‘Political conditionality’ and democratisation

Baylies, Carolyn

doi:10.1080/03056249508704143

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Review of African Political Economy

Volume 22, Issue 65

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‘Political conditionality’ and democratisation

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Author(s): Carolyn Baylies ^a

Publication date (Print): September 1995

Journal: Review of African Political Economy

Publisher: Review of African Political Economy

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Abstract

The use of aid to impose political conditions on recipient countries, to further democratic and government reforms or to punish non‐compliance with earlier demands, is a relatively new feature of the international aid regime. This article evaluates the proliferating donor and academic literature emerging on the subject. At the heart of discussion of democracy/ governance policies are debates about transformation of the state, its relationship to economic development and the decreasing extent to which considerations of sovereignty limit donor interventions. The author argues that, while political conditionalities may assist the development of democratic movements in Africa, there is an irony in that structural adjustment risks undermining the state reforms seen to be essential to them while, equally, democratisation may challenge the processes of economic restructuring being imposed.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (publisher-id): crea20

Journal ID (archive): CREA

Title: Review of African Political Economy

Publisher: Review of African Political Economy

ISSN (Print): 0305-6244

ISSN (Electronic): 1740-1720

Publication date (Print): September 1995

Volume: 22

Issue: 65

Pages: 321-337

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^a School of Sociology and Social Policy , University of Leeds , UK

Article

Publisher ID: 8704143 Coden ID: Review of African Political Economy, Vol. 22, No. 65, September 1995, pp. 321-337

DOI: 10.1080/03056249508704143

SO-VID: 712ca98c-1e41-4ef5-a111-1d0f9a8d0b6b

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All content is freely available without charge to users or their institutions. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission of the publisher or the author. Articles published in the journal are distributed under a http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

History

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Figures: 0, Tables: 0, References: 45, Pages: 17

Bibliograpy

Ake Claude. . 1991. . ‘Rethinking African Democracy,’. . Journal of Democracy . , Vol. 2((l)): 32––44. .
Archer Robert. . 1994. . “‘Markets and Good Government,’. ”. In Governance, Democracy and Conditionality: what role for NGOs? . , Edited by: Clayton A. . p. 7––34. . Oxford : : INTRAC. .
Bangura Yusuf. . 1992. . “‘Authoritarian Rule and Democracy in Africa’. ”. In Authoritarianism, Democracy and Adjustment, the Politics of Economic Reform in Africa . , Edited by: Gibbon P. . Uppsala : : The Scandinavian Institute of African Studies. .
Barya John‐Jean. . 1993. . “The New Political Conditionalities of Aid: an Independent View from Africa’. . IDS Bulletin . , Vol. 24((1)): 16––23. .
Bayart Jean‐Francois. . 1993. . The State in Africa, the Politics of the Belly . , London : : Longman. .
Berg‐Schlosser Dirk. . ‘Democratization in Africa ‐ Conditions and Prospects, first draft. In: . paper presented at ECPR Joint Sessions of Workshops, Workshop on Democratization in the Third World; . the Netherlands: : University of Leiden. .
Bratton Michael and Walle Nicolas van de. . May. 1993 . ‘Neopatrimonial Regimes and Political Transitions in Africa’ . , (Working Paper No. 1, Department of Political Science). May. , Michigan State University. .
Burnell Peter Burnell. . 1994. . ‘Good Government and Democratization: a sideways look at aid and political conditionality,’. . Democratization . , Vol. 1((3)): 485––503. .
Buijtenhuijs Rob and Rijnierse Elly. . 1993. . Democratization in Sub‐Saharan Africa,1989–1992 . , The Netherlands: : Leiden, African Studies Centre. .
Callaghy Thomas M. . 1990. . “‘Lost Between State and Market: the Politics of Economic Adjustment in Ghana, Zambia and Nigeria’. ”. In Economic Crisis and Policy Choice, the Politics of Adjustment in the Third World . , Edited by: Nelson Joan. . p. 257––319. . Princeton: Princeton University Press. .
Carothers Thomas. . 1995. . ‘Recent US Experience with Democracy Promotion’. . IDS Bulletin . , Vol. 26((2)): 62––69. .
Clayton Andrew. , ed. 1994. . Governance, Democracy and Conditionality: What Role for NGOs?’ . , Oxford : : INTRAC. .
Decalo Samuel. . 1992. . ‘The Process, Prospects and Constraints of Democratization in Africa’. . African Affairs . , Vol. 91:: 7––35. .
Edwards Michael. . 1994. . ‘International Non‐Governmental Organizations, “Good Government” and the “New Policy Agenda”: Lessons of Experience at the Programme Level’. . Democratization . , Vol. 1((3)): 504––515. .
Evans Peter. . 1992. . “‘The State as Problem and Solution: Predation, Embedded Autonomy, and Structural Change,’. ”. In The Politics of Economic Adjustment, International Constraints, Distributive Conflicts and the State . , Edited by: Haggard Stephan and Kaufman Robert R. . p. 139––181. . Princeton : : Princeton University Press. .
Gibbon Peter. . 1993. . “The World Bank and the New Politics of Aid’. ”. In Political Conditionality . , Edited by: Sorensen Georg. . p. 35––62. . London : : Frank Cass. .
Gibbon Peter, Bangura Yusuf and Ofstad Arve. , eds. Authoritarianism Democracy and Adjustment, the Politics of Economic Reform in Africa. In: . Seminar Proceedings No. 26; . Uppsala . . The Scandinavian Institute of African Studies. .
Gills Barry, Rocamora Joel and Wilson Richard. , eds. 1993. . Low Intensity Democracy, Political Power in the New World Order . , London : : Pluto Press. .
Healey John and Robinson Mark. . 1992. . Democracy, Governance and Economic Policy, sub‐Saharan Africa in Comparative Perspective . , London : : Overseas Development Institute. .
Husain Ishrat and Faruqee Rashid. , eds. 1994. . Adjustment in Africa, Lessons from Country Case Studies . , Washington , DC : : World Bank, Regional and Sectoral Studies. .
Kahler Miles. . 1990. . “‘Orthodoxy and its Alternatives: Explaining Approaches to Stabilization and Adjustment,’. ”. In Economic Crisis and Policy Choice, the Politics of Adjustment in the Third World . , Edited by: Nelson Joan. . p. 35––61. . Princeton : : Princeton University Press. .
Lancaster Carol. . 1991. . ‘Democracy in Africa’. . Foreign Policy . , Vol. 85((91–92)) Winter;: 148––165. .
1990. . “‘Governance in Africa: Should Foreign Aid be Linked to Political Reform’. ”. In African Governance in the 1990s: Objectives, Resources, and Constraints . , (Working Papers from the Second Annual Seminar of the African Governance Program, The Carter Center of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 23–25 March 1990).
Larsson Karl‐Anders. . 1994. . Structural Adjustment, Aid and Development . , Stockholm : : SIDA Information Secretariat. .
Leftwich Adrian. . 1994. . ‘Governance, the State and the Politics of Development’. . Development and Change . , Vol. 25:: 363––386. .
Moore Mick. . 1995. . ‘Promoting Good Government by Supporting Institutional Development’. . IDS Bulletin . , Vol. 26((2)): 89––96. .
ODA. . 1993. . “‘Taking Account of Good Government, Government and Institutions Department. ”.
Pinkney Robert. . 1993. . Democracy in the Third World . , Buckingham : : Open University Press. .
Robinson Mark. . 1993a. . “‘Aid, Democracy and Political Conditionality in Sub‐Saharan Africa’. ”. In Political Conditionality . , Edited by: Sorensen Georg. . p. 85––99. . London : : Frank Cass. .
1993. . ‘Will Political Conditionality Work’. . JDS Bulletin . , Vol. 24((1)): 58––66. .
1995. . 1995, Towards Democratic Governance. . IDS Bulletin . , Vol. 26((2))
1995b. . ‘Introduction’. . IDS Bulletin . , Vol. 26((2)): 1––8. .
1995c. . ‘Strengthening Civil Society in Africa: the role of foreign political aid’. . IDS Bulletin . , Vol. 26((2)): 70––80. .
Sandbrook Richard. . 1993. . The Politics of Africa's Economic Recovery . , London : : Cambridge UP. .
Schmitz G J and Gillies D. . 1992. . The Challenge of Democratic Development, Sustaining Democratization in Developing Societies . , Ottawa : : The North‐South Institute. .
Sorensen Georg. . 1993a. . Democracy and Democratization . , Boulder : : Westview Press. .
Sorensen Georg. , ed. 1993b. . Political Conditionality . , London : : Frank Cass. .
USAID. . November. 1991 . “‘Democracy and Governance’. ”. November. , Washington , DC :
USAID. . 1993. . Economic Reform in Africa's New Era of Political Liberalization. In: . proceedings of a workshop for SPA Donors; . April 14–15– 1993 ; , Washington , DC .
Uvin Peter. . 1993. . “‘“Do as I Say, Not as I Do”: the Limits of Political Conditionality’. ”. In Political Conditionality . , Edited by: Sorensen Georg. . p. 63––84. . London : : Frank Cass. .
Wade Robert. . 1990. . Governing the Market . , Princeton : : Princeton University Press. .
Wekkin Gary, Whistler D, Kelley M and Maggiotto M. . 1993. . Building Democracy in One‐Party Systems, Theoretical Problems and Cross‐Nation Experiences . , London : : Praeger. .
White Gordon. . 1995. . ‘Towards a Democratic Developmental State’. . IDS Bulletin . , Vol. 26((2)): 27––36. .
World Bank. . 1991. . “chapter on ‘Rethinking the State’. ”. In World Development Report . Washington , DC :
29 November. 1993 . “‘Governance: the World Bank's Experience’. ”. 29 November. , Washington , DC : : Operations Policy Department. .

Comments

Comment on this article

[1] Ake Claude. . 1991. . ‘Rethinking African Democracy,’. . Journal of Democracy . , Vol. 2((l)): 32––44. .

[2] Archer Robert. . 1994. . “‘Markets and Good Government,’. ”. In Governance, Democracy and Conditionality: what role for NGOs? . , Edited by: Clayton A. . p. 7––34. . Oxford : : INTRAC. .

[3] Bangura Yusuf. . 1992. . “‘Authoritarian Rule and Democracy in Africa’. ”. In Authoritarianism, Democracy and Adjustment, the Politics of Economic Reform in Africa . , Edited by: Gibbon P. . Uppsala : : The Scandinavian Institute of African Studies. .

[4] Barya John‐Jean. . 1993. . “The New Political Conditionalities of Aid: an Independent View from Africa’. . IDS Bulletin . , Vol. 24((1)): 16––23. .

[5] Bayart Jean‐Francois. . 1993. . The State in Africa, the Politics of the Belly . , London : : Longman. .

[6] Berg‐Schlosser Dirk. . ‘Democratization in Africa ‐ Conditions and Prospects, first draft. In: . paper presented at ECPR Joint Sessions of Workshops, Workshop on Democratization in the Third World; . the Netherlands: : University of Leiden. .

[7] Bratton Michael and Walle Nicolas van de. . May. 1993 . ‘Neopatrimonial Regimes and Political Transitions in Africa’ . , (Working Paper No. 1, Department of Political Science). May. , Michigan State University. .

[8] Burnell Peter Burnell. . 1994. . ‘Good Government and Democratization: a sideways look at aid and political conditionality,’. . Democratization . , Vol. 1((3)): 485––503. .

[9] Buijtenhuijs Rob and Rijnierse Elly. . 1993. . Democratization in Sub‐Saharan Africa,1989–1992 . , The Netherlands: : Leiden, African Studies Centre. .

[10] Callaghy Thomas M. . 1990. . “‘Lost Between State and Market: the Politics of Economic Adjustment in Ghana, Zambia and Nigeria’. ”. In Economic Crisis and Policy Choice, the Politics of Adjustment in the Third World . , Edited by: Nelson Joan. . p. 257––319. . Princeton: Princeton University Press. .

[11] Carothers Thomas. . 1995. . ‘Recent US Experience with Democracy Promotion’. . IDS Bulletin . , Vol. 26((2)): 62––69. .

[12] Clayton Andrew. , ed. 1994. . Governance, Democracy and Conditionality: What Role for NGOs?’ . , Oxford : : INTRAC. .

[13] Decalo Samuel. . 1992. . ‘The Process, Prospects and Constraints of Democratization in Africa’. . African Affairs . , Vol. 91:: 7––35. .

[14] Edwards Michael. . 1994. . ‘International Non‐Governmental Organizations, “Good Government” and the “New Policy Agenda”: Lessons of Experience at the Programme Level’. . Democratization . , Vol. 1((3)): 504––515. .

[15] Evans Peter. . 1992. . “‘The State as Problem and Solution: Predation, Embedded Autonomy, and Structural Change,’. ”. In The Politics of Economic Adjustment, International Constraints, Distributive Conflicts and the State . , Edited by: Haggard Stephan and Kaufman Robert R. . p. 139––181. . Princeton : : Princeton University Press. .

[16] Gibbon Peter. . 1993. . “The World Bank and the New Politics of Aid’. ”. In Political Conditionality . , Edited by: Sorensen Georg. . p. 35––62. . London : : Frank Cass. .

[17] Gibbon Peter, Bangura Yusuf and Ofstad Arve. , eds. Authoritarianism Democracy and Adjustment, the Politics of Economic Reform in Africa. In: . Seminar Proceedings No. 26; . Uppsala . . The Scandinavian Institute of African Studies. .

[18] Gills Barry, Rocamora Joel and Wilson Richard. , eds. 1993. . Low Intensity Democracy, Political Power in the New World Order . , London : : Pluto Press. .

[19] Healey John and Robinson Mark. . 1992. . Democracy, Governance and Economic Policy, sub‐Saharan Africa in Comparative Perspective . , London : : Overseas Development Institute. .

[20] Husain Ishrat and Faruqee Rashid. , eds. 1994. . Adjustment in Africa, Lessons from Country Case Studies . , Washington , DC : : World Bank, Regional and Sectoral Studies. .

[21] Kahler Miles. . 1990. . “‘Orthodoxy and its Alternatives: Explaining Approaches to Stabilization and Adjustment,’. ”. In Economic Crisis and Policy Choice, the Politics of Adjustment in the Third World . , Edited by: Nelson Joan. . p. 35––61. . Princeton : : Princeton University Press. .

[22] Lancaster Carol. . 1991. . ‘Democracy in Africa’. . Foreign Policy . , Vol. 85((91–92)) Winter;: 148––165. .

[23] 1990. . “‘Governance in Africa: Should Foreign Aid be Linked to Political Reform’. ”. In African Governance in the 1990s: Objectives, Resources, and Constraints . , (Working Papers from the Second Annual Seminar of the African Governance Program, The Carter Center of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 23–25 March 1990).

[24] Larsson Karl‐Anders. . 1994. . Structural Adjustment, Aid and Development . , Stockholm : : SIDA Information Secretariat. .

[25] Leftwich Adrian. . 1994. . ‘Governance, the State and the Politics of Development’. . Development and Change . , Vol. 25:: 363––386. .

[26] Moore Mick. . 1995. . ‘Promoting Good Government by Supporting Institutional Development’. . IDS Bulletin . , Vol. 26((2)): 89––96. .

[27] ODA. . 1993. . “‘Taking Account of Good Government, Government and Institutions Department. ”.

[28] Pinkney Robert. . 1993. . Democracy in the Third World . , Buckingham : : Open University Press. .

[29] Robinson Mark. . 1993a. . “‘Aid, Democracy and Political Conditionality in Sub‐Saharan Africa’. ”. In Political Conditionality . , Edited by: Sorensen Georg. . p. 85––99. . London : : Frank Cass. .

[30] 1993. . ‘Will Political Conditionality Work’. . JDS Bulletin . , Vol. 24((1)): 58––66. .

[31] 1995. . 1995, Towards Democratic Governance. . IDS Bulletin . , Vol. 26((2))

[32] 1995b. . ‘Introduction’. . IDS Bulletin . , Vol. 26((2)): 1––8. .

[33] 1995c. . ‘Strengthening Civil Society in Africa: the role of foreign political aid’. . IDS Bulletin . , Vol. 26((2)): 70––80. .

[34] Sandbrook Richard. . 1993. . The Politics of Africa's Economic Recovery . , London : : Cambridge UP. .

[35] Schmitz G J and Gillies D. . 1992. . The Challenge of Democratic Development, Sustaining Democratization in Developing Societies . , Ottawa : : The North‐South Institute. .

[36] Sorensen Georg. . 1993a. . Democracy and Democratization . , Boulder : : Westview Press. .

[37] Sorensen Georg. , ed. 1993b. . Political Conditionality . , London : : Frank Cass. .

[38] USAID. . November. 1991 . “‘Democracy and Governance’. ”. November. , Washington , DC :

[39] USAID. . 1993. . Economic Reform in Africa's New Era of Political Liberalization. In: . proceedings of a workshop for SPA Donors; . April 14–15– 1993 ; , Washington , DC .

[40] Uvin Peter. . 1993. . “‘“Do as I Say, Not as I Do”: the Limits of Political Conditionality’. ”. In Political Conditionality . , Edited by: Sorensen Georg. . p. 63––84. . London : : Frank Cass. .

[41] Wade Robert. . 1990. . Governing the Market . , Princeton : : Princeton University Press. .

[42] Wekkin Gary, Whistler D, Kelley M and Maggiotto M. . 1993. . Building Democracy in One‐Party Systems, Theoretical Problems and Cross‐Nation Experiences . , London : : Praeger. .

[43] White Gordon. . 1995. . ‘Towards a Democratic Developmental State’. . IDS Bulletin . , Vol. 26((2)): 27––36. .

[44] World Bank. . 1991. . “chapter on ‘Rethinking the State’. ”. In World Development Report . Washington , DC :

[45] 29 November. 1993 . “‘Governance: the World Bank's Experience’. ”. 29 November. , Washington , DC : : Operations Policy Department. .

Review of African Political Economy

‘Political conditionality’ and democratisation

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