength than the Schwarzschild radius or lower gain points towards the characteristics of the reactive zone. From the perspective of an aperture of an antenna, this is also a characteristic of a parabolic antenna system where wavelength should be less than aperture to have a radiative field, and if the wavelength is more than the aperture, the field is restricted within the ReNFR. Therefore, the event horizon of the Schwarzschild metric is the effective aperture of a parabolic antenna, the curved space-time within the event horizon represents the curvature of the parabolic antenna, and the singularity is the vertex of the parabolic antenna.
Furthermore, while the receiver antennas represent black holes, the transmitter antennas are white holes, and the transceiver antennas have the features of both black holes and white holes.
As transmission and reception functions are typically co-located in antennas, transceiver systems are supposed to be more prevalent in the Universe than either the receiver or the transmitter system alone.
Therefore, it appears that polar emissions such as galactic jets, stellar jets, or emissions from pulsars, Saturn, and Jupiter are transmissions from the astronomical objects' apertures. (83) Furthermore, Perhaps, astronomical objects use the aperture transmissions to communicate with other astronomical objects. This could be the reason why Jupiter's polar decametric radio bursts correlate with the Io's (Jupiter's moon) orbital period. (84,85) Additionally, as the decametric radio bursts are of higher wavelengths than the Schwarzschild radius of Jupiter (2.82 m), it supports our observation that emission with a wavelength greater than the λ s is needed to communicate with objects in the reactive field and emission with a wavelength less than the λ s is required to communicate with objects in the radiative field. Moreover, the modulation of the emissions observed in the Universe also indicates that the emissions are probably for communication purposes.
We have shown how the Schwarzschild metric's event horizon representing the effective aperture explains many features of the Universe and solar system. In addition to the event horizon, another exciting feature of the Schwarzschild metric is the photon sphere. (86) Interestingly, the photon sphere, whose radius is 1.5 times Schwarzschild's radius and represents the lower bound for any stable orbit of non-rotating black holes, also has an analogy in the antenna theory. If the aperture radius is 1.5 times the wavelength, the new aperture represents a constant field circular radius where the field pattern is symmetrical. (79) Therefore, the photon sphere represents the parabolic antenna system's constant field aperture or physical aperture. To understand the effect of the physical aperture of the Sun over the solar system, we calculated the ReNFR of the Sun using the operating wavelength as 1.5 x λ s (≈4430 m) ( x λ s as wavelength, the far-field of the Sun begins at ≈5839 AU, at the start of the Inner Oort Cloud. Therefore, it appears that the asteroid belt, Kuiper's belt, heliosphere, Oort cloud resulted from the aperture edge's diffraction effect (scattering), and this scattering from the edge of the antenna is the cause of the numerous small astronomical bodies and turbulence in those zones. Moreover, it also appears that the backward scattering formed the asteroid belt, whereas forward scattering formed the Kuiper's belt and Oort cloud. This indicates that the Sun most likely acts as a magneto-electric dipole antenna rather than acting only as a magnetic dipole antenna. Perhaps the magnetic dipole effect, which is proportionally greater than the electric dipole effect, produces unbalanced dipoles that cause the backscattering and the forward scattering. (88)(89)(90) The presence of both a magnetic dipole and an electric dipole in the Sun implies that it operates not only in TE mode but also in TM mode. Antennas that operate in both TE and TM modes simultaneously have higher bandwidth. (91) Importantly, spiral antennas that are geometrically comparable to spiral galaxies, the most prevalent type of galaxies, also operate in TE and TM modes.
Until now, we have mainly discussed the Schwarzschild metric of the Einstein field equation, which is for the stationary or non-revolving black holes. However, a revolving black hole follows Kerr's metric system, where the aperture or ergosphere is elliptical. Because astronomical objects are also revolving, the aperture for astronomical objects would be elliptical. The elliptic aperture has advantages over the circular aperture, mainly when the feed is not symmetric. The elliptic aperture produces a more concentrated beam at the focal point and indicates that the underlying magnetic dipole is also elliptical, giving it a wider bandwidth. Notably, because the minor diameter of an elliptical aperture determines the resonant wavelength of the dipole, the equations will not change, as the minor diameter is also the Schwarzschild radius of Kerr's metric system. As a result, the elliptical reflections or elliptical modal expansions from these elliptical antennas most likely caused the ellipse-shaped planetary orbits.
From the above findings and discussions, it is clear that the aperture of the antenna, as described in general relativity, together with the magnetic dipole antenna of astronomical objects, plays a vital role in determining the structural arrangements and emissions in the Universe. Furthermore, it also appeared that the solar system is a model example of an inductively coupled near field communication device with features of capacitive and scattering coupling.

Transmission lines of the Universe and Antenna optimization
We will conceptually explain other facts of the Universe and astronomical objects from the perspective of antenna theory in this section.
According to antenna theory, magnetic dipole antennas primarily operate in the TE mode. The TE mode has the advantage of providing space with a higher impedance than the TM mode, which improves antenna performance, isolates antenna feeds from each other, and allows antennas to be located close together in a limited area. However, the TE mode requires a waveguide structure to propagate. As the strength of the magnetic field increases gradually towards the poles before decreasing again, the entire set will likely operate as a graded-index magnetic waveguide. (92,93) Therefore, as the waveguides of the planets appear to merge into a larger waveguide of a star, the waveguides of the stars would most likely integrate with the waveguide of a supermassive object at the galaxy's center. Following that, waveguides of supermassive objects would connect with a central waveguide of galaxies, forming the Universe's transmission line. As a result, it appears that the magnetic highways, filaments, laniakea, cosmic webs, and recently reported tunnel-like magnetic structures are all part of the same transmission line. (94) (95) One of the advantages of the space waveguide system is that it provides a channel for an offset feed system to the apertures or parabolic antennas of astronomical objects, which reduces crosspolarization and increases the antenna efficiency further.
The solar system waveguide appears to be an elliptically tapered horn antenna due to its field zones, with the apex of the horn at the Sun and the aperture ending at the beginning of RaFFZ. Interestingly, the flaring of the horn antenna follows an exponential curve for the solar system as the distance between different regions in the solar system varies as multiples of 10 (Mercury≈ 0.39 AU; ReNFR≈3.95 AU; Pluto≈39.5 AU). The advantage of exponential flaring is that it provides progressive impedance matching. However, the horn also has few transitions with sudden flarings, resulting in a hybrid constant directivity horn. One such transition occurs at the junction of ReNFZ and RaNFZ. The sudden transition from ReNFZ to RaNFZ inside the horn antenna resulted in the reflections that helped form the asteroid belt. As a result, it appears that the formation of the asteroid belt can be described in a variety of ways, and multiple interconnected mechanisms are at work in the formation of the scattering zones.
We observed that the planets within the ReNFZ operate in a single wavelength, whereas the planets within the RaNFZ operate in multiple wavelengths. It indicates that the ReNFZ operates like a singlemode system, whereas that RaNFZ operates like a multimode system. Therefore, within the multimodal waveguide, the dispersion of the operating wavelengths most likely formed the planetary ring systems. waves. As a result, it appears that the antenna field is the fundamental force of nature. Furthermore, because gravitational waves differ from electromagnetic radiation, the antenna field waves that nature's antennas use to communicate also exist without electromagnetic radiation.
The above findings indicate that the molecular antennas, macromolecular antennas, and living systems communicate, sense, coordinate and control their activities using antenna field waves or gravitational waves, just like astronomical antennas. This explains why wireless communication is compatible with molecules, cells, and living systems.

Limitations and implications of the study
While the results are exciting, the study has limitations and boundaries pertinent for discussion.
One significant limitation is our conclusion that consciousness or the complex circuitries of the antennas exist at the atomic level. We are still not sure where the consciousness exists; is it at the level of atoms as we have suggested or at the level of subatomic particles, or even down to the level of energy.
However, if the communication perspective holds, nature has a purpose and everything of nature, from the atoms to the Universe, is conscious. (111) In the equations that link the gravitational field with the antenna field, the 4π 2 has its importance because 4π 2 is the constant gain of astronomical antennas. It also appears in the denominators of the equations involving the gravitational constant and the Schwarzschild radius. Considering the significance of 4π 2 and the exponential relationship of wavelength with field distribution, the constant 0.62 of the ReNFR equation perhaps would be 0.628 or 2π/10. In that case, the more accurate modified equation will be It will change the calculated ReNFR slightly, but it will not affect the study's observations, discussion, and findings.
We observed that the dipoles and the resulting radiating fields are the common characteristics for all the structures, from chemical bonds to astronomical objects. Even water molecules, nucleic acids, amino acids, and secondary structures of proteins such as β-strands and α-helices all form dipoles. (112) Although we described the dipoles classically, the principle of quantum antennas may better explain the structures' antenna properties. (113) Many studies have already reported the quantum phenomena in biological processes such as photosynthesis reaction and direction-finding by migratory birds. (114) Further investigation of many other aspects of communication infrastructures from the quantum mechanics perspective would provide invaluable insight on the subject. Notably, because dipoles also exist in the subatomic particles, the study's findings suggest that antenna field, antenna field zones, and field waves exist at the subatomic level as well.
Another observation concerns the ratios of antenna parameters in living systems. Surprisingly, the ratios resemble the music interval ratios. The presence of harmonic series, standing waves, and a relationship with seven indicate that music mathematics is vital in coordinating processes within a cell. Moreover, multiples of 10 or the common logarithm and antenna gain appear important in the relationship of chemical bonds with macromolecular antennas, similar to the solar system. Perhaps, this is associated with logarithmic perception at the molecular level and field zone interaction during contact mode communication. (115) Therefore, more studies from various perspectives are required to understand what is happening at a living system's atomic and molecular levels.
Although more research is needed to understand the communication infrastructures of living systems and the Universe, the findings have implications in many scientific fields. It will be interesting to investigate the role of antenna field, antenna field waves, and antenna field zones at the molecular scale to understand molecules' various physicochemical properties and interactions. Perhaps that will also explain how enzymes, molecules' self-assembly, and hydrophobic interactions function within a cell.
Furthermore, applying knowledge from the astronomical scale to the atomic scale and vice versa will enhance our understanding at both levels.
There are numerous possibilities that the translation of this knowledge will allow us to explore new scientific arenas and develop technologies based on them. However, the study also warns that existing communication technologies may be interfering with nature's communication at all levels of the Earth, from living systems to the poles of the Earth, an issue that we must investigate and address thoughtfully. (116-118)

Conclusion
The study provides answers to many puzzles of biology and astronomy from the antenna theory perspective. The study signifies the molecular geometry in living systems, explains water's function, hints at how evolution occurred, and demonstrates how living systems perform high-speed coordinated actions and search out molecules in the crowded cell environment. In astronomy, the study links antenna field and gravitational field, which shows the antenna field can sustain the field waves separate from electromagnetic radiation, defines 'mass,' and explains the facts of the Universe, particularly the solar system.
Overall, the study questions the existence of 'randomness' in nature and suggests that the most efficient communication infrastructures exist within living systems and the Universe using the dipoles, the antenna fields, antenna field zones, and antenna field waves. We hope the study will help us understand our mother nature better than before and will aid in the development of new technologies for more harmonious and happier living.         Table 3 The maximum antenna gain of B-DNA, α-helix, water, and H-bonded water molecule as transceiver system.

Helical Antenna
The basic structure of a helix depends upon its diameter (D), Pitch (S), and the number of turns (N).

Axial mode wavelength
The axial mode wavelength of the helix is approximately equal to the circumference of the helix.
The circumference (C) of the helix is calculated as C = πD = Axial mode wavelength (1)

Normal mode wavelength
In the Normal mode, the circumference of the antenna is lesser than the wavelength. The radiation pattern is along the normal plane of the axis, and the maximum radiation occurs at that length where the wavelength of the helix is proportional to the length and nearly null at the axis. Axial Ratio (AR) is given by

Wirelength of antenna
Length (L) of each turn of the wire is given by

Wirelength of small helix antenna
Wirelength (W) of small helix is given by W = S + C (4)

Zig Zag Antenna
Zig-zag antenna is a type of traveling wave antenna.

Supplementary figure 1.3 Zig-zag antenna
The relationship between the arm length (2L) and the pitch angle (2α) of a zig-zag antenna is given by