Research and development (R&D) is presented not as a primary source of local economic activity but as secondary to fundamental factors influencing corporate survival in small economies. The increasing difficulties of demonstrating causality between levels of Industrial R&D (IRD) expenditure and local economic activity are discussed. It is argued that industry specific, selective support schemes are more likely than generic tax concessions to be effective in periods of rapid trans-national restructuring. Such support appears of limited value unless aligned with a broader policy to assist local enterprises to adapt to competitive forces.
Industry Commission, Research and Development, Report 44, AGPS, Canberra, 1995.
G. Freed, ‘Venture Capital and New Technology Opportunities’, Australian Academy of Technological Sciences & Engineering, Melbourne, 1993.
Annual Reports: Email Ltd, Sydney, 1990–6, and Fisher & Peykel, Melbourne, 1994–6.
M. Porter, Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance, Free Press, New York, 1985.
A new economics—one very different from that in text books—now applies in high technology. See, for example, W. B. Arthur, ‘Increasing Returns and the New World of Business’, Harvard Business Review 74, 4, 1996, pp. 100–111.
Author's reviews of business plans as a venture capitalist.
Cisco, 1996 Annual Report, San Jose, 1996.
R. I. Dossier, ‘Les nouveaux maitres du monde—Pouvoirs fin de siecle’, Le Monde Diplomatique, May 1995, p. 19.
L. Carrou, ‘Vers un Deplacement des centres de productions—L'industrie automobile européenne peut-elle suvivre à la mondialisation?’, Le Monde Diplomatique, September 1993, pp. 6–7.
M. W. Rennie, ‘Born Global’, The McKinsey Quarterly, 4, 1993.
P. Romer, ‘Endogenous technological change’, Journal of Political Economy, 98, 1990, pp. S71-S102.
M. Porter, The Competitive Advantage of Nations, Free Press, New York, 1990.
K. Ohmae, The End of the Nation State, Harper Collins, London, 1995.
200 companies control 26.8% of the world's production, moving from US$3 trillion to US$6 trillion between 1982 and 1992. Meanwhile the world's top 500 companies have retrenched 4 million staff while strongly improving their profits. John Cavanagh, Institute of Policy Studies, Washington DC, March 1994.
US Council on Competitiveness, R&D Policy for Competitiveness. Sector Study: Automotive, April 1996.
http:;sh;shwww.ratings.standardpoor.com/http:;sh;shwww.moodys.com/repldata/ratsov.htm
Alan Durning, How Much is Enough?: The Consumer Society and the Future of the Earth, W. W. Norton & Company, New York, 1992.
P. Hall, ‘Incentives for industrial R&D: the Australian Experience’, Science and Public Policy, 23, 1996, pp. 215–228.