Edward W. Said, Orientalism (New York: Pantheon, 1978).
See Ussama Makdisi, Age of Coexistence (Oakland, CA: University of California Press, 2019).
D'Ohsson, Tableau Général de L'Empire Othoman, 7 vols (Paris: Firmin Didot, 1788-1824); Hammer, Geschichte des Osmanischen reiches (Pest: C. A. Hartleben's Verlag, 1828).
Adalah, “The Discriminatory Laws Database,” September 25, 2017, https://www.adalah.org/en/content/view/7771, accessed August 20, 2021.