FITTING LAW TO INNOVATION POLICY

Arup, C.J.

doi:10.1080/08109029008631871

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FITTING LAW TO INNOVATION POLICY

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Author(s): C.J. Arup

Publication date (Print): June 1990

Journal: Prometheus

Publisher: Pluto Journals

Keywords: Innovation policy, law, intellectual property, trade policy, industry assistance, government enterprise

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Abstract

Law plays an important part in innovation policy. It is represented in a wide range of relevant policies such as intellectual property, trade and competition, industry assistance and government enterprise policy. Law acts however both as an instrument of government policy and as a check on that policy. These two sides to law can be illustrated by the competition between two basic legal approaches to policy implementation, the bureaucratic-legal approach and the purposive action approach. The paper traces recent Australian developments in innovation law and identifies the tension in recent policy experience between the two approaches.

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Journal ID (publisher-id): cpro20

Journal ID (archive): CPRO

Title: Prometheus

Subtitle: Critical Studies in Innovation

Publisher: Pluto Journals

ISSN (Print): 0810-9028

ISSN (Electronic): 1470-1030

Publication date (Print): June 1990

Volume: 8

Issue: 1

Pages: 5-34

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Publisher ID: 8631871 Coden ID: Prometheus, Vol. 8, No. 1, 1990: pp. 5–34

DOI: 10.1080/08109029008631871

SO-VID: 71684978-36c1-4d94-b8d4-d1fd2b739318

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Figures: 0, Tables: 0, References: 110, Pages: 30

NOTES AND REFERENCES

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Commons J.. 1924. . The Legal Foundations of Capitalism . , New York : : Macmillan. .
Offe C.. 1984. . Contradictions of the Welfare State . , Edited by: Keane J.. London : : Hutchinson. .
T Prosser, ‘Towards a Critical Public Law’, Journal of Law and Society, 9, 1982, p. 1. Also see J. Winkler, ‘The Corporatist Economy: Theory and Administration’, in R. Scase (ed.), Industrial Society: Class, Cleavage and Control, St.Martin's Press, New York, 1977, p. 43.
Joseph R.. 1989. . The Politics of High Technology in Australia. . Prometheus . , Vol. 7:: 103
Freeman C. and Lundvall B.. 1988. . Small Countries Facing the Technological Revolution . , London : : Printer Publishers. .
Pavitt K.. 1984. . Sectoral Patterns of Technical Change: Towards a Taxonomy and a Theory. . Research Policy . , Vol. 13:: 311
Chesnais F.. 1986. . Science, Technology and Competitiveness. . STI Review . , Vol. 1:: 85
Freeman and Lundvall, op.cit.
For example, A Wineburg, ‘The Japanese Patent System: A Non-Tariff Barrier to Foreign Business?’, Journal of World Trade Law, 22, 1988, p 11. Some attention is now being paid to such practices in international forums such as GATT, as it is to the discriminatory use of positive assistance in favour of local business.
Commonwealth of Australia, Bureau of Industry Economics, Studies in Industrial Development and Innovation Policy, Introduction and General Overview, AGPS, Canberra, 1987.
Wilks S. and Wright M.. 1987. . Comparative Government-Industry Relations . , Oxford : : Clarendon. .
Edelman B.. 1979. . Ownership of the Image: Elements for a Marxist Theory of Law . , Edited by: Kingdom E.. London : : Routledge and Kegan Paul. .
N. Henry, Copyright, Information Technology and Public Policy Part I: Copyright — Public Policies and Part II: Public Policies — Information Technology, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 1975 and 1976.
Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia, Senate, Copyright Amendment Bill 1984 — Explanatory Memorandum, Canberra, 1984.
Ringer B.. 1972. . “Copyright Law Revision: History and Prospects. ”. In Technology and Copyright: Annotated Bibliography and Source Materials . , Edited by: Bush G.. p. 287 Mt. Airy , Maryland : : Lomond Systems. .
Lockhardt J.. 1984. . Copyright and Advancing Technology. . Copyright Reporter . , Vol. 2((4)): 9
Emerson J.. 1984. . Computer Software: Detailed Enquiry Needed Before Legislation. . Law Institute Journal . , Vol. 58:: 514
Commonwealth of Australia, Industries Assistance Commission, Computer Hardware and Software; Typewriters, Calculating and Other Office Machines; Parts and Accessories; Recording Media, AGPS, Canberra, 1984.
Mandeville T., Lamberton D. and Bishop E.. 1982. . Economic Effects of the Australian Patent System: A Commissioned Report to the Industrial Property Advisory Committee . , p. 138 Canberra : : AGPS. .
Court J.. 1986. . The Politics of Copyright and the Problem of Home Taping. . Copyright Reporter . , Vol. 4((2)): 22
Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia, Parliamentary Debates, House of Representatives, Weekly Hansard, No. 8, p. 3141, 7 June 1984, Copyright Amendment Bill.
M. Kindermann, ‘The International Copyright of Computer Software: History, Status and Developments’, Copyright — Monthly Review of the World Intellectual Property Organisation, April 1988, p. 201.
Weber M.. 1954. . On Law in Economy and Society . , Edited by: Shils E. and Rheinstein M.. Cambridge : : Harvard University Press. .
Commonwealth of Australia, Attorney-General's Department, National Symposium on Legal Protection of Computer Software, Canberra, 1984.
Gaze E.. 1989. . The Circuit Layouts Bill 1988/89. . Law Institute Journal . , Vol. 63:: 488
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Biotechnology and Patent Protection: An International Review, OECD, Paris, 1985.
Teece D.. 1987. . “Capturing Value From Technological Innovation: Integration, Strategic Partnering, and Licensing Decisions. ”. In Technology and Global Industry: Companies and Nations in the World Economy . , Edited by: Guile B. and Brooks H.. p. 65 Washington : : National Academy of Engineering Press. .
Pearson H.. 1984. . Computer Contracts: An International Guide to Agreements and Software Protection . , London : : Kluwer. . per seJurimetrics Journal
Neumeyer F.. 1971. . The Employed Inventor in the United Stales: R&D Policies, Law and Practice . , Cambridge , Massachusetts : : MIT Press. .
Some commentators do argue that the trade in companies has reached the point where it is interfering with the long range planning and investment that is necessary to see innovation through to industrial success.
Hughes G.. 1988. . Australian Computer Law and the English Experience. . Australian Business Law Review . , Vol. 16:: 208
Commonwealth of Australia, Attorney-General's Department, Annual Report 1987-1988, AGPS, Canberra, 1988.
For example, standards for automatic scanning technology, The Age, 27 February 1989.
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Software: An Emerging Industry, OECD, Paris, 1985.
Delamarter R.. 1988. . Big Blue: IBM's Use and Abuse of Power . , London : : Pan Books. .
G. Bertin and S. Wyatt, Multinationals and Industrial Property: The Control of the World's Technology, Harvester Wheatsheaf, Hemel Hempstead, England, 1988.
Ricketson S.. 1984. . The Law of Intellectual Property . , Sydney : : Law Book Co.. .
Lamberton D.. 1987. . Patent Reform in Australia. . Prometheus . , Vol. 5:: 73
J. Venit, ‘In the Wake of Windsurfing: Patent Licensing in the Common Market’, in B. Hawk (ed.), United States and Common Market Anti-Trust Policies, Annual Proceedings of the Fordham Corporate Law Insititute, Matthew Bender, New York, 1987.
ibid.
Koob J.. 1987-1988. . Anti-Trust Laws in America’, Prospect:. . Journal of the British Technology Group . , Vol. 1:: 22
Chesnais, op.cit., p. 107.
Commonwealth of Australia, Australian Science and Technology Council, Mechanisms for Technology Transfer into Australia, AGPS, Canberra, 1986.
D. McInerney, Anti-Trust Scrutiny of Joint R&D Ventures in the US and the EEC’, in B. Hawk (ed.), op.cit.
Frazer T.. 1987. . Competition Law: Mapping the Minefield. . Computer Law and Practice . , Vol. 3:: 199
Claydon J.. 1986. . Joint Ventures — An Analysis of Commission Decisions. . European Competition Law Review . , Vol. 14:: 151
Brunt M.. 1986. . The Use of Economic Evidence in Anti-Trust Litigation in Australia. . Australian Business Law Review . , Vol. 14:: 261
CCH Australia, Australian Trade Practices Reporter, CCH, Sydney, 1983 and updates, #60,688.
Commonwealth of Australia, Trade Practices Commission, Annual Report, 1984-1985, AGPS, Canberra, 1985, p. 42.
Johnston R.. 1983. . “The Control of Technological Change in Australia. ”. In Future Tense? Technology in Australia . , Edited by: Hill S. and Johnston R.. p. 89 Brisbane : : University of Queensland Press. .
Flint D.. 1985. . Foreign Investment Law in Australia . , Sydney : : Law Book Company. .
Commonwealth of Australia, Department of the Treasury, Australia's Foreign Investment Policy — A Guide for Investors, AGPS, Canberra, 1989.
ibid., p. 1.
Flint, op.cit.
Commonwealth of Australia, Department of the Treasury, Foreign Investment Review Board, Report 1987-1988, AGPS, Canberra, 1989.
Morris P.. 1983. . Australia's Dependence on Imported Technology — Some Issues for Discussion. . Prometheus . , Vol. 1:: 144
Commonwealth of Australia, Bureau of Industry, Economics, Importing Technology, Research Report No. 25, AGPS, Canberra, 1988.
Australian Science and Technology Council, Technology Transfer, op.cit.
Grant P.. 1983. . Technological Sovereignty: Forgotten Factor in the “High-Tech” Razzamataz. . Prometheus . , Vol. 1:: 239
Commonwealth of Australia, Attorney-General's Department, Annual Report 1986-1987, AGPS, Canberra, 1987, p. 67.
Commonwealth of Australia, Department of Industry, Technology and Commerce, Annual Report 1987-1988, AGPS, Canberra, 1988.
Commonwealth of Australia, Department of Industry, Technology and Commerce, Annual Report 1986-1987, AGPS, Canberra, 1987.
Commonwealth of Australia, Bureau of Industry Economics, The 150% Tax Concession for Research and Development Expenditure — Interim Report, Program Evaluation Report 7, AGPS, Canberra, 1989.
Commonwealth of Australia, Auditor-General, Efficiency Audit Report, Industry Research and Development Board and Department of Industry, Technology and Commerce: Taxation Concessions and Grants for Industry Research and Development Schemes, AGPS, Canberra, 1989.
Commonwealth of Australia, Department Review Council, Review of Decisions Under Industry Research and Development Legislation, Report No. 31, AGPS, Canberra, 1988.
The Age, 8 September 1989.
Commonwealth of Australia, Department of Industry, Technology and Commerce, The Promotion of Indigenous IR&D in Australia and the Effectiveness of the Industrial Research and Development Incentives Scheme — A Summary Report, Price Waterhouse, Canberra, 1985. Generally, see S. MacDonald, ‘Theoretically Sound: Practically Useless? Government Grants for Industrial R and D in Australia’. Research Policy, 15, 1986, p. 269.
Auditor-General, op.cit.
Commonwealth of Australia, Department of Industry, Technology and Commerce, Australian Technology Newsletter, no.11, April/May 1989.
Head B.. 1986. . The Politics of Development in Australia . , Sydney : : Allen and Unwin. .
Commonwealth of Australia, Department of Industry, Technology and Commerce Annual Report 1986-1987, AGPS, Canberra, 1987.
Yencken D. . 1989. . The Multi-Function Polis: Social and Strategic Issues. . Australian Planner . , Vol. 27((2)): 22
State of Victoria, Technology Statement, Government Printer, Melbourne, 1986, p. 57.
Krommenacker R.. 1986. . The Impact of Information Technology on Trade Interdependence. . Journal of World Trade Law . , Vol. 20:: 381
Daintith T.. 1985. . “The Executive Power Today: Bargaining and Economic Control. ”. In The Changing Consititioh . , Edited by: Jowell J. and Oliver D.. p. 174 Oxford : : Clarendon. .
Ganz G.. 1987. . Quasi-Legislation: Recent Developments in Secondary Legislation . , London : : Sweet and Maxwell. .
Halligan J. and O'Grady M.. 1985. . Public Sector Reform: Exploring the Victorian Government Experience. . Australian Journal of Public Administration . , Vol. XLIV:: 34
Liesch P.. 1986. . The Australian Government Offsets Program. . Prometheus . , Vol. 4:: 306
C. Howard, ‘Minister Has Become Education Czar’, The Age, 27 June 1989.
Australian Financial Review, 20 July, 1987.
Computerworld, 14 September 1987.
Ganz G.. 1977. . Government and Industry: The Provision of Financial Assistance to Industry and Its Control . , Abingdon , United Kingdom : : Professional Books. .
J. Matthews, Proposal to Establish a Victorian Technology Incubator Facility in the Western Suburbs with a Link to Tertiary Institutions — Background Paper and Consultancy Brief, Resources Coordination Division, Ministry of Education, Melbourne, 1984, p. 31.
The Age, 23 February 1989.
Ganz, Government and Industry, op.cit.
Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia, Joint Committee of Public Accounts, Implementation of the Offsets Program, Canberra, 1987.
Commonwealth of Australia, Bureau of Industry Economics, Monitoring of the Offsets Program — First Report, Program Evaluation Report no.3, AGPS, Canberra, 1987.
Parliament of the State of Victoria, Report of Inquiry — VEDC, Government Printer, Melbourne, 1989 (the report by the special auditor, Mr. Fergus Ryan).
Cameron P. and Midgeley S.. 1982. . Contract, The Rule of Law, and the Liberal-Democratic State: The Case of Britain and North Sea Oil. . International Journal of the Sociology of Law . , Vol. 10:: 239
M. Berry and M. Huxley, ‘Property Development, Capital Switching and State Intervention: Studies of Melbourne Australia’, Paper Presented to the International Sociological Association, Urban and Regional Development Research Committee Conference, Hong Kong, August 1985.
Lawrence G.. 1984. . Biotechnology: Sunrise or Sunset? . Journal of Australian Political Economy . , Vol. 17:: 3
Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia, Senate Standing Committee on Finance and Government Operations, List of Commonwealth Bodies, AGPS, Canberra, 1987.
Harman E.. 1986. . Government and Business in Western Australia 1983-1985: Legal and Political Aspects of the New Hybrid Enterprises. . Australian Journal of Public Administration . , Vol. XLV:: 247
Report of Inquiry — VEDC, op.cit., p. 5.
Bayne P.. 1989. . Administrative Law and the New Managerialism in Public Administration. . Canberra Bulletin of Public Administration . , Vol. 58:: 39
Commonwealth of Australia, Administrative Review Council, Report to the Attorney-General, Review of The Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act: The Ambit of the Act, AGPS, Canberra, 1989.
Goldring J.. 1989. . The Values Inherent in Judicial Review. . Canberra Bulletin of Public Administration . , Vol. 58:: 78
Administrative Review Council, Review of Decisions Under Industry Research and Development Legislation, op.cit.
Kirby M.. 1981. . Beyond Frontier Marked “Policy-Lawyers Keep Out”,‘. . Federal Law Review . , Vol. 12:: 121
Maschaw J.. 1983. . Bureaucratic Justice: Managing Social Security Disability Claims . , New Haven : : Yale University Press. .
Carroll J.. 1986. . Background and Reasons for Proposed Policy Guidelines for Government Business Enterprises. . Australian Journal of Public Administration . , Vol. XLV:: 284
See for example the remarks of the New South Wales Auditor-General about the accounts of the subsidiary companies of government authorities including the universities; State of New South Wales, Auditor-General, Auditor-General's Report for 1989, volume one, Auditor-General's Office, Sydney, 1989.
State of Victoria, Auditor-General of Victoria, Financial Assistance to Industry, Special Report no.11, Government Printer, Melbourne, 1989.
The Age, 23 February 1989. Generally see D. Nelkin, Science as Intellectual Property: Who Controls Scientific Research?, Cornell/Macmillan, New York, 1984.
Offe, Contradictions, op.cit.
Teubner G.. 1983. . Substantive and Reflexive Elements in Modern Law. . Law and Society Review . , Vol. 17:: 239
Broekman J.. 1985. . “Legal Subjectivity as a Precondition for the Intertwinement of Law and the Welfare State. ”. In Dilemnas of Law in the Welfare State . , Edited by: Teubner G.. p. 76 Berlin : : Walter de Gruyter. .
Daintith T.. 1988. . “Law as a Policy Instrument: Comparative Perspective. ”. In Law as an Instrument of Economic Policy: Comparative and Critical Approaches . , Edited by: Daintith T.. p. 7 Berlin : : Walter de Gruyter. .
Blankenburg E.. 1985. . The Waning of Legality in the Concept of Policy Implementation. . Law and Policy . , Vol. 7:: 481 Promoting Industry

Comments

Comment on this article

[1] Offe C.. 1975. . “The Theory of the Capitalist State and the Problem of Policy Formation. ”. In Stress and Contradiction in Modern Capitalism: Public Policy and the Theory of the State . , Edited by: Lindberg L.. p. 125 Lexington , Massachusetts : : Lexington Books. .

[2] Commons J.. 1924. . The Legal Foundations of Capitalism . , New York : : Macmillan. .

[3] Offe C.. 1984. . Contradictions of the Welfare State . , Edited by: Keane J.. London : : Hutchinson. .

[4] T Prosser, ‘Towards a Critical Public Law’, Journal of Law and Society, 9, 1982, p. 1. Also see J. Winkler, ‘The Corporatist Economy: Theory and Administration’, in R. Scase (ed.), Industrial Society: Class, Cleavage and Control, St.Martin's Press, New York, 1977, p. 43.

[5] Joseph R.. 1989. . The Politics of High Technology in Australia. . Prometheus . , Vol. 7:: 103

[6] Freeman C. and Lundvall B.. 1988. . Small Countries Facing the Technological Revolution . , London : : Printer Publishers. .

[7] Pavitt K.. 1984. . Sectoral Patterns of Technical Change: Towards a Taxonomy and a Theory. . Research Policy . , Vol. 13:: 311

[8] Chesnais F.. 1986. . Science, Technology and Competitiveness. . STI Review . , Vol. 1:: 85

[9] Freeman and Lundvall, op.cit.

[10] For example, A Wineburg, ‘The Japanese Patent System: A Non-Tariff Barrier to Foreign Business?’, Journal of World Trade Law, 22, 1988, p 11. Some attention is now being paid to such practices in international forums such as GATT, as it is to the discriminatory use of positive assistance in favour of local business.

[11] Commonwealth of Australia, Bureau of Industry Economics, Studies in Industrial Development and Innovation Policy, Introduction and General Overview, AGPS, Canberra, 1987.

[12] Wilks S. and Wright M.. 1987. . Comparative Government-Industry Relations . , Oxford : : Clarendon. .

[13] Edelman B.. 1979. . Ownership of the Image: Elements for a Marxist Theory of Law . , Edited by: Kingdom E.. London : : Routledge and Kegan Paul. .

[14] N. Henry, Copyright, Information Technology and Public Policy Part I: Copyright — Public Policies and Part II: Public Policies — Information Technology, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 1975 and 1976.

[15] Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia, Senate, Copyright Amendment Bill 1984 — Explanatory Memorandum, Canberra, 1984.

[16] Ringer B.. 1972. . “Copyright Law Revision: History and Prospects. ”. In Technology and Copyright: Annotated Bibliography and Source Materials . , Edited by: Bush G.. p. 287 Mt. Airy , Maryland : : Lomond Systems. .

[17] Lockhardt J.. 1984. . Copyright and Advancing Technology. . Copyright Reporter . , Vol. 2((4)): 9

[18] Emerson J.. 1984. . Computer Software: Detailed Enquiry Needed Before Legislation. . Law Institute Journal . , Vol. 58:: 514

[19] Commonwealth of Australia, Industries Assistance Commission, Computer Hardware and Software; Typewriters, Calculating and Other Office Machines; Parts and Accessories; Recording Media, AGPS, Canberra, 1984.

[20] Mandeville T., Lamberton D. and Bishop E.. 1982. . Economic Effects of the Australian Patent System: A Commissioned Report to the Industrial Property Advisory Committee . , p. 138 Canberra : : AGPS. .

[21] Court J.. 1986. . The Politics of Copyright and the Problem of Home Taping. . Copyright Reporter . , Vol. 4((2)): 22

[22] Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia, Parliamentary Debates, House of Representatives, Weekly Hansard, No. 8, p. 3141, 7 June 1984, Copyright Amendment Bill.

[23] M. Kindermann, ‘The International Copyright of Computer Software: History, Status and Developments’, Copyright — Monthly Review of the World Intellectual Property Organisation, April 1988, p. 201.

[24] Weber M.. 1954. . On Law in Economy and Society . , Edited by: Shils E. and Rheinstein M.. Cambridge : : Harvard University Press. .

[25] Commonwealth of Australia, Attorney-General's Department, National Symposium on Legal Protection of Computer Software, Canberra, 1984.

[26] Gaze E.. 1989. . The Circuit Layouts Bill 1988/89. . Law Institute Journal . , Vol. 63:: 488

[27] Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Biotechnology and Patent Protection: An International Review, OECD, Paris, 1985.

[28] Teece D.. 1987. . “Capturing Value From Technological Innovation: Integration, Strategic Partnering, and Licensing Decisions. ”. In Technology and Global Industry: Companies and Nations in the World Economy . , Edited by: Guile B. and Brooks H.. p. 65 Washington : : National Academy of Engineering Press. .

[29] Pearson H.. 1984. . Computer Contracts: An International Guide to Agreements and Software Protection . , London : : Kluwer. . per seJurimetrics Journal

[30] Neumeyer F.. 1971. . The Employed Inventor in the United Stales: R&D Policies, Law and Practice . , Cambridge , Massachusetts : : MIT Press. .

[31] Some commentators do argue that the trade in companies has reached the point where it is interfering with the long range planning and investment that is necessary to see innovation through to industrial success.

[32] Hughes G.. 1988. . Australian Computer Law and the English Experience. . Australian Business Law Review . , Vol. 16:: 208

[33] Commonwealth of Australia, Attorney-General's Department, Annual Report 1987-1988, AGPS, Canberra, 1988.

[34] For example, standards for automatic scanning technology, The Age, 27 February 1989.

[35] Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Software: An Emerging Industry, OECD, Paris, 1985.

[36] Delamarter R.. 1988. . Big Blue: IBM's Use and Abuse of Power . , London : : Pan Books. .

[37] G. Bertin and S. Wyatt, Multinationals and Industrial Property: The Control of the World's Technology, Harvester Wheatsheaf, Hemel Hempstead, England, 1988.

[38] Ricketson S.. 1984. . The Law of Intellectual Property . , Sydney : : Law Book Co.. .

[39] Lamberton D.. 1987. . Patent Reform in Australia. . Prometheus . , Vol. 5:: 73

[40] J. Venit, ‘In the Wake of Windsurfing: Patent Licensing in the Common Market’, in B. Hawk (ed.), United States and Common Market Anti-Trust Policies, Annual Proceedings of the Fordham Corporate Law Insititute, Matthew Bender, New York, 1987.

[41] ibid.

[42] Koob J.. 1987-1988. . Anti-Trust Laws in America’, Prospect:. . Journal of the British Technology Group . , Vol. 1:: 22

[43] Chesnais, op.cit., p. 107.

[44] Commonwealth of Australia, Australian Science and Technology Council, Mechanisms for Technology Transfer into Australia, AGPS, Canberra, 1986.

[45] D. McInerney, Anti-Trust Scrutiny of Joint R&D Ventures in the US and the EEC’, in B. Hawk (ed.), op.cit.

[46] Frazer T.. 1987. . Competition Law: Mapping the Minefield. . Computer Law and Practice . , Vol. 3:: 199

[47] Claydon J.. 1986. . Joint Ventures — An Analysis of Commission Decisions. . European Competition Law Review . , Vol. 14:: 151

[48] Brunt M.. 1986. . The Use of Economic Evidence in Anti-Trust Litigation in Australia. . Australian Business Law Review . , Vol. 14:: 261

[49] CCH Australia, Australian Trade Practices Reporter, CCH, Sydney, 1983 and updates, #60,688.

[50] Commonwealth of Australia, Trade Practices Commission, Annual Report, 1984-1985, AGPS, Canberra, 1985, p. 42.

[51] Johnston R.. 1983. . “The Control of Technological Change in Australia. ”. In Future Tense? Technology in Australia . , Edited by: Hill S. and Johnston R.. p. 89 Brisbane : : University of Queensland Press. .

[52] Flint D.. 1985. . Foreign Investment Law in Australia . , Sydney : : Law Book Company. .

[53] Commonwealth of Australia, Department of the Treasury, Australia's Foreign Investment Policy — A Guide for Investors, AGPS, Canberra, 1989.

[54] ibid., p. 1.

[55] Flint, op.cit.

[56] Commonwealth of Australia, Department of the Treasury, Foreign Investment Review Board, Report 1987-1988, AGPS, Canberra, 1989.

[57] Morris P.. 1983. . Australia's Dependence on Imported Technology — Some Issues for Discussion. . Prometheus . , Vol. 1:: 144

[58] Commonwealth of Australia, Bureau of Industry, Economics, Importing Technology, Research Report No. 25, AGPS, Canberra, 1988.

[59] Australian Science and Technology Council, Technology Transfer, op.cit.

[60] Grant P.. 1983. . Technological Sovereignty: Forgotten Factor in the “High-Tech” Razzamataz. . Prometheus . , Vol. 1:: 239

[61] Commonwealth of Australia, Attorney-General's Department, Annual Report 1986-1987, AGPS, Canberra, 1987, p. 67.

[62] Commonwealth of Australia, Department of Industry, Technology and Commerce, Annual Report 1987-1988, AGPS, Canberra, 1988.

[63] Commonwealth of Australia, Department of Industry, Technology and Commerce, Annual Report 1986-1987, AGPS, Canberra, 1987.

[64] Commonwealth of Australia, Bureau of Industry Economics, The 150% Tax Concession for Research and Development Expenditure — Interim Report, Program Evaluation Report 7, AGPS, Canberra, 1989.

[65] Commonwealth of Australia, Auditor-General, Efficiency Audit Report, Industry Research and Development Board and Department of Industry, Technology and Commerce: Taxation Concessions and Grants for Industry Research and Development Schemes, AGPS, Canberra, 1989.

[66] Commonwealth of Australia, Department Review Council, Review of Decisions Under Industry Research and Development Legislation, Report No. 31, AGPS, Canberra, 1988.

[67] The Age, 8 September 1989.

[68] Commonwealth of Australia, Department of Industry, Technology and Commerce, The Promotion of Indigenous IR&D in Australia and the Effectiveness of the Industrial Research and Development Incentives Scheme — A Summary Report, Price Waterhouse, Canberra, 1985. Generally, see S. MacDonald, ‘Theoretically Sound: Practically Useless? Government Grants for Industrial R and D in Australia’. Research Policy, 15, 1986, p. 269.

[69] Auditor-General, op.cit.

[70] Commonwealth of Australia, Department of Industry, Technology and Commerce, Australian Technology Newsletter, no.11, April/May 1989.

[71] Head B.. 1986. . The Politics of Development in Australia . , Sydney : : Allen and Unwin. .

[72] Commonwealth of Australia, Department of Industry, Technology and Commerce Annual Report 1986-1987, AGPS, Canberra, 1987.

[73] Yencken D. . 1989. . The Multi-Function Polis: Social and Strategic Issues. . Australian Planner . , Vol. 27((2)): 22

[74] State of Victoria, Technology Statement, Government Printer, Melbourne, 1986, p. 57.

[75] Krommenacker R.. 1986. . The Impact of Information Technology on Trade Interdependence. . Journal of World Trade Law . , Vol. 20:: 381

[76] Daintith T.. 1985. . “The Executive Power Today: Bargaining and Economic Control. ”. In The Changing Consititioh . , Edited by: Jowell J. and Oliver D.. p. 174 Oxford : : Clarendon. .

[77] Ganz G.. 1987. . Quasi-Legislation: Recent Developments in Secondary Legislation . , London : : Sweet and Maxwell. .

[78] Halligan J. and O'Grady M.. 1985. . Public Sector Reform: Exploring the Victorian Government Experience. . Australian Journal of Public Administration . , Vol. XLIV:: 34

[79] Liesch P.. 1986. . The Australian Government Offsets Program. . Prometheus . , Vol. 4:: 306

[80] C. Howard, ‘Minister Has Become Education Czar’, The Age, 27 June 1989.

[81] Australian Financial Review, 20 July, 1987.

[82] Computerworld, 14 September 1987.

[83] Ganz G.. 1977. . Government and Industry: The Provision of Financial Assistance to Industry and Its Control . , Abingdon , United Kingdom : : Professional Books. .

[84] J. Matthews, Proposal to Establish a Victorian Technology Incubator Facility in the Western Suburbs with a Link to Tertiary Institutions — Background Paper and Consultancy Brief, Resources Coordination Division, Ministry of Education, Melbourne, 1984, p. 31.

[85] The Age, 23 February 1989.

[86] Ganz, Government and Industry, op.cit.

[87] Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia, Joint Committee of Public Accounts, Implementation of the Offsets Program, Canberra, 1987.

[88] Commonwealth of Australia, Bureau of Industry Economics, Monitoring of the Offsets Program — First Report, Program Evaluation Report no.3, AGPS, Canberra, 1987.

[89] Parliament of the State of Victoria, Report of Inquiry — VEDC, Government Printer, Melbourne, 1989 (the report by the special auditor, Mr. Fergus Ryan).

[90] Cameron P. and Midgeley S.. 1982. . Contract, The Rule of Law, and the Liberal-Democratic State: The Case of Britain and North Sea Oil. . International Journal of the Sociology of Law . , Vol. 10:: 239

[91] M. Berry and M. Huxley, ‘Property Development, Capital Switching and State Intervention: Studies of Melbourne Australia’, Paper Presented to the International Sociological Association, Urban and Regional Development Research Committee Conference, Hong Kong, August 1985.

[92] Lawrence G.. 1984. . Biotechnology: Sunrise or Sunset? . Journal of Australian Political Economy . , Vol. 17:: 3

[93] Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia, Senate Standing Committee on Finance and Government Operations, List of Commonwealth Bodies, AGPS, Canberra, 1987.

[94] Harman E.. 1986. . Government and Business in Western Australia 1983-1985: Legal and Political Aspects of the New Hybrid Enterprises. . Australian Journal of Public Administration . , Vol. XLV:: 247

[95] Report of Inquiry — VEDC, op.cit., p. 5.

[96] Bayne P.. 1989. . Administrative Law and the New Managerialism in Public Administration. . Canberra Bulletin of Public Administration . , Vol. 58:: 39

[97] Commonwealth of Australia, Administrative Review Council, Report to the Attorney-General, Review of The Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act: The Ambit of the Act, AGPS, Canberra, 1989.

[98] Goldring J.. 1989. . The Values Inherent in Judicial Review. . Canberra Bulletin of Public Administration . , Vol. 58:: 78

[99] Administrative Review Council, Review of Decisions Under Industry Research and Development Legislation, op.cit.

[100] Kirby M.. 1981. . Beyond Frontier Marked “Policy-Lawyers Keep Out”,‘. . Federal Law Review . , Vol. 12:: 121

[101] Maschaw J.. 1983. . Bureaucratic Justice: Managing Social Security Disability Claims . , New Haven : : Yale University Press. .

[102] Carroll J.. 1986. . Background and Reasons for Proposed Policy Guidelines for Government Business Enterprises. . Australian Journal of Public Administration . , Vol. XLV:: 284

[103] See for example the remarks of the New South Wales Auditor-General about the accounts of the subsidiary companies of government authorities including the universities; State of New South Wales, Auditor-General, Auditor-General's Report for 1989, volume one, Auditor-General's Office, Sydney, 1989.

[104] State of Victoria, Auditor-General of Victoria, Financial Assistance to Industry, Special Report no.11, Government Printer, Melbourne, 1989.

[105] The Age, 23 February 1989. Generally see D. Nelkin, Science as Intellectual Property: Who Controls Scientific Research?, Cornell/Macmillan, New York, 1984.

[106] Offe, Contradictions, op.cit.

[107] Teubner G.. 1983. . Substantive and Reflexive Elements in Modern Law. . Law and Society Review . , Vol. 17:: 239

[108] Broekman J.. 1985. . “Legal Subjectivity as a Precondition for the Intertwinement of Law and the Welfare State. ”. In Dilemnas of Law in the Welfare State . , Edited by: Teubner G.. p. 76 Berlin : : Walter de Gruyter. .

[109] Daintith T.. 1988. . “Law as a Policy Instrument: Comparative Perspective. ”. In Law as an Instrument of Economic Policy: Comparative and Critical Approaches . , Edited by: Daintith T.. p. 7 Berlin : : Walter de Gruyter. .

[110] Blankenburg E.. 1985. . The Waning of Legality in the Concept of Policy Implementation. . Law and Policy . , Vol. 7:: 481 Promoting Industry

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