Confrontation, co‐operation or co‐optation: NGOs and the Ghanaian state during structural adjustment

Gary, Ian

doi:10.1080/03056249608704193

ScienceOpen: research and publishing network

For Publishers

For Researchers

Blog
About

Search
Advanced search

149

views

recommends

From January 2024, all of our readers will be able to access every part of ROAPE as well as its archive without a paywall. This will make ROAPE accessible to a much wider readership, especially in Africa. We need subscriptions and donations to make this revolutionary intiative work.

Subscribe and Donate now!

scite_

Review of African Political Economy

Volume 23, Issue 68

Record: found
Abstract: found
Article: found

Is Open Access

Confrontation, co‐operation or co‐optation: NGOs and the Ghanaian state during structural adjustment

Published

research-article

Author(s): Ian Gary

Publication date (Print): June 1996

Journal: Review of African Political Economy

Publisher: Review of African Political Economy

Bookmark

Abstract

This article examines relations between non‐governmental organisations (NGOs) and African states, with particular reference to Ghana, during a period of structural adjustment and neo‐liberal hegemony in Africa. The growing number of NGOs in Africa, and the concomitant shift in international aid away from African states toward NGOs, places these new institutional actors at the heart of debates concerning democratisation, civil society, economic liberalisation, the role of state, and the nature of nation‐state sovereignty in an era of a World Bank/IMF condominium in Africa. Building on the work of Fowler and others, the article examines NGO‐state relations in Ghana in detail. It argues that NGOs fit in perfectly with the neo‐liberal agenda for Africa. With the state under attack from above and below, a new struggle for resources and power is being waged between NGOs and many African states, with, as the case study of Ghana shows, the outcome, in this transitory period, far from certain.

Content

Author and article information

Contributors

Ian Gary:

Comment :

Ian Gary, a writer and NGO worker, was West Africa Fellow with the International Development Exchange (San Francisco) in Ghana in 1992. This article is a product of research conducted in Ghana in 1992 and 1995.

Journal

Journal ID (publisher-id): crea20

Journal ID (archive): CREA

Title: Review of African Political Economy

Publisher: Review of African Political Economy

ISSN (Print): 0305-6244

ISSN (Electronic): 1740-1720

Publication date (Print): June 1996

Volume: 23

Issue: 68

Pages: 149-168

Article

Publisher ID: 8704193 Coden ID: Review of African Political Economy, Vol. 23, No. 68, June 1996, pp. 149-168

DOI: 10.1080/03056249608704193

SO-VID: 22429707-fc6d-4510-8737-4f64a3067a6a

License:

All content is freely available without charge to users or their institutions. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission of the publisher or the author. Articles published in the journal are distributed under a http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

History

Page count

Figures: 0, Tables: 0, References: 105, Pages: 20

Bibliography

Adams Paul. . 1995. . ‘Breaking the Cycle of Dependency?’. . Africa Report . , March‐April;: 35––37. .
1992. . ‘Ghana: The View from the Bank’. . Africa Confidential . , Vol. 33((19)) 25, September;: 5––7. .
1995. . “‘Ghana NGOs Fight Regulation’. ”. In African Agenda . Vol. Vol. 1. , Johannesburg :
‘African Charter for Popular Participation in Development and Transformation’. . International Conference on Popular Participation in the Recovery and Development Process in Africa; . February 12–16– 1990 ; , Tanzania . . Arusha. .
Ahiakpor James. . 1991. . ‘Rawlings, Economic Policy Reform, and the Poor: Consistency or Betrayal?’. . Journal of Modern African Studies . , Vol. 29((4)): 583––600. .
Ake Claude. . 1990. . “‘The Case for Democracy’. ”. In African Governance . Edited by: Joseph Richard. .
Annorbah‐Sarpei James. . 1990. . “‘The Role of NGOs, Trade Unions, Churches and Women in the Evolving Strategic Agenda for Africa in the 1990s’. ”. Accra : : Centre for Community Studies, Action and Development (mimeo). .
Awuku‐Apaw Joshua and Okrah Lambert. . July‐August. 1995 . “‘Government to Control NGOs / Foreign NGOs to Pull Out If ...’. ”. July‐August. , Accra : : The Green Dove (Green Earth Organisation). .
Bayart Jean‐Francois. . 1986. . “‘Civil Society in Africa’. ”. In Political Domination in Africa . , Edited by: Chabal Patrick. . Cambridge : : Cambridge University Press. .
1993. . The State in Africa: The Politics of the Belly . , London : : Longman. .
Bello Walden. . 1994. . Dark Victory: The United States, Structural Adjustment and Global Poverty . , London : : Pluto Press. .
Bebbington A and Farrington J. . 1993. . ‘Governments, NGOs and Agricultural Development: Perspectives on Changing Inter‐Organisational Relationships’. . Journal of Development Studies . , Vol. 29((2)): 199––219. .
Biney A. . 1995. . “NGOs to pull out of Ghana?”. . The Ghanaian Chronicle . , 22 May;
Bratton M. . 1989. . ‘The Politics of Government‐NGO Relations in Africa’. . World Development . , Vol. 17((4)): 569––587. .
199Da. . ‘Non‐governmental Organizations in Africa: Can They Influence Public Policy?’. . Development and Change . , Vol. 21:: 87––118. .
Joseph Richard. , ed. 1990b. . “‘Enabling the Voluntary Sector in Africa: The Policy Context’. ”. In African Governance .
Campbell Bonnie K and Loxley John. , eds. 1989. . Structural Adjustment in Africa . , London : : Macmillan. .
Canacoo Vincentia. . ‘NGOs and Microenterprise Development under the Structural Adjustment Programme’. In: . Roundtable Conference on the Role of NGOs in Structural Adjustment in Ghana; . March 23–25– 1992 ; , Accra . . GAPVOD. .
Charlton R and May R. . 1955. . ‘NGOs, Politics, Projects and Probity: A Policy Implementation Perspective’. . Third World Quarterly . , Vol. 16((2)): 237––255. .
Chazan N and Rothchild D. , eds. 1988. . The Precarious Balance: State and Society in Africa . , Boulder : : Westview Press. .
Clark J. . 1991. . Democratizing Development: The Role of Voluntary Organizations . , London : : Earthscan. .
Cobbe J. . 1990. . ‘Africa's Economic Crisis: The Roles of Debt, the State, and International Economic Institutions’. . Journal of Modern African Studies . , Vol. 28((2)): 351––358. .
Commonwealth Foundation. . April. 1995 . “‘Nongovernmental organisations: Guidelines for good policy and practice, 2nd consultative draft’. ”. April. , London :
Copestake J and Wellard K. , eds. 1993. . Non‐Governmental Organizations and the Slate in Africa . , London : : Routledge. .
Cruise O'Brien Donal B. . 1994. . ‘Democracy and Africa’. . Economy and Society . , Vol. 23((2)): 247––251. .
Davidson Basil. . 1992. . Black Man's Burden: Africa and the Curse of the Nation‐State . , New York : : Times Books. .
1992. . ‘Democracy, Civil Society and NGOs’. . Editorial, Review of African Political Economy . , Vol. 55:: 3––7. .
Denkabe Aloysius. . 1993. . “‘Ghana: Country Overview’ in Copestake & Wellard. ”. In Non‐Governmental Organizations and the State in Africa . , London : : Routledge. .
Diamond L. . 1989. . “‘Beyond Autocracy: Prospects for Democracy in Africa’. ”. Atlanta : : Inaugural Seminar of the Governance in Africa Program, Carter Center. .
Doornbos Martin. . 1990. . ‘The African State in Academic Debate: Retrospect and Prospect’. . Journal of Modern African Studies . , Vol. 28((2)): 179––198. .
Dunn J. . 1986. . “‘The Politics of Representation and Good Government in Post‐colonial Africa’. ”. In Political Domination in Africa: Reflections on the Limits of Power . , Edited by: Chabal Patrick. . Cambridge : : Cambridge University Press. .
Faber M. . 1994. . ‘Structural Adjustment and Macroeconomic Policy: Ghana 1983–1992’. . IDS Bulletin . , Vol. 25((3)): 56––65. .
Farrington J. . 1993. . Reluctant Partners: Non‐Governmental Organizations, the State and Sustainable Agricultural Development . , London : : Routledge. .
Ferguson J. . 1994. . The Anti‐Politics Machine: ‘Development’, Depoliticization and Bureaucratic Power in Lesotho . , University of Minnesota Press. .
Fowler A. . 1991a. . “Ghana NGO Management Service Unit: Report of a Mid‐term Evaluation Mission. ”. Nairobi : : UNDP. .
1991b. . ‘The Role of NGOs in Changing State‐Society Relations: Perspectives from Eastern and Southern Africa’. . Development Policy Review . , Vol. 9:: 53––84. .
1992a. . ‘Distant Obligations: Speculations on NGO Funding and the Global Market’. . Review of African Political Economy . , Vol. 55:: 9––29. .
1992b. . “‘Institutional Development and NGOs in Africa: Policy Perspectives for European Development Agencies’. ”. Oxford : : INTRAC. .
GAPVOD. . ‘Roundtable Structural Adjustment in Ghana’. In: . background paper for conference; . March 23–25– 1992 ; , Accra . . GAPVOD. .
Gary I. . 1992. . ‘Environmentalists Challenge World Bank’. . Pacific News Service . , 27 May;
‘Ghana: Reflections on Development, NGOs and the State in a Year of Transition’. In: . paper presented to the Africa Table; . February 10– 1993 ; . Stanford University. .
Winter. 1995 . “‘“Why Not Finish Us Off?” Twelve Years of Economic Reform in Ghana’. ”. In IDEX News . Winter. , San Francisco :
George S and Sabelli F. . 1994. . Faith and Credit: The World Bank's Secular Empire . , London : : Penguin. .
German Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development. . Report on a workshop ‘Fighting Poverty through Joint efforts by Governmental and Non‐Governmental Organizations: Workshop on Strategies for Improved Development Cooperation’; . July 2–5– 1995 ; . Ghana : : Akosombo. .
Geloo Zarina. . 1995. . “‘Facing a financial no‐go’. ”. In African Agenda . Vol. Vol. 1. , p. 36 Johannesburg :
Gibbon P. . 1992. . ‘The World Bank and African Poverty, 1973–91’. . Journal of Modern African Studies . , Vol. 30((2)): 193––220. .
Green R. . 1994. . ‘The Structural Adjustment of Structural Adjustment’. . IDS Bulletin . , Vol. 25((3)): 1––7. .
Gyimah‐Boadi E. . 1994. . “‘Associational Life, Civil Society, and Democratization in Ghana’. ”. In Civil Society and the State in Africa . , Edited by: Harbeson J. . Boulder : : Lynne Rienner. .
Hanlon J. . 1992. . Mozambique: Who Calls the Shots? . , London : : James Currey. .
Hansen E and Ninsin K A. , eds. 1989. . The State, Development and Politics in Ghana . , Dakar : : Council for the Development of Economic and Social Research. .
Harsch E. . 1993. . ‘Structural Adjustment and Africa's Democracy Movements’. . Africa Today . , : 7––29. .
Hellinger D. . 1994. . ‘Structural Adjustment: Debunking the Myth’. . Africa Report . , November/ December;: 52––55. .
House of Representatives (US) and Committee on Foreign Affairs. . March. 1989 . “Structural Adjustment in Africa: Insights from the Experiences of Ghana and Senegal’ (Report of a Staff Study Mission). ”. March. , U.S. Government Printing Office. .
Huq M M. . 1989. . The Economy of Ghana: The First 25 Years Since Independence . , London : : Macmillan Press. .
Hutchful E. . 1989. . “‘From ‘Revolution’ to Monetarism: The Economics and Politics of the Adjustment Programme in Ghana’. ”. In Structural Adjustment in Africa . , Edited by: Campbell B and Loxley J. . London : : Macmillan. .
1994. . ‘“Smoke and Mirrors”: The World Bank's Social Dimensions of Adjustment (SDA) Programme’. . Review of African Political Economy . , Vol. 62:: 569––584. .
ISODEC. . 23–29 June. 1995a . “‘Focus on the NGO Bill’. ”. 23–29 June. , p. 1––4. .
1995b. . “‘The Non‐Governmental Organisation Bill: A Muzzling Instrument in the Making’. ”. In ‘Institutional Capacity Building Programme for Northern Ghana Network for Development: Report of 2nd Planning Workshop, 1–3 June, 1995’ . , Accra : : ISODEC. .
Jeffries R. . 1993a. . ‘The State, Structural Adjustment and Good Government in Africa’. . Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics . , Vol. 31((1)): 20––35. .
1993b. . ‘The Ghanaian Elections of 1992’. . African Affairs . , Vol. 92:: 331––336. .
Johnson W. . 1990. . West African Governments and Volunteer Development Organizations . , New York : : University Press of America. .
R Joseph,. , ed. ‘African Governance in the 1990s: Objectives, Resources and Constraints’. In: . Proceedings of the Second Annual Seminar of the African Governance Program; . March 23–25– 1990 ; . The Carter Center of Emory University, Atlanta: Carter Center. .
Landell‐Mills P. . 1992. . ‘Governance, Cultural Change, and Empowerment’. . Journal of Modern African Studies . , Vol. 30((3)): 543––567. .
Laryea E O. . 1993. . “‘Mobilising Resources for Sustainable Development in Ghana’. ”. In Report of the 5th Annual Johns Hopkins International Fellows in Philanthropy Conference, Accra, Ghana, July 1993 . , Accra : : May Day Project. .
Lawrence P. . ‘The Role of NGOs in Ghana’. In: . Discussion paper presented to a meeting of the European Development Fund; . 27 January– 1995 ; , Accra, Ghana . .
Leftwich A. . 1994. . ‘Governance, the State and the Politics of Development’. . Development and Change . , Vol. 25:: 363––386. .
Logan IB. . 1993. . ‘IMF‐World Bank Adjustment and Structural Transformation in Sub‐Saharan Africa’. . Economic Geography . , Vol. 63((1)): 1––25. .
Loxley J. . 1990. . ‘Structural Adjustment in Africa: Reflections on Ghana and Zambia’. . Review of African Political Economy . , Vol. 47:: 8––27. .
Lukalo R. . 1995. . “‘Deregistration Axe Falls’. ”. In African Agenda . Vol. Vol. 1. , p. 37 Johannesburg :
Mazrui A A. . 1990. . “‘Planned Governance: Economic Liberalization and Political Engineering in Africa’. ”. In ‘African Governance in the 1990s: Objectives, Resources and Constraints’ . , Edited by: Joseph. . Atlanta : : The Carter Center. .
Mohan G. . 1995. . ‘Adjustment and Decentralization in Ghana: A Case of Diminished Responsibility’. . Political Geography . , Vol. 14((8))
Mosley P. . 1991. . Aid and Power: The World Bank and Policy‐Based Lending . , Vol. Vol. I. , London : : Routledge. .
1993. . ‘Has Recovery Begun? Africa's Adjustment in the 1980s Revisited’. . World Development . , Vol. 21((10)): 1583––1606. .
1994. . ‘Review of World Bank: Adjustment in Africa’. . Development Policy Review . , Vol. 12:: 319––327. .
Moore M. . 1993. . ‘Declining to Learn from the East? The World Bank on “Governance and Development'”. . IDS Bulletin . , Vol. 24((1)): 39––49. .
Munslow B. . 1994. . ‘Africa: Prospects of a Rebirth?’. . Third World Quarterly . , Vol. 15((2)): 337––342. .
Ndegwa S. . ‘Civil Society and Political Change in Africa: The Case of NGOs in Kenya’. . International Journal of Comparative Sociology . , Vol. 25((1)):19––35. .
1994. . ‘Ghana: Model of Economic Development’. . Newsweek . ,
NGO Working Group of the World Bank. . 1989. . “‘Position Paper of the NGO Working Group of the World Bank’. ”. Washington : : World Bank. .
Ntim S M. . 1992. . “‘Popular Participation and the Role of NGOs in the Structural Adjustment Programme in Ghana’. ”. Accra : : GAPVOD. .
Olowu D. . 1990. . “‘Local Institutions in Africa: Lessons of Success’. ”. In ‘African Governance in the 1990s: Objectives, Resources and Constraints’ . , Edited by: Joseph. . Atlanta : : Carter Center. .
Parliament of Ghana. . 1995. .
Riddell J B. . 1992. . ‘Things Fall Apart Again: Structural Adjustment Programmes in Sub‐Saharan Africa’. . Journal of Modern African Studies . , Vol. 30((1)): 53––68. .
Rimmer D. . ‘Background to Structural Adjustment in Ghana’. In: . paper presented at the Centre for West African Studies Symposium on Ghana; . 13–14 December– 1994 ; . University of Birmingham. .
Rothchild D. , ed. 1991. . Ghana: The Political Economy of Recovery . , Boulder : : Lynne Rienner. .
Shaaeldin E. . 1991. . ‘Review of UN Economic Commission for Africa, African Alternative Framework to Structural Adjustment Programmes for Socio‐Economic Recovery and Transformation’. . Journal of Modern African Studies . , Vol. 29((2)): 328––332. .
Shaw T. . 1991. . ‘Reformism, Revisionism, and Radicalism in African Political Economy during the 1990s’. . Journal of Modern African Studies . , Vol. 29((2)): 191––212. .
Stein H. . 1991. . ‘Structural Adjustment, Human Needs, and the World Bank Agenda’. . Journal of Modern African Studies . , Vol. 29((1)): 173––189. .
Staudt K. . 1991. . Managing Development: State, Society and International Contexts . , London : : Sage. .
Stoneman C. . 1989. . “‘The World Bank and the IMF in Zimbabwe’. ”. In Structural Adjustment in Africa . , Edited by: Campbell and Loxley. . London : : Macmillan. .
Tangri R. . 1992. . ‘The Politics of Government‐Business Relations in Ghana’. . Journal of Modern African Studies . , Vol. 30((1)): 97––111. .
Tordoff W. . 1994. . ‘Political Liberalization and Economic Reform in Africa’. . Democratization . , Vol. 1((1)): 100––115. .
Toye J. . 1991. . “‘Ghana’. ”. In Aid and Power: The World Bank and Policy‐Based Lending . , Edited by: Mosley. . London : : Routledge. .
Tsikata E. . 1989. . “‘Women's Political Organizations in Ghana, 1951–87’. ”. In The State, Development and Politics in Ghana . , Edited by: Hansen and Ninsin. . Dakar : : Council for the Development of Economic and Social Research. .
van de Walle N. . 1990. . “‘Innovations in African Governance: Some Thoughts on Empowering the Countryside’. ”. In ‘African Governance in the 1990s: Objectives, Resources and Constraints’ . , Edited by: Joseph. . Atlanta : : The Carter Center. .
Watts M. . 1993. . ‘Development Theory and Environment in an Age of Market Tri‐umphalism’. . Economic Geography . , Vol. 69((3)): 227––253. .
Williams D and Young T. . 1994. . ‘Governance, the World Bank and Liberal Theory’. . Political Studies . , Vol. 22:: 84––100. .
Williams G. . 1994. . ‘Why Structural Adjustment is Necessary and Why It Doesn't Work’. . Review of African Political Economy . , Vol. 60:: 214––225. .
Woodward P. . 1994. . ‘Democracy and Economy in Africa: The Optimists and the Pessimists’. . Democratization . , Vol. 1((1)): 116––132. .
World Bank. . 1989a. . Sub‐Saharan Africa: From Crisis to Sustainable Growth . Washington , DC :
1989b. . Toward Sustained Development in Sub‐Saharan Africa . Washington , DC :
1991. . Accelerated Development in Sub‐Saharan Africa: An Agenda for Action . Washington , DC :
1992. . “‘Ghana, 2000 and Beyond: Setting the Stage for Accelerated Growth and Poverty Reduction’. ”.
1994. . Adjustment in Africa: Reforms, Results and the Road Ahead . , Oxford : : Oxford University Press. .
Yeboah‐Afari A. . 1995. . ‘Ghana: A Parting of Ways’. . West Africa . , 5–11 June;: 882

Comments

Comment on this article

[1] Adams Paul. . 1995. . ‘Breaking the Cycle of Dependency?’. . Africa Report . , March‐April;: 35––37. .

[2] 1992. . ‘Ghana: The View from the Bank’. . Africa Confidential . , Vol. 33((19)) 25, September;: 5––7. .

[3] 1995. . “‘Ghana NGOs Fight Regulation’. ”. In African Agenda . Vol. Vol. 1. , Johannesburg :

[4] ‘African Charter for Popular Participation in Development and Transformation’. . International Conference on Popular Participation in the Recovery and Development Process in Africa; . February 12–16– 1990 ; , Tanzania . . Arusha. .

[5] Ahiakpor James. . 1991. . ‘Rawlings, Economic Policy Reform, and the Poor: Consistency or Betrayal?’. . Journal of Modern African Studies . , Vol. 29((4)): 583––600. .

[6] Ake Claude. . 1990. . “‘The Case for Democracy’. ”. In African Governance . Edited by: Joseph Richard. .

[7] Annorbah‐Sarpei James. . 1990. . “‘The Role of NGOs, Trade Unions, Churches and Women in the Evolving Strategic Agenda for Africa in the 1990s’. ”. Accra : : Centre for Community Studies, Action and Development (mimeo). .

[8] Awuku‐Apaw Joshua and Okrah Lambert. . July‐August. 1995 . “‘Government to Control NGOs / Foreign NGOs to Pull Out If ...’. ”. July‐August. , Accra : : The Green Dove (Green Earth Organisation). .

[9] Bayart Jean‐Francois. . 1986. . “‘Civil Society in Africa’. ”. In Political Domination in Africa . , Edited by: Chabal Patrick. . Cambridge : : Cambridge University Press. .

[10] 1993. . The State in Africa: The Politics of the Belly . , London : : Longman. .

[11] Bello Walden. . 1994. . Dark Victory: The United States, Structural Adjustment and Global Poverty . , London : : Pluto Press. .

[12] Bebbington A and Farrington J. . 1993. . ‘Governments, NGOs and Agricultural Development: Perspectives on Changing Inter‐Organisational Relationships’. . Journal of Development Studies . , Vol. 29((2)): 199––219. .

[13] Biney A. . 1995. . “NGOs to pull out of Ghana?”. . The Ghanaian Chronicle . , 22 May;

[14] Bratton M. . 1989. . ‘The Politics of Government‐NGO Relations in Africa’. . World Development . , Vol. 17((4)): 569––587. .

[15] 199Da. . ‘Non‐governmental Organizations in Africa: Can They Influence Public Policy?’. . Development and Change . , Vol. 21:: 87––118. .

[16] Joseph Richard. , ed. 1990b. . “‘Enabling the Voluntary Sector in Africa: The Policy Context’. ”. In African Governance .

[17] Campbell Bonnie K and Loxley John. , eds. 1989. . Structural Adjustment in Africa . , London : : Macmillan. .

[18] Canacoo Vincentia. . ‘NGOs and Microenterprise Development under the Structural Adjustment Programme’. In: . Roundtable Conference on the Role of NGOs in Structural Adjustment in Ghana; . March 23–25– 1992 ; , Accra . . GAPVOD. .

[19] Charlton R and May R. . 1955. . ‘NGOs, Politics, Projects and Probity: A Policy Implementation Perspective’. . Third World Quarterly . , Vol. 16((2)): 237––255. .

[20] Chazan N and Rothchild D. , eds. 1988. . The Precarious Balance: State and Society in Africa . , Boulder : : Westview Press. .

[21] Clark J. . 1991. . Democratizing Development: The Role of Voluntary Organizations . , London : : Earthscan. .

[22] Cobbe J. . 1990. . ‘Africa's Economic Crisis: The Roles of Debt, the State, and International Economic Institutions’. . Journal of Modern African Studies . , Vol. 28((2)): 351––358. .

[23] Commonwealth Foundation. . April. 1995 . “‘Nongovernmental organisations: Guidelines for good policy and practice, 2nd consultative draft’. ”. April. , London :

[24] Copestake J and Wellard K. , eds. 1993. . Non‐Governmental Organizations and the Slate in Africa . , London : : Routledge. .

[25] Cruise O'Brien Donal B. . 1994. . ‘Democracy and Africa’. . Economy and Society . , Vol. 23((2)): 247––251. .

[26] Davidson Basil. . 1992. . Black Man's Burden: Africa and the Curse of the Nation‐State . , New York : : Times Books. .

[27] 1992. . ‘Democracy, Civil Society and NGOs’. . Editorial, Review of African Political Economy . , Vol. 55:: 3––7. .

[28] Denkabe Aloysius. . 1993. . “‘Ghana: Country Overview’ in Copestake & Wellard. ”. In Non‐Governmental Organizations and the State in Africa . , London : : Routledge. .

[29] Diamond L. . 1989. . “‘Beyond Autocracy: Prospects for Democracy in Africa’. ”. Atlanta : : Inaugural Seminar of the Governance in Africa Program, Carter Center. .

[30] Doornbos Martin. . 1990. . ‘The African State in Academic Debate: Retrospect and Prospect’. . Journal of Modern African Studies . , Vol. 28((2)): 179––198. .

[31] Dunn J. . 1986. . “‘The Politics of Representation and Good Government in Post‐colonial Africa’. ”. In Political Domination in Africa: Reflections on the Limits of Power . , Edited by: Chabal Patrick. . Cambridge : : Cambridge University Press. .

[32] Faber M. . 1994. . ‘Structural Adjustment and Macroeconomic Policy: Ghana 1983–1992’. . IDS Bulletin . , Vol. 25((3)): 56––65. .

[33] Farrington J. . 1993. . Reluctant Partners: Non‐Governmental Organizations, the State and Sustainable Agricultural Development . , London : : Routledge. .

[34] Ferguson J. . 1994. . The Anti‐Politics Machine: ‘Development’, Depoliticization and Bureaucratic Power in Lesotho . , University of Minnesota Press. .

[35] Fowler A. . 1991a. . “Ghana NGO Management Service Unit: Report of a Mid‐term Evaluation Mission. ”. Nairobi : : UNDP. .

[36] 1991b. . ‘The Role of NGOs in Changing State‐Society Relations: Perspectives from Eastern and Southern Africa’. . Development Policy Review . , Vol. 9:: 53––84. .

[37] 1992a. . ‘Distant Obligations: Speculations on NGO Funding and the Global Market’. . Review of African Political Economy . , Vol. 55:: 9––29. .

[38] 1992b. . “‘Institutional Development and NGOs in Africa: Policy Perspectives for European Development Agencies’. ”. Oxford : : INTRAC. .

[39] GAPVOD. . ‘Roundtable Structural Adjustment in Ghana’. In: . background paper for conference; . March 23–25– 1992 ; , Accra . . GAPVOD. .

[40] Gary I. . 1992. . ‘Environmentalists Challenge World Bank’. . Pacific News Service . , 27 May;

[41] ‘Ghana: Reflections on Development, NGOs and the State in a Year of Transition’. In: . paper presented to the Africa Table; . February 10– 1993 ; . Stanford University. .

[42] Winter. 1995 . “‘“Why Not Finish Us Off?” Twelve Years of Economic Reform in Ghana’. ”. In IDEX News . Winter. , San Francisco :

[43] George S and Sabelli F. . 1994. . Faith and Credit: The World Bank's Secular Empire . , London : : Penguin. .

[44] German Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development. . Report on a workshop ‘Fighting Poverty through Joint efforts by Governmental and Non‐Governmental Organizations: Workshop on Strategies for Improved Development Cooperation’; . July 2–5– 1995 ; . Ghana : : Akosombo. .

[45] Geloo Zarina. . 1995. . “‘Facing a financial no‐go’. ”. In African Agenda . Vol. Vol. 1. , p. 36 Johannesburg :

[46] Gibbon P. . 1992. . ‘The World Bank and African Poverty, 1973–91’. . Journal of Modern African Studies . , Vol. 30((2)): 193––220. .

[47] Green R. . 1994. . ‘The Structural Adjustment of Structural Adjustment’. . IDS Bulletin . , Vol. 25((3)): 1––7. .

[48] Gyimah‐Boadi E. . 1994. . “‘Associational Life, Civil Society, and Democratization in Ghana’. ”. In Civil Society and the State in Africa . , Edited by: Harbeson J. . Boulder : : Lynne Rienner. .

[49] Hanlon J. . 1992. . Mozambique: Who Calls the Shots? . , London : : James Currey. .

[50] Hansen E and Ninsin K A. , eds. 1989. . The State, Development and Politics in Ghana . , Dakar : : Council for the Development of Economic and Social Research. .

[51] Harsch E. . 1993. . ‘Structural Adjustment and Africa's Democracy Movements’. . Africa Today . , : 7––29. .

[52] Hellinger D. . 1994. . ‘Structural Adjustment: Debunking the Myth’. . Africa Report . , November/ December;: 52––55. .

[53] House of Representatives (US) and Committee on Foreign Affairs. . March. 1989 . “Structural Adjustment in Africa: Insights from the Experiences of Ghana and Senegal’ (Report of a Staff Study Mission). ”. March. , U.S. Government Printing Office. .

[54] Huq M M. . 1989. . The Economy of Ghana: The First 25 Years Since Independence . , London : : Macmillan Press. .

[55] Hutchful E. . 1989. . “‘From ‘Revolution’ to Monetarism: The Economics and Politics of the Adjustment Programme in Ghana’. ”. In Structural Adjustment in Africa . , Edited by: Campbell B and Loxley J. . London : : Macmillan. .

[56] 1994. . ‘“Smoke and Mirrors”: The World Bank's Social Dimensions of Adjustment (SDA) Programme’. . Review of African Political Economy . , Vol. 62:: 569––584. .

[57] ISODEC. . 23–29 June. 1995a . “‘Focus on the NGO Bill’. ”. 23–29 June. , p. 1––4. .

[58] 1995b. . “‘The Non‐Governmental Organisation Bill: A Muzzling Instrument in the Making’. ”. In ‘Institutional Capacity Building Programme for Northern Ghana Network for Development: Report of 2nd Planning Workshop, 1–3 June, 1995’ . , Accra : : ISODEC. .

[59] Jeffries R. . 1993a. . ‘The State, Structural Adjustment and Good Government in Africa’. . Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics . , Vol. 31((1)): 20––35. .

[60] 1993b. . ‘The Ghanaian Elections of 1992’. . African Affairs . , Vol. 92:: 331––336. .

[61] Johnson W. . 1990. . West African Governments and Volunteer Development Organizations . , New York : : University Press of America. .

[62] R Joseph,. , ed. ‘African Governance in the 1990s: Objectives, Resources and Constraints’. In: . Proceedings of the Second Annual Seminar of the African Governance Program; . March 23–25– 1990 ; . The Carter Center of Emory University, Atlanta: Carter Center. .

[63] Landell‐Mills P. . 1992. . ‘Governance, Cultural Change, and Empowerment’. . Journal of Modern African Studies . , Vol. 30((3)): 543––567. .

[64] Laryea E O. . 1993. . “‘Mobilising Resources for Sustainable Development in Ghana’. ”. In Report of the 5th Annual Johns Hopkins International Fellows in Philanthropy Conference, Accra, Ghana, July 1993 . , Accra : : May Day Project. .

[65] Lawrence P. . ‘The Role of NGOs in Ghana’. In: . Discussion paper presented to a meeting of the European Development Fund; . 27 January– 1995 ; , Accra, Ghana . .

[66] Leftwich A. . 1994. . ‘Governance, the State and the Politics of Development’. . Development and Change . , Vol. 25:: 363––386. .

[67] Logan IB. . 1993. . ‘IMF‐World Bank Adjustment and Structural Transformation in Sub‐Saharan Africa’. . Economic Geography . , Vol. 63((1)): 1––25. .

[68] Loxley J. . 1990. . ‘Structural Adjustment in Africa: Reflections on Ghana and Zambia’. . Review of African Political Economy . , Vol. 47:: 8––27. .

[69] Lukalo R. . 1995. . “‘Deregistration Axe Falls’. ”. In African Agenda . Vol. Vol. 1. , p. 37 Johannesburg :

[70] Mazrui A A. . 1990. . “‘Planned Governance: Economic Liberalization and Political Engineering in Africa’. ”. In ‘African Governance in the 1990s: Objectives, Resources and Constraints’ . , Edited by: Joseph. . Atlanta : : The Carter Center. .

[71] Mohan G. . 1995. . ‘Adjustment and Decentralization in Ghana: A Case of Diminished Responsibility’. . Political Geography . , Vol. 14((8))

[72] Mosley P. . 1991. . Aid and Power: The World Bank and Policy‐Based Lending . , Vol. Vol. I. , London : : Routledge. .

[73] 1993. . ‘Has Recovery Begun? Africa's Adjustment in the 1980s Revisited’. . World Development . , Vol. 21((10)): 1583––1606. .

[74] 1994. . ‘Review of World Bank: Adjustment in Africa’. . Development Policy Review . , Vol. 12:: 319––327. .

[75] Moore M. . 1993. . ‘Declining to Learn from the East? The World Bank on “Governance and Development'”. . IDS Bulletin . , Vol. 24((1)): 39––49. .

[76] Munslow B. . 1994. . ‘Africa: Prospects of a Rebirth?’. . Third World Quarterly . , Vol. 15((2)): 337––342. .

[77] Ndegwa S. . ‘Civil Society and Political Change in Africa: The Case of NGOs in Kenya’. . International Journal of Comparative Sociology . , Vol. 25((1)):19––35. .

[78] 1994. . ‘Ghana: Model of Economic Development’. . Newsweek . ,

[79] NGO Working Group of the World Bank. . 1989. . “‘Position Paper of the NGO Working Group of the World Bank’. ”. Washington : : World Bank. .

[80] Ntim S M. . 1992. . “‘Popular Participation and the Role of NGOs in the Structural Adjustment Programme in Ghana’. ”. Accra : : GAPVOD. .

[81] Olowu D. . 1990. . “‘Local Institutions in Africa: Lessons of Success’. ”. In ‘African Governance in the 1990s: Objectives, Resources and Constraints’ . , Edited by: Joseph. . Atlanta : : Carter Center. .

[82] Parliament of Ghana. . 1995. .

[83] Riddell J B. . 1992. . ‘Things Fall Apart Again: Structural Adjustment Programmes in Sub‐Saharan Africa’. . Journal of Modern African Studies . , Vol. 30((1)): 53––68. .

[84] Rimmer D. . ‘Background to Structural Adjustment in Ghana’. In: . paper presented at the Centre for West African Studies Symposium on Ghana; . 13–14 December– 1994 ; . University of Birmingham. .

[85] Rothchild D. , ed. 1991. . Ghana: The Political Economy of Recovery . , Boulder : : Lynne Rienner. .

[86] Shaaeldin E. . 1991. . ‘Review of UN Economic Commission for Africa, African Alternative Framework to Structural Adjustment Programmes for Socio‐Economic Recovery and Transformation’. . Journal of Modern African Studies . , Vol. 29((2)): 328––332. .

[87] Shaw T. . 1991. . ‘Reformism, Revisionism, and Radicalism in African Political Economy during the 1990s’. . Journal of Modern African Studies . , Vol. 29((2)): 191––212. .

[88] Stein H. . 1991. . ‘Structural Adjustment, Human Needs, and the World Bank Agenda’. . Journal of Modern African Studies . , Vol. 29((1)): 173––189. .

[89] Staudt K. . 1991. . Managing Development: State, Society and International Contexts . , London : : Sage. .

[90] Stoneman C. . 1989. . “‘The World Bank and the IMF in Zimbabwe’. ”. In Structural Adjustment in Africa . , Edited by: Campbell and Loxley. . London : : Macmillan. .

[91] Tangri R. . 1992. . ‘The Politics of Government‐Business Relations in Ghana’. . Journal of Modern African Studies . , Vol. 30((1)): 97––111. .

[92] Tordoff W. . 1994. . ‘Political Liberalization and Economic Reform in Africa’. . Democratization . , Vol. 1((1)): 100––115. .

[93] Toye J. . 1991. . “‘Ghana’. ”. In Aid and Power: The World Bank and Policy‐Based Lending . , Edited by: Mosley. . London : : Routledge. .

[94] Tsikata E. . 1989. . “‘Women's Political Organizations in Ghana, 1951–87’. ”. In The State, Development and Politics in Ghana . , Edited by: Hansen and Ninsin. . Dakar : : Council for the Development of Economic and Social Research. .

[95] van de Walle N. . 1990. . “‘Innovations in African Governance: Some Thoughts on Empowering the Countryside’. ”. In ‘African Governance in the 1990s: Objectives, Resources and Constraints’ . , Edited by: Joseph. . Atlanta : : The Carter Center. .

[96] Watts M. . 1993. . ‘Development Theory and Environment in an Age of Market Tri‐umphalism’. . Economic Geography . , Vol. 69((3)): 227––253. .

[97] Williams D and Young T. . 1994. . ‘Governance, the World Bank and Liberal Theory’. . Political Studies . , Vol. 22:: 84––100. .

[98] Williams G. . 1994. . ‘Why Structural Adjustment is Necessary and Why It Doesn't Work’. . Review of African Political Economy . , Vol. 60:: 214––225. .

[99] Woodward P. . 1994. . ‘Democracy and Economy in Africa: The Optimists and the Pessimists’. . Democratization . , Vol. 1((1)): 116––132. .

[100] World Bank. . 1989a. . Sub‐Saharan Africa: From Crisis to Sustainable Growth . Washington , DC :

[101] 1989b. . Toward Sustained Development in Sub‐Saharan Africa . Washington , DC :

[102] 1991. . Accelerated Development in Sub‐Saharan Africa: An Agenda for Action . Washington , DC :

[103] 1992. . “‘Ghana, 2000 and Beyond: Setting the Stage for Accelerated Growth and Poverty Reduction’. ”.

[104] 1994. . Adjustment in Africa: Reforms, Results and the Road Ahead . , Oxford : : Oxford University Press. .

[105] Yeboah‐Afari A. . 1995. . ‘Ghana: A Parting of Ways’. . West Africa . , 5–11 June;: 882

Review of African Political Economy

Confrontation, co‐operation or co‐optation: NGOs and the Ghanaian state during structural adjustment

Contributors

Journal

Article

History

Page count

Categories

Comment on this article