Resist, scientist! Countering degradation rituals in science

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Volume 32, Issue 2

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Resist, scientist! Countering degradation rituals in science

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Author(s): Sandrine Thérèse ^a , Brian Martin ^b

Publication date (Print): 1 June 2014

Journal: Prometheus

Publisher: Pluto Journals

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Abstract

When the work and reputation of scientists suffer ritual degradation, a range of tactics can be deployed to resist and rework the psychological and social impacts. Five key resistance tactics to degradation in science are revealing degradation rituals, redeeming the reputation of the targeted scientist, reframing the degradation as unfair, redirecting attention to other domains, and refusing to cooperate with the rituals. These tactics are illustrated through three case studies of scientists targeted for conducting research threatening to the interests of powerful groups.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Sandrine Thérèse

Journal

Journal ID (doi): 10.2307/j50022063

Journal ID (jcode): prometheus

Title: Prometheus

Publisher: Pluto Journals

ISSN: 0810-9028

ISSN: 1470-1030

Publication date (Print): 1 June 2014

Volume: 32

Issue: 2 ( doiID: 10.1080/prometheus.32.issue-2 )

Pages: 203-220

Affiliations

[ ^a ]School of Social Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

[ ^b ]School of Humanities and Social Inquiry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia

Article

Publisher ID: 08109028.2014.969022

DOI: 10.1080/08109028.2014.969022

SO-VID: 89568ed1-e633-48d4-8043-bd811e40de89

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All content is freely available without charge to users or their institutions. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission of the publisher or the author. Articles published in the journal are distributed under a http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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lang eng

ScienceOpen disciplines: Computer science,Arts,Social & Behavioral Sciences,Law,History,Economics

References

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Antonio, R.J. (1972) ‘The processual dimension of degradation ceremonies: the Chicago Conspiracy trial: success or failure?‘, British Journal of Sociology, 23, 3, pp.287–97.
Baker, R.G.V. (1981) ‘A model of traffic dispersion from a congested road’, Transportation Research B, 15, pp.319–27.
Baker, R.G.V. (1982a) ‘Place utility fields’, Geographical Analysis, 14, pp.10–28.
Baker, R.G.V. (1982b) ‘A mathematical model of group social interaction’, Environment and Planning A, 14, pp.1031–46.
Baker, R.G.V. (1982c) ‘The analysis of travel utility response to congestion at a set of lights’, Advances in Engineering Software, 4, pp.23–6.
Baker, R.G.V. (1983) ‘On the kinematics and quantum dynamics of traffic flow’, Transportation Research B, 17, pp.55–66.
Baker, R.G.V., Haworth, R.J. and Flood, P.G. (2001) ‘Inter-tidal fixed indicators of former Holocene sea levels in Australia: a summary of sites and a review of methods and models’, Quaternary International, 83–85, pp.257–73.
Bell, C. (1992) Ritual Theory, Ritual Practice, Oxford University Press, New York.
Bell, C. (1997) Ritual: Perspectives and Dimensions, Oxford University Press, New York.
Bloch, M. (1989) Ritual History and Power, Athlone Press, London.
Bourdieu, P. (1991) Language & Symbolic Power, Polity Press, Cambridge.
Brown, B., Crawford, P. and Hicks, C. (2003) Research: Dilemmas and Debates in Health Care, Open University Press, Maidenhead.
Brown, P. (2002) ‘Brain cells to call mobile danger levels’, Australian, 11 January, p.3.
Carey, J.W. (1998) ‘Political ritual on television: episodes in the history of shame, degradation and excommunication’ in Liebes, T. and Curran, J. (eds) Media, Ritual and Identity, Routledge, London, pp.42–70.
Coudray, J. and Delibrias, G. (1972) ‘Variations du niveau marin au-dessus de l'actuel en Nouvelle-Caledonie depuis 6,000 ans’, CR Academie des Science D, 275, pp.2626–33.
Couldry, N. (2003) Media Rituals: A Critical Approach, Routledge, London.
Cox, B.A. (1970) ‘What is Hopi gossip about? Information management and Hopi factions’, Man, 5, 1, pp.88–98.
Deer, B. (2004) ‘Revealed: MMR research scandal’, Sunday Times, 22 February.
Deer, B. (2011) ‘Piltdown medicine: the missing link between MMR and autism’, BMJ Blogs, 6 January.
Donnellan, M., McKenzie, D.R. and French, P.W. (1997) ‘Effects of exposure to electromagnetic radiation at 835 MHz on growth, morphology and secretory characteristics of a mast cell analogue, RBL-2H3‘, Cell Biology International, 21, 7, pp.427–39.
Douglas, M. (1966) Purity and Danger: An Analysis of Concepts of Pollution and Taboo, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London.
Durkheim, E. (1995 [1914]) The Elementary Forms of Religious Life, translated by K. Fields, Free Press, Glencoe IL.
Fairbridge, R.W. (1961) ‘Eustatic changes in sea-level’, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 5, pp.99–185.
Flood, P.G. (1983) ‘Holocene sea level data from the Southern Great Barrier Reef and Southeastern Queensland’ in Hopley, D. (ed) Australian Sea Levels in the Last 15,000 Years: A Review, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Occasional Papers, pp.85–92.
Flood, P.G. and Frankel, E. (1989) ‘Late Holocene higher sea level indicators from Eastern Australia’, Marine Geology, 90, pp.193–95.
French, P.W., Donnellan, M. and McKenzie, D.R. (1997) ‘Electromagnetic radiation at 835 MHz changes the morphology and inhibits proliferation of a human astrocytoma cell line’, Biochemistry & Bioenergetics, 43, pp.13–8.
French, P.W., Penny, R., Laurence, J.A. and McKenzie, D.R. (2000) ‘Mobile phones, heat shock proteins and cancer’, Differentiation, 67, pp.93–7.
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Geertz, C. (1973) ‘Deep play: notes on the Balinese cockfight’ in The Interpretation of Cultures, Basic Books, New York, pp.412–53.
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Gieryn, T. (1999) Cultural Boundaries of Science: Credibility on the Line, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
Gill, E.D. and Hopley, D. (1972) ‘Holocene sea levels in Eastern Australian – a discussion’, Marine Geology, 12, pp.223–33.
Goffman, E. (1961) Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and other Inmates, Anchor Books, New York.
Goffman, E. (1963) Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity, Simon and Schuster, New York.
Goldacre, B. (2009) Bad Science, Fourth Estate, London.
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Jansen, S.C. and Martin, B. (2003) ‘Making censorship backfire’, Counterpoise, 7, 2, pp.5–15.
Jasper, J.M. (2006) Getting Your Way: Strategic Dilemmas in the Real World, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Laurence, J.A., French, P.W., Lindner, R.A. and McKenzie, D.R. (2000) ‘Biological effects of electromagnetic fields: mechanisms for the effects of pulsed microwave radiation on protein conformation’, Journal of Theoretical Biology, 206, pp.291–98.
Lennane, J. (2000) ‘Battered plaintiffs – injuries from hired guns and compliant courts’, available from http://www.bmartin.cc/dissent/documents/Lennane_battered.html [accessed June 2014].
Levi, M. (2002) ‘Suite justice or sweet charity? Some explorations of shaming and incapacitating business fraudsters’, Punishment and Society, 4, 2, pp.147–63.
Linnell, G. (2000) ‘Dial H for health hazard?‘, Sydney Morning Herald, 16 December, Good Weekend, pp.16–21.
Loeser, J.-M. and Burrus, K. (2009) ‘Interactive coaching with corporate ventures’ in Moral, M. and Abbott, G. (eds) The Routledge Companion to International Business Coaching, Routledge, New York, pp.282–98.
Long, W.R. (2009) ‘On second looking into the case of Dr. Andrew J. Wakefield’, The Autism File, 31, pp.66–81.
Lukes, S. (1975) ‘Political ritual and social integration’, Sociology, 9, pp.285–308.
Martin, B. (1999) ‘Suppression of dissent in science’, Research in Social Problems and Public Policy, 7, pp.105–35.
Martin, B. (2007) Justice Ignited: The Dynamics of Backfire, Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham MD.
Martin, B. (2009) ‘Managing outrage over genocide: case study Rwanda’, Global Change, Peace & Security, 21, 3, pp.275–90.
Martin, B. (2013) Whistleblowing: A Practical Guide, Irene Publishing, Sparsnäs.
Martin, B. (2014) ‘On the suppression of vaccination dissent’, Science and Engineering Ethics, doi:10.1007/s11948-014-9530-3.
McDonald, P., Graham, T. and Martin, B. (2010) ‘Outrage management in cases of sexual harassment as revealed in judicial decisions’, Psychology of Women Quarterly, 34, pp.165–80.
Moch, M.K. and Huff, A.S. (1983) ‘Power enactment through language and ritual’, Journal of Business Research, 11, pp.293–316.
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Offit, P.A. and Bell, L.M. (2003) Vaccines: What You Should Know, John Wiley, Hoboken NJ.
Rappaport, R. (1999) Ritual & Religion in the Making of Humanity, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
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Swedlow, B. (2007) ‘Using the boundaries of science to do boundary-work among scientists: pollution and purity claims’, Science and Public Policy, 34, 9, pp.633–43.
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Thérèse, S. (2003) The Colonisation of Scientific Uncertainty: Liminality and Agency in Science Boundary Work, Ph.D. thesis, University of Wollongong.
Thérèse, S. (2011) ‘How scientists can protect and restore their reputations’, Social Alternatives, 30, 1, pp.38–42.
Thérèse, S. and Martin, B. (2010) ‘Shame, scientist! Degradation rituals in science’, Prometheus, 28, 2, pp.97–110.
Thom, B.G., Hails, J.R. and Martin, A.R.H. (1969) ‘Radiocarbon evidence against higher postglacial sea levels in Eastern Australia’, Marine Geology, 7, pp.161–68.
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Tommey, P. (2010) ‘Discredited defamation: the fallacious case against Dr. Andrew Wakefield’, The Autism File USA, 34, pp.8–10.
Trice, H.M. and Beyer, J.M. (1984) ‘Studying organizational cultures through rites and ceremonials’, Academy of Management Review, 9, 4, pp.653–69.
Turner, V.W. (1974) Dramas, Fields and Metaphors, Cornell University Press, Ithaca NY.
Turner, V.W. (1982) From Ritual to Theater, Performing Arts Journal Publications, New York.
van Gennep, A. (1960) Rites of Passage, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
Wakefield, A.J. (2010) Callous Disregard: Autism and Vaccines – The Truth Behind a Tragedy, Skyhorse, New York.
Wakefield, A.J., Murch, S.H., Anthony, A. et al. (1998) ‘Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children’, The Lancet, 351, pp.637–41 [retracted].
Walker, M. (2012) ‘Lots of law but little justice: the acquittal of Professor John Walker-Smith and the case of Dr Andrew Wakefield’, available from http://www.anh-europe.org/news/lots-of-law-little-justice [accessed March 2013].
Weinstein, R. (2004) Marriage Rituals Italian Style: A Historical Anthropological Perspective on Early Modern Italian Jews, Brill, Leiden.
Westhues, K. (2004) Administrative Mobbing at the University of Toronto: The Trial, Degradation and Dismissal of a Professor During the Presidency of J. Robert S. Prichard, Edwin Mellen Press, Queenston Ontario.
Yadgar, Y. (2003) ‘A disintegrating ritual: the reading of the Deri verdict as a media event of degradation’, Critical Studies in Media Communication, 20, 2, pp.204–23.

Comments

Comment on this article

[1] ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) (2000) ‘Sea level’, Quantum, 30 March.

[2] Antonio, R.J. (1972) ‘The processual dimension of degradation ceremonies: the Chicago Conspiracy trial: success or failure?‘, British Journal of Sociology, 23, 3, pp.287–97.

[3] Baker, R.G.V. (1981) ‘A model of traffic dispersion from a congested road’, Transportation Research B, 15, pp.319–27.

[4] Baker, R.G.V. (1982a) ‘Place utility fields’, Geographical Analysis, 14, pp.10–28.

[5] Baker, R.G.V. (1982b) ‘A mathematical model of group social interaction’, Environment and Planning A, 14, pp.1031–46.

[6] Baker, R.G.V. (1982c) ‘The analysis of travel utility response to congestion at a set of lights’, Advances in Engineering Software, 4, pp.23–6.

[7] Baker, R.G.V. (1983) ‘On the kinematics and quantum dynamics of traffic flow’, Transportation Research B, 17, pp.55–66.

[8] Baker, R.G.V., Haworth, R.J. and Flood, P.G. (2001) ‘Inter-tidal fixed indicators of former Holocene sea levels in Australia: a summary of sites and a review of methods and models’, Quaternary International, 83–85, pp.257–73.

[9] Bell, C. (1992) Ritual Theory, Ritual Practice, Oxford University Press, New York.

[10] Bell, C. (1997) Ritual: Perspectives and Dimensions, Oxford University Press, New York.

[11] Bloch, M. (1989) Ritual History and Power, Athlone Press, London.

[12] Bourdieu, P. (1991) Language & Symbolic Power, Polity Press, Cambridge.

[13] Brown, B., Crawford, P. and Hicks, C. (2003) Research: Dilemmas and Debates in Health Care, Open University Press, Maidenhead.

[14] Brown, P. (2002) ‘Brain cells to call mobile danger levels’, Australian, 11 January, p.3.

[15] Carey, J.W. (1998) ‘Political ritual on television: episodes in the history of shame, degradation and excommunication’ in Liebes, T. and Curran, J. (eds) Media, Ritual and Identity, Routledge, London, pp.42–70.

[16] Coudray, J. and Delibrias, G. (1972) ‘Variations du niveau marin au-dessus de l'actuel en Nouvelle-Caledonie depuis 6,000 ans’, CR Academie des Science D, 275, pp.2626–33.

[17] Couldry, N. (2003) Media Rituals: A Critical Approach, Routledge, London.

[18] Cox, B.A. (1970) ‘What is Hopi gossip about? Information management and Hopi factions’, Man, 5, 1, pp.88–98.

[19] Deer, B. (2004) ‘Revealed: MMR research scandal’, Sunday Times, 22 February.

[20] Deer, B. (2011) ‘Piltdown medicine: the missing link between MMR and autism’, BMJ Blogs, 6 January.

[21] Donnellan, M., McKenzie, D.R. and French, P.W. (1997) ‘Effects of exposure to electromagnetic radiation at 835 MHz on growth, morphology and secretory characteristics of a mast cell analogue, RBL-2H3‘, Cell Biology International, 21, 7, pp.427–39.

[22] Douglas, M. (1966) Purity and Danger: An Analysis of Concepts of Pollution and Taboo, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London.

[23] Durkheim, E. (1995 [1914]) The Elementary Forms of Religious Life, translated by K. Fields, Free Press, Glencoe IL.

[24] Fairbridge, R.W. (1961) ‘Eustatic changes in sea-level’, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 5, pp.99–185.

[25] Flood, P.G. (1983) ‘Holocene sea level data from the Southern Great Barrier Reef and Southeastern Queensland’ in Hopley, D. (ed) Australian Sea Levels in the Last 15,000 Years: A Review, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Occasional Papers, pp.85–92.

[26] Flood, P.G. and Frankel, E. (1989) ‘Late Holocene higher sea level indicators from Eastern Australia’, Marine Geology, 90, pp.193–95.

[27] French, P.W., Donnellan, M. and McKenzie, D.R. (1997) ‘Electromagnetic radiation at 835 MHz changes the morphology and inhibits proliferation of a human astrocytoma cell line’, Biochemistry & Bioenergetics, 43, pp.13–8.

[28] French, P.W., Penny, R., Laurence, J.A. and McKenzie, D.R. (2000) ‘Mobile phones, heat shock proteins and cancer’, Differentiation, 67, pp.93–7.

[29] Fujimura, J. (1992) ‘Crafting science: standardized packages, boundary objects and “translation”‘ in Pickering, A. (ed) Science as Practice and Culture, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, pp.168–211.

[30] Garfinkel, H. (1956) ‘Conditions of successful degradation ceremonies’, American Journal of Sociology, 61, 5, pp.420–24.

[31] Geertz, C. (1973) ‘Deep play: notes on the Balinese cockfight’ in The Interpretation of Cultures, Basic Books, New York, pp.412–53.

[32] General Medical Council (2010) ‘Fitness to practise panel hearing’ (Dr Andrew Jeremy Wakefield, Professor John Angus Walker-Smith, Professor Simon Harry Murch), 28 January.

[33] Gieryn, T. (1999) Cultural Boundaries of Science: Credibility on the Line, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.

[34] Gill, E.D. and Hopley, D. (1972) ‘Holocene sea levels in Eastern Australian – a discussion’, Marine Geology, 12, pp.223–33.

[35] Goffman, E. (1961) Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and other Inmates, Anchor Books, New York.

[36] Goffman, E. (1963) Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity, Simon and Schuster, New York.

[37] Goldacre, B. (2009) Bad Science, Fourth Estate, London.

[38] Gray, T. and Martin, B. (2007) ‘Abu Ghraib’ in Martin, B. (ed) Justice Ignited: The Dynamics of Backfire, Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham MD, pp.129–41.

[39] Hobson-West, P. (2007) ‘“Trusting blindly can be the biggest risk of all”: organised resistance to childhood vaccination in the UK’, Sociology of Health & Illness, 29, 2, pp. 198–215.

[40] Hull, R.E. (1976) ‘The degradation of an educational research group: a case description’, Educational Researcher, 5, 6, pp.10–2.

[41] Jansen, S.C. and Martin, B. (2003) ‘Making censorship backfire’, Counterpoise, 7, 2, pp.5–15.

[42] Jasper, J.M. (2006) Getting Your Way: Strategic Dilemmas in the Real World, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

[43] Laurence, J.A., French, P.W., Lindner, R.A. and McKenzie, D.R. (2000) ‘Biological effects of electromagnetic fields: mechanisms for the effects of pulsed microwave radiation on protein conformation’, Journal of Theoretical Biology, 206, pp.291–98.

[44] Lennane, J. (2000) ‘Battered plaintiffs – injuries from hired guns and compliant courts’, available from http://www.bmartin.cc/dissent/documents/Lennane_battered.html [accessed June 2014].

[45] Levi, M. (2002) ‘Suite justice or sweet charity? Some explorations of shaming and incapacitating business fraudsters’, Punishment and Society, 4, 2, pp.147–63.

[46] Linnell, G. (2000) ‘Dial H for health hazard?‘, Sydney Morning Herald, 16 December, Good Weekend, pp.16–21.

[47] Loeser, J.-M. and Burrus, K. (2009) ‘Interactive coaching with corporate ventures’ in Moral, M. and Abbott, G. (eds) The Routledge Companion to International Business Coaching, Routledge, New York, pp.282–98.

[48] Long, W.R. (2009) ‘On second looking into the case of Dr. Andrew J. Wakefield’, The Autism File, 31, pp.66–81.

[49] Lukes, S. (1975) ‘Political ritual and social integration’, Sociology, 9, pp.285–308.

[50] Martin, B. (1999) ‘Suppression of dissent in science’, Research in Social Problems and Public Policy, 7, pp.105–35.

[51] Martin, B. (2007) Justice Ignited: The Dynamics of Backfire, Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham MD.

[52] Martin, B. (2009) ‘Managing outrage over genocide: case study Rwanda’, Global Change, Peace & Security, 21, 3, pp.275–90.

[53] Martin, B. (2013) Whistleblowing: A Practical Guide, Irene Publishing, Sparsnäs.

[54] Martin, B. (2014) ‘On the suppression of vaccination dissent’, Science and Engineering Ethics, doi:10.1007/s11948-014-9530-3.

[55] McDonald, P., Graham, T. and Martin, B. (2010) ‘Outrage management in cases of sexual harassment as revealed in judicial decisions’, Psychology of Women Quarterly, 34, pp.165–80.

[56] Moch, M.K. and Huff, A.S. (1983) ‘Power enactment through language and ritual’, Journal of Business Research, 11, pp.293–316.

[57] Moran, G. (1998) Silencing Scientists and Scholars in Other Fields: Power, Paradigm Controls, Peer Review, and Scholarly Communication, Ablex, Greenwich CT.

[58] Offit, P.A. (2010) Autism's False Prophets: Bad Science, Risky Medicine, and the Search for a Cure, Columbia University Press, New York.

[59] Offit, P.A. and Bell, L.M. (2003) Vaccines: What You Should Know, John Wiley, Hoboken NJ.

[60] Rappaport, R. (1999) Ritual & Religion in the Making of Humanity, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

[61] SBS (Special Broadcasting Service) (2000) Insight, Sydney, 6 April.

[62] SECITARC (Senate Environment, Communications, Informational Technology and the Arts References Committee) (2001) Senate Inquiry into Electromagnetic Radiation, Canberra.

[63] Swedlow, B. (2007) ‘Using the boundaries of science to do boundary-work among scientists: pollution and purity claims’, Science and Public Policy, 34, 9, pp.633–43.

[64] Taylor, P.J. (1976) ‘An interpretation of the quantification debate in British geography’, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, New Series, 1, 2, pp.129–42.

[65] Thérèse, S. (2003) The Colonisation of Scientific Uncertainty: Liminality and Agency in Science Boundary Work, Ph.D. thesis, University of Wollongong.

[66] Thérèse, S. (2011) ‘How scientists can protect and restore their reputations’, Social Alternatives, 30, 1, pp.38–42.

[67] Thérèse, S. and Martin, B. (2010) ‘Shame, scientist! Degradation rituals in science’, Prometheus, 28, 2, pp.97–110.

[68] Thom, B.G., Hails, J.R. and Martin, A.R.H. (1969) ‘Radiocarbon evidence against higher postglacial sea levels in Eastern Australia’, Marine Geology, 7, pp.161–68.

[69] Thom, B.G., Hails, J.R., Martin, A.R.H. and Phipps, C.V.G. (1972) ‘Postglacial sea levels in Eastern Australian – a reply’, Marine Geology, 12, pp.233–42.

[70] Tommey, P. (2010) ‘Discredited defamation: the fallacious case against Dr. Andrew Wakefield’, The Autism File USA, 34, pp.8–10.

[71] Trice, H.M. and Beyer, J.M. (1984) ‘Studying organizational cultures through rites and ceremonials’, Academy of Management Review, 9, 4, pp.653–69.

[72] Turner, V.W. (1974) Dramas, Fields and Metaphors, Cornell University Press, Ithaca NY.

[73] Turner, V.W. (1982) From Ritual to Theater, Performing Arts Journal Publications, New York.

[74] van Gennep, A. (1960) Rites of Passage, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.

[75] Wakefield, A.J. (2010) Callous Disregard: Autism and Vaccines – The Truth Behind a Tragedy, Skyhorse, New York.

[76] Wakefield, A.J., Murch, S.H., Anthony, A. et al. (1998) ‘Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children’, The Lancet, 351, pp.637–41 [retracted].

[77] Walker, M. (2012) ‘Lots of law but little justice: the acquittal of Professor John Walker-Smith and the case of Dr Andrew Wakefield’, available from http://www.anh-europe.org/news/lots-of-law-little-justice [accessed March 2013].

[78] Weinstein, R. (2004) Marriage Rituals Italian Style: A Historical Anthropological Perspective on Early Modern Italian Jews, Brill, Leiden.

[79] Westhues, K. (2004) Administrative Mobbing at the University of Toronto: The Trial, Degradation and Dismissal of a Professor During the Presidency of J. Robert S. Prichard, Edwin Mellen Press, Queenston Ontario.

[80] Yadgar, Y. (2003) ‘A disintegrating ritual: the reading of the Deri verdict as a media event of degradation’, Critical Studies in Media Communication, 20, 2, pp.204–23.