On 18 November 1996 presidential and parliamentary elections were held for the second time under Zambia's Third Republic. The first elections, in October 1991, ended the unbroken grip on power enjoyed by the United National Independence Party (UNIP) since 1964 and returned the country to a multi‐party political system after 18 years as a one‐party state. UNIP was heavily defeated by the MMD (Movement for Multiparty Democracy) and Kenneth Kaunda, the country's president since 1964, was replaced by Frederick Chiluba. The peaceful nature of the changeover in 1991 was applauded locally and internationally. There was a sense of optimism about the country's democratic prospects. Zambia was widely held up as a model of successful democratic transition and aid flowed in, partly in support of the democratic experiment and partly because of the new regime's commitment to economic liberalisation and structural adjustment. In some cases donor support was specifically earmarked for the promotion of good government and the encouragement of civic education (Endnote 1).
Ashurst Mark and Hawkins Tony. . 1996. . ‘Donors perturbed by Zambian polls: multi‐party but flawed,’. . Financial Times . , 18 November;
Baylies Carolyn and Szeftel M. . 1992. . ‘The Fall Rise, of Multi‐Party Politics in Zambia’. . Review of African Political Economy . , : 74––91. .
Beetham David. . 1994. . ‘Conditions for Democratic Consolidation’. . Review of African Political Economy . , Vol. 60:: 157––172. .
Kapata Dennis. . 1966. . ‘Chiluba's Battle for Survival’. . Southern Africa, Political Economic Monthly . , Vol. 10((1)) October;: 5––8. .
1996. . (written by Alex Vines). . Human Rights Watch, Africa, Zambia . , Vol. 8((4)) December;
Meldrum Andrew. . 1996. . ‘Disillusioned Zambians shun the skewed poll’. . The Guardian . , 18 November;
Porteous Tom. . 1997. . ‘Mr Immovable’. . Focus on Africa . , Vol. 8((1)) January‐March;: 24––27. .
1996. . ‘Zambia election was unfair, say monitors’. . Daily Telegraph . , 21 November;
1996. . ‘Zambia set to re‐elect leader’. . The Guardian . , 20 November;
1996. . ‘So that's democracy?’. . The Economist . , 23 November;: 82