Violence: how it forms us and how we can be self-critical about it // العنف وممارسات النقد الذاتي

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Violence: how it forms us and how we can be self-critical about it // العنف وممارسات النقد الذاتي

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Author(s): James Alison

Publication date (Print): 1 January 2018

Journal: Bethlehem University Journal

Publisher: Pluto Journals

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Abstract

This article examines the value of René Girard's thoughts concerning the relationship between violence and the sacred for those involved in any kind of violence. It analyses the three essential dimensions of the Girardian insight, including the mimetic nature of desire, the working of the scapegoat mechanism in the process of humanization, and the prophetic critique of sacrifice. Against the common misapprehensions about Girard's thought with regard to its falsifiability and ideological totality, this article proposes that Girardian thought could serve as a as resource for self-criticism for those involved in contexts of violence. The article outlines various moments of this process: heartbreak, including the realization of sameness instead of difference; truthfulness, or the slow process of exiting mendacity; the losing of an addiction to cheap meaning; and finally the setting free of a healthy imagination.

تعالج هذه المقالة أهمية أفكار رينيه جيرارد حول العلاقة بين العنف والمقدس للفئات والأفراد الذين يعيشون في ظل أنواع مختلفة من العنف. تحلل هذه المقالة الأبعاد الثلاثية الأساسية لفكر جيرارد، بما في ذلك طبيعة الرغبة المحاكية، آلية كبش الفداء في عملية الأنسنة، والنقد النبؤي للتضحية وبعكس الأفكار الخاطئة والشائعة عن فكر جيرارد فيما يتعلق في إمكانية دحضها وطبيعتها الأيدولوجية الشاملة، تقترح هذه المقالة أن فكر جيرارد يمكن أن يسير كمصدر للنقد الذاتي للذين سيعيشون في سياقات العنف. يوضح المقال لحظات مختلفة من عملية النقد الذاتي هذه: الحسرة بما في ذلك تحقيق التماثل بدلاً من الاختلاف ؛ الصدق أو العملية البطيئة للخروج من الكذب ؛ التخلص من الإدمان على إنتاج المعنى الرخيص؛ وأخيرًا، إطلاق العنان للخيال المتكامل. لا تعبر الأفكار الواردة في المخطوطة عن أفكار هيئة تحرير المجلة أو عمادة البحث العلمي في جامعة بيت لحم. يعتبر المؤلف المسؤول الوحيد عن مضمون المخطوطة أو أية أخطاء فيها.

Content

Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (doi): 10.2307/j50020020

Journal ID (jcode): bethunivj

Title: Bethlehem University Journal

Publisher: Pluto Journals

ISSN: 2521-3695

ISSN: 2410-5449

Publication date (Print): 1 January 2018

Volume: 35

Issue: ( doiID: 10.13169/bethunivj.35.issue-2018 )

Pages: 78-90

Article

Publisher ID: bethunivj.35.2018.0078

DOI: 10.13169/bethunivj.35.2018.0078

SO-VID: a0abbc5d-7deb-43e3-8c3e-4b48af07d87b

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All content is freely available without charge to users or their institutions. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission of the publisher or the author. Articles published in the journal are distributed under a http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Education,Religious studies & Theology,Social & Behavioral Sciences,History,Economics,Life sciences

References

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Comments

Comment on this article

[1] Barry, E.S. (2006). Can paraphrasing practice help students define plagiarism? College Student Journal, 40(2), 377–384. Retrieved from http://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail/detail?sid=51fab918-d957-4625-ad01-0f953422e85b%40sessionmgr115&vid=3&hid=101&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#AN=21375562&db=aph

[2] Bethlehem University, Academic honesty. English Catalog 2011. Retrieved from http://www.bethlehem.edu /document. Doc ?id=41

[3] Bethlehem University, Institutional Research Unit – Fact Book 2014–2015. Retrieved from http://www.bethlehem.edu/factbook

[4] Birzeit University. Retrieved from http://www.birzeit.edu/ar

[5] Bowdoin College, (n.d.) The common types of plagiarism. Retrieved from https://www.bowdoin.edu/studentaffairs/academic-honesty/common-types.shtml

[6] Cairo University. Retrieved from http://cu.edu.eg/ar/Home

[7] Deakin University. Retrieved from http://www.deakin.edu.au/students/study-support/referencing/plagiarism#pc1

[8] De Berly, G. (2012). Some problems Islamic students encounter when writing in the West. 9, (1). Retrieved from http://www.nafsa.org/findresources/Default.aspx?id=31138

[9] Harvard University. Harvard guide to using sources. Retrieved from http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k70847&pageid=icb.page342054

[10] Hebron University. Retrieved from http://www.hebron.edu/index.php/ar/

[11] Heitman, E. and Litewka S. (2011). International perspectives on plagiarism and considerations for teaching international trainees. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21194646

[12] Heriot Watt University. (2008). Student guide to plagiarism (Arabic language version) Retrieved from http://www.hw.ac.uk/students/doc/plagiarismguidearabic.pdf

[13] Kingdom University. Students’ policies. Retrieved from http://www.ku.edu.bh/ar/admission-a-registration/student-guide/student-policies

[14] Konstantinidis A., Theodosiadou D., Pappos Ch. (2013). Plagiarism: examination of conceptual issues and evaluation of research findings on using detection services-The Pragmatic Forms of Student Plagiarism. Retrieved from http://cedtech.net/articles/43/435.pdf

[15] Libr101, Library Skills. (2016). Retrieved from https://www.bethlehem.edu/4-adm/avp/catalog2016/avp-catalog2016-academic-regulations–university-requirements

[16] Madray A. (2007). Developing students’ awareness of plagiarism: Crisis and opportunities. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/134/

[17] Magnus, R., Polterovich, V., and Danilov, D. (2002). Tolerance of cheating: an analysis across countries. The Journal of Economic Education, 33 (2), 125–135.

[18] McCabe, D. (2005). It takes a village: Academic dishonesty and educational opportunity. Liberal Education, 91(3/4), 26–32.

[19] McDonnell K. (2003). Academic plagiarism rules and ESL learning – mutually exclusive concepts? Retrieved from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.133.5901&rep=rep1&type=pdf

[20] Overbey, G. A. U., and Guiling, S. F. (1999). Student perceptions of plagiarism and the evaluation of assignments. Journal of Excellence in College Teaching, 10(3), 3–22.

[21] Parker, K., Lenhart, A. and Moore, K. (2011). The Digital Revolution and Higher Education. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2011/08/28/the-digital-revolution-and-higher-education/?src=prc-headline&_ga=2.165616063.1834846838.1542880548-2133895804.1542880548

[22] Pritichett, S. (2010). Perceptions about plagiarism between faculty and undergraduate Students. ProQuest. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/205430996

[23] Pupovac V., Bilic-Zulle L., Petrovecki, M. (2008). On academic plagiarism in Europe. An analytical approach based on four studies. Retrieved from http://www.uoc.edu/digithum/10/dt/eng/pupovac_bilic-zulle_petrovecki.pdf

[24] Researchgate. What are the best websites to check plagiarism for most of the academic journals? Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/post/What_are_the_best_websites_to_check_plagiarism_for_most_of_the_Academic_Journals

[25] Soppe K. (2013). Student plagiarism: Intended or accidental? Social Cosmos, 4(1) 51–56. Retrieved from https://socialcosmos.library.uu.nl/index.php/sc/article/viewFile/72/67

[26] The American University of Beirut. Retrieved from http://www.aub.edu.lb/it/acps/Documents/PDF/types_of_plagiarism.pdf

[27] The State University of New York College at Cortland (SUNY). Retrieved from https://www2.cortland.edu/dotAsset/fddc5439-1889-4f66-8f4f-70e6149f0c6a.pdf

[28] The University of Jordan. Retrieved from http://ju.edu.jo/home.aspx

[29] Turnitin, The Plagiarism Spectrum. Retrieved from https://www.turnitin.com/static/plagiarism-spectrum/

[30] University of Cambridge. University-wide statement on plagiarism. Retrieved from http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/univ/plagiarism/students/statement.html

[31] University of Illinois. Academic Integrity and Plagiarism. Retrieved from http://www.library.illinois.edu/learn/research/academicintegrity.html

[32] University of New South Wales – Sydney. Retrieved from https://student.unsw.edu.au/common-forms-plagiarism

[33] University of Oxford. Plagiarism. Retrieved from http://www.ox.ac.uk/students/academic/guidance/skills/plagiarism

[34] University of Toronto. Academic Honesty. Retrieved from https://life. utoronto.ca/get-smarter/academic-honesty/

[35] Walker, J. (2010). Measuring plagiarism. Researching what students do, not what they say they do. Studies in Higher Education, 35, 41–59. Retrieved from http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/03075070902912994