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INFORMATION FOR ALL OR KNOWLEDGE FOR THE ELITE? THE CONTOURS OF A DISSIMILAR EUROPEAN INFORMATION POLICY
Abstract
In the areas of telecommunications and databanks, the following developments are likely to occur in the former CMEA countries: I. Eastern Europe will loose human resources through brain drain. 2. Owing to a chronic lack of hard currency, information transfer from West to East will decrease. 3. The change from large national markets to small markets will involve immense cost and will impede the development of market economies. 4. In telecommunications, the technical integrity of networking will be endangered by inadequate planning. 5. Improvement to only metropolitan telecommunications and supply of telecommunications only in response to economic demand will deprive the general market of investment and ensure that telecommunications is available only to the rich. 6. Financing of Eastern European telecommunications by Western European firms will lead to dependency. 7. Western telecommunications firms will be interested in serving only the economically powerful. 8. Eastern European enterprises will become merely branches of West European concerns.
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NOTES AND REFERENCES
Louis-Jean Calvet, Die Sprachenfresser. Ein Versuch über Linguistik und Kolonialismus, Arsenal, Berlin, 1978, p. 107.
François Mitterand, Technology, Employment and Growth, report to the Summit of the Industrialized Countries, Château de Versailles, 5 June 1982.
N. Postman, Wir Amusieren uns zu Tode. Urteilsbildung im Zeitalter der Unterhaltungsindustrie, Fischer, Frankfurt, 1985.
The concept of ‘non-simultaneousness of the simultaneous’ was created in the 1960s and 1970s by Latin American adherents of the dependency theory (Sunkel, Furtado, Cardoso, Córdova, Dos Santos), while developing the notion of ‘structural heterogeneity’. It was then suddenly discovered by their European translators (initially by Senghass) as a ‘new’ theorem. The narrowly economic approach of these dependency theoreticians meant that they did not notice that the concept of ‘non-simultaneousness of the simultaneous’ as an aesthetic theorem of the modern had been formulated as early as 1926 by the historian, Wilhelm Pinder. See Wilhelm Pinder, Das Problem der Generation, Bruckmann, Munich, 1961, pp.33–57.
See Jörg Becker and Susanne Bickel, Datenbanken und Macht, Westdeutscher Verlag, Opladen, 1992.
These data stem from Maria-Anna Courage and Alexander Butrimenko, Der elektronische Fachinformationsmarkt in Osteuropa 1993, Hoppenstedt, Darmstadt, 1993.
See Jörg Becker, ‘West-East data transfer: the German connection’, Transnational Data and Communications Report, August 1986, pp. 11–14.
Committee to Study International Developments in Computer Science and Technology, Global Trends in Computer Technology and their Impact on Export Control, National Academy Press, Washington, 1988, p.171.
See William N. Locke, ‘Translation by machine’. Scientific American, 194, 1, 1956, p.29.
See Don R. Le Duc, ‘East-West news flow ‘imbalance’: qualifying the quantifications’, Journal of Communication, August 1981, pp. 135–41; Tapio Varis, International Flow of Televison Programmes, UNESCO, Paris, 1985.
Jaroslav Kubik, ‘The way to Europe lies through information: current problems in the development of information activity in Czecho-Slovakia’, International Forum on Information and Documentation, 16, 3, 1991, p.28.
See Gernot Grabner, ‘The ‘truncated industrialization’ of East European regions by large Western corporations’ in H. Ernste and V. Meier (eds), Regional Development and Contemporary Industrial Response, Belhaven Press, London, 1991, p. 194-212.
See Ervin Apáthy, Galina Lamberger, Margit Rácz and Miklos Szanyi, The Change of Regime and the Hungarian Telecommunication Industry, Institute for World Economy, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, 1991.
See Simon Nora and Alain Minc, L'Informatisation de la Sociátá, La Documentation Française, Paris, 1978.
See ‘On the development of the conception of informatization of the Soviet society. Resolution of the Political Bureau of the CPSU Central Committee and a note of the CC Departments’, Izvestiya of the CPSU Central Committee, 1989, pp. 55–6.
See Markus Güttler, ‘Das informationssystem der staatlichen statistik in der DDR. Computergestützte entscheidungsunterstützung für die planung und leitung von volkswirtschaft und gesellschaft’, Informatik Forum, 6, 3, 1992, pp. 108–23.
Ibid., p. 118.
Ibid.
Ulrich Reimer, Einführung in die Wissenrepräsentation. Netzartige und Schema-basierte Repräsentationsformate, Teubner, Stuttgart, 1991, p.6.
For more details, see Jörg Becker, ‘La relación entre público censurado y público comercializado en el cambio de sistema en Europa Oriental’ in Comunicación Social 1992. Tendencias, FUNDESCO, Madrid, 1992, pp. 136–50.
Cited in Antonin Liehm, ‘Osteuropa: aufstieg in die freiheit’, UNESCO-Kurier, 7/8, 1992, p.44.
There are two reasons for this infringement. 1. According to German constitutional law, cultural policy falls exclusively within the competence of German federal provinces. 2. Mass media policy, as an important section of cultural policy, is regulated by article 5 of the German constitution. Article 5 is part of the human rights catalogue in the German constitution. As long as there are no democratically legitimated human and constitutional rights at the European level (and the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Civil Liberties of 1950 fails to provide precisely this constitutional legitimation), the interference of the Commission of the EU in German mass media regulations represents a violation of the German constitution.
Rex Nettleford, ‘Preserving the Caribbean heritage’, Combroad, September 1990, pp.31, 34.