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INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CO-OPERATION, TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND AID: ASEAN COUNTRIES, AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND
Abstract
This paper considers the scope for beneficial scientific co-operation and technology transfer among ASEAN countries, Australia and New Zealand in the light of differences in the development status of these countries, their proximity to one another, their resource endowments and other factors. Australian official science and technology aid in the ASEAN region (which of necessity involves some co-operation between the donor and aid recipients) is considered as well as recent initiatives of the Australian Department of Science to promote fully co-operative (‘non-aided’) R&D in the region. Two examples of regional co-operation in R & D are considered briefly, namely the development of a malaria vaccine and giant clam farming.
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NOTES AND REFERENCES
Brunei joined ASEAN in 1985 and is not taken into account in the statistics given in this paper.
V. Rittberger, Science and Technology in a Changing International Order: The United Nations Conference on Science and Technology for Development, Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, 1982.
W. Morehouse, ‘Technological autonomy and disassociation in the international system: an alternative economic and political strategy for national development’ in Rittberger, op. cit., p. 52.
ibid., p, 54.
T.G. Parry, ‘The multinational enterprise and two-stage technology transfer to developing nations’, Research in International and Business Finance, 2, 1981, pp. 175–92.
N.D. Karunaratne, ‘Australia and technology transfer to developing countries’, Economic Activity, 27, 2, 1981, pp. 2–12.
H. Hill and B. Johns, ‘The transfer of technology to western Pacific developing countries’, Prometheus, I, I, 1983, pp. 60—83. cf, C.A. Tisdell, ‘Technological change and transfer in the Pacific: the position of Australia and Japan’, Australian Outlook, 39, I, 1985, pp. 39—43.
Karunaratne, op. cit., p. 9.
H. Pack, ‘Preface’, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences, 458, 1981, p. 7.
Karunaratne, op. cit., p. 4.
M. Alauddin and C.A. Tisdell, ‘Bangladeshi and international agricultural research’, Agricultural Administration, 21, 1986, pp. 1—20.
cf. D.J. Teece, ‘Technology transfer by multinational firms: the resource cost of transferring technology know-how’ Economic Journal, 87, 1977, pp. 242—61.
D. Lim, ‘The Jackson report on Australian aid: the underlying framework’, Australian Outlook, 39, I, 1985, pp. 19—22.
For more information see ‘ASEAN-Australia interaction: summary of areas of science and technology interactions’, paper for ANZAAS 1985 prepared by International Policy and Programs Branch, Department of Science, Canberra, 1985.
ASTEC (Australian Science and Technology Council), Australian Science and Technology in International Co-operation and Development Assistance, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 1982.
For a different view, see Karunaratne, op. cit.
ASTEC, op. cit., p. 39.
ibid., p. 47.
ibid., p. 48.
R.G. Jackson, ‘Australia's foreign aid’, Australian Outlook, 39, I, 1985, pp. 13—18; Lim, op. cit.
P. Eldridge, ‘The Jackson report on Australia's aid program: political options and prospects’; and W.R. Stent, ‘The Jackson report: a critical review’, Australian Outlook, 39, I, 1985, pp. 23—32, 33—8.
Lim, op. cit., p. 21.
International Policy and Programs Branch, Scientific Industries Steering Committee Report on Activities to 30 June 1985, Department of Science, Canberra, 1985.
‘ASEAN-Australia interaction: summary of areas of science and technology interactions’, paper for ANZAAS 1985 prepared by International Policy and Programs Branch, Department of Science, Canberra, 1985, p. 9.
ibid, p. 10.
International Policy and Programs Branch, Scientific Industries Steering Committee Report on Activities to 30 June 1985 op. cit., p. 6. See also Department of Science and Technology pamphlets Applied Micro-electronics in Australia, Scientific Instrumentation in Australia, Remote Sensing in Australia and Biomedical Technology in Australia, undated.
Weekend Australian, 15—16 June 1985, p. 3.
For an indication of some of the factors that would need to be considered see K. Hoffman, ‘New technologies and the Third World: challenges and opportunities in renewable energy and biotechnology’, Development and Change, 16, I, 1985, pp. 3—4; idem., ‘The commercialisation of photovoltaics in the Third World: unfulfilled expectations and limited markets’, Development and Change, 16, I, 1985, pp. 5—38; M. Kenney and F. Buttel, ‘Biotechnology: prospects and dilemmas for Third World development’, Development and Change, 16, I, 1985, pp. 61—92.
Relevant papers presented at the Science and Technology Workshop, ASEAN Interaction, ANZAAS, Melbourne, 1985 include Q.L. Kintanar, ‘Science and technology for development: ASEAN aspirations’; Fong Chann Onn, ‘Technological co-operation between ASEAN and Australia-New Zealand: issues from Malaysian case studies’; and C.M. Palmer, ‘Co-operative development of science and technology in ASEAN, and Australia and New Zealand: constraints and problems: a review’.