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      Collaboration and Innovation Networks in Esprit

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      collaboration, innovation, Esprit, R&D, information networks
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            Abstract

            The Esprit Programme is the oldest and largest of the European Commission's research and development programmes. Collaboration among participants is fundamental to all the projects that it supports. This collaboration is justified in terms of benefits for innovation, yet the very formal collaboration of Esprit is far removed from both the network links which are now seen to join organisations, and the informal information channels of individuals, vital in the supply of information required for innovation. This paper considers what their relationship with formal collaboration might be.

            Content

            Author and article information

            Journal
            cpro20
            CPRO
            Prometheus
            Critical Studies in Innovation
            Pluto Journals
            0810-9028
            1470-1030
            September 1999
            : 17
            : 3
            : 299-308
            Affiliations
            Article
            8632133 Prometheus, Vol. 17, No. 3, 1999: pp. 299–308
            10.1080/08109029908632133
            db3173e3-de5d-4371-8539-d4c16f1b8dfb
            Copyright Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

            All content is freely available without charge to users or their institutions. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission of the publisher or the author. Articles published in the journal are distributed under a http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

            History
            Page count
            Figures: 0, Tables: 0, References: 36, Pages: 10
            Categories
            PAPERS

            Computer science,Arts,Social & Behavioral Sciences,Law,History,Economics
            R&D,information networks,collaboration,Esprit,innovation

            NOTES AND REFERENCES

            1. See L. Soete and A. Arundel (eds), An Integrated Approach to European Innovation and Technology Diffusion Policy: A Maastricht Memorandum, Commission of the European Communities, Brussels, 1993; D. V. Gibson and E. M. Rogers, R&D Collaboration on Trial: The Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation, Harvard Business School Press, Cambridge, MA, 1994.

            2. See L. K. Mytelka, ‘States, strategic alliances and international oligopolies: the European ESPRIT programme’, in L. K. Mytelka (ed.), Strategic Partnerships: States, Firms and International Competition, Pinter, London, 1991, pp. 182–210; J. Hagedoorn and J. Schakenraad, ‘A comparison of private and subsidized R&D partnerships in the European information technology industry’, Journal of Common Market Studies, 31, 1993, pp. 373–90; V. Koutrakou, Technological Collaboration for Europe's Survival: The Information Technology Research Programmes of the 1980s, Avebury, Aldershot, 1995.

            3. See, for example, E. M. Rogers, ‘Information exchange and technological innovation’, in D. Sahal (ed.), The Transfer and Utilization of Technical Knowledge, Lexington Books, Lexington MA, 1982, pp. 105–23; S. Macdonald, ‘Informal information flow and strategy in the international firm’, International Journal of Technology Management, 11, 1996, pp. 219–32.

            4. M. Boisot, Information Space: A Framework for Learning in Organizations, Institutions and Culture, Routledge, London, 1995; I. Nonaka and H. Takeuchi, The Knowledge Creating Company: How Japanese Companies Create the Dynamics of Innovation, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1995.

            5. See, for example, B. R. Guile and H. Brooks (eds), Technology and Global Industry: Companies and Nations in the World Economy, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1987; B. A. Lundvall and C. Freeman (eds), Small Countries Facing the Technological Revolution, Pinter, London, 1988; L. Georghiou et al., The Impact of European Community Policies for Research and Technological Development upon Science and Technology in the UK, HMSO, London, 1993; A. C. Inkpen, ‘Creating knowledge through collaboration’, California Management Review, 39, 1996, pp. 123–40; R. Burgelman and S. Rosenbloom (eds), Research on Technological Innovation, Management and Policy, Vol. 6, JAI Press, Greenwich, CT, 1997.

            6. G. Hamel et al., ‘Collaborate with your competitors and win’, Harvard Business Review, 1, 1989, pp. 133–9.

            7. A. Saxenian, Regional Advantage, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1994.

            8. European Commission, ESPRIT Review Board 1996 Review: Making Progress Happen Through Development, Application and Diffusion of Information Technologies (Colombo Report), Brussels, 1997, pp. 10–12.

            9. L. K. Mytelka, op. cit., p. 184. See also E. Sharp and C. Shearman, European Technological Collaboration, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1987; E. Sharp and P. Holmes, ‘Conclusions. Farewell to the national champion’, in E. Sharp and P. Holmes (eds), Strategies for New Technologies. Case Studies from Britain and France, Philip Allan, London, 1989, pp. 212–33.

            10. P. Quintas and K. Guy, ‘Collaborative, pre-competitive R&D and the firm’, Research Policy, 24, 1995, p. 326.

            11. European Commission, Five Tear Assessments of the Specific Programme: Information Technologies (Carneiro Report), EUR 17601, Brussels, 1997, p. 5.

            12. European Commission, Towards the Fifth Framework Programme: Scientific and Technological Objectives, Brussels, 1997, pp. 21–5.

            13. European Commission, Carneiro Report, op. cit., p. 13.

            14. Hagedoorn and Schakenraad, op. cit.

            15. http://apollo.cordis.lu/cordis/EN_PART_search.html

            16. E. Braun and S. Macdonald, Revolution in Miniature. The History and Impact of Semiconductor Electronics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1982.

            17. S. Macdonald, ‘Towards higher high technology policy’, in J. Brotchie, P. Hall and P. Newton (eds), The Spatial Impact of Technological Change, Croom Helm, London, 1987, pp. 357–74.

            18. M. Forsgren, ‘Managing the international multi-centre firm: case studies from Sweden’, European Management Journal, 8, 2, 1990, pp. 261–7.

            19. O. Williamson, The Economic Institutions of Capitalism, Free Press, New York, 1985.

            20. ‘Why networks may fail’, Economist, 10 October 1992, p. 93; R. Miles and C. Snow, ‘Causes of failure in network organizations’, California Management Review, 34, 4, 1992, pp. 53–72.

            21. A. Freeman, ‘Networks of innovators: a synthesis of research issues’, Research Policy, 20, 1991, pp. 499–514.

            22. S. Macdonald, Information for Innovation. Managing Change from an Information Perspective, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1998.

            23. Saxenian, op. cit., p. 13.

            24. M. Granovetter, ‘Economic action and social structure: The problem of embeddedness’, American Journal of Sociology, 91, 1985, pp. 481–510; S. Macdonald, ‘Learning to change: an information perspective on learning in the organization’, Organization Science, 6, 1995, pp. 1–12.

            25. J. Badaracco, The Knowledge Link: How Firms Compete Through Strategic Alliances, Harvard Business School Press, Cambridge, MA, 1991.

            26. E. von Hippel, ‘“Sticky information” and the locus of problem solving: Implications for innovation’, Management Science, 40, 1994, pp. 429–39.

            27. A. Assimakopoulos, ‘Social networks and geographic information systems (GIS) diffusion in Greece: Disciplinary heterogeneity and constructed advantage within the Greek GIS community’, in C. Capineri and P. Rietveld (eds), Networks in Transport and Communications: A Policy Approach, Ashgate, Aldershot, 1997, pp. 153–74.

            28. J. Senker and W. Faulkner, ‘Networks, tacit knowledge and innovation’, in R. Coombs et al. (eds), Technological Collaboration: The Dynamics of Cooperation in Industrial Innovation, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, 1996, pp. 76–97.

            29. See, for example, N. Nohria and R. Eccles, ‘Face to face: making network organizations work’, in N. Nohria and R. Eccles (eds), Networks and Organizations: Structure, Form and Action, Harvard Business School Press, Cambridge, MA, 1992, pp. 288–308.

            30. Nonaka and Takeuchi, op. cit., p. 11.

            31. Ibid., p. 92.

            32. See H. Itami, Mobilizing Invisible Assets, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1987.

            33. E. M. Rogers and D. L. Kincaid, Communication Networks: Toward a New Paradigm for Research, Free Press, New York, 1981, pp. 43–78.

            34. European Commission, Solutions for Business: Case Studies from ESPRIT, Brussels, 1996, pp. 372–5. See also European Commission, Carneiro Report, op. cit., p. 42.

            35. http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/amulet/index.html

            36. European Commission, Colombo Report, op. cit., p. 27.

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