276
views
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
1 collections
    0
    shares

      If you have found this article useful and you think it is important that researchers across the world have access, please consider donating, to ensure that this valuable collection remains Open Access.

      International Journal of Cuban Studies is published by Pluto Journals, an Open Access publisher. This means that everyone has free and unlimited access to the full-text of all articles from our international collection of social science journalsFurthermore Pluto Journals authors don’t pay article processing charges (APCs).

      scite_
       
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: found
      Is Open Access

      An Exploratory Study of How Older Cubans Cope with Difficult Living Conditions

      research-article
      Bookmark

            Abstract

            Population aging is a concern to policy makers in Cuba where by 2025 there will be more pensioners than workers. We describe a unique, exploratory study of older Cubans 60+ years of age and how they cope with stress associated with economic vulnerability and adverse living conditions. Many older persons have incomes too low to provide a minimum standard of living. We address the following questions. (1) What chronic environmental stressors do older persons face? (2) What strategies do they employ to cope with these stressors? (3) What implications for policy follow from these questions? We discuss qualitative data from interviews with 50 older persons conducted in Havana in a mixed methods investigation. Most participants appraised difficult living conditions as hard to change, which explains a high prevalence of the use of avoidance coping strategies, including resignation. Policy makers need to understand how older persons cope with adversity to determine relevant service needs for this population.

            Content

            Author and article information

            Journal
            10.2307/j50005551
            intejcubastud
            International Journal of Cuban Studies
            Pluto Journals
            1756-3461
            1756-347X
            1 December 2019
            : 11
            : 2 ( doiID: 10.13169/intejcubastud.11.issue-2 )
            : 228-246
            Affiliations
            Yeshiva University, New York, USA
            Author notes
            [1]

            David L. Strug, Ph.D. is emeritus professor of social work at Yeshiva University in New York City. He has conducted research in Cuba on older persons, on the development of social work, on community health care, and on psychoanalysis. He co-edited Community Health Care in Cuba and Love, Loss, and Longing: The Impact of Travel Policy on Cuban-American Families. His email address is strug@ 123456yu.edu

            Article
            intejcubastud.11.2.0228
            10.13169/intejcubastud.11.2.0228
            c7896ebd-a335-4d17-8852-d678253182fd
            © International Institute for the Study of Cuba

            All content is freely available without charge to users or their institutions. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission of the publisher or the author. Articles published in the journal are distributed under a http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

            History
            Custom metadata
            eng

            Literary studies,Arts,Social & Behavioral Sciences,History,Cultural studies,Economics
            older persons,Cuba,economic vulnerability,difficult living conditions,policy,coping

            References

            1. 14 y Medio (2017) ‘Más de 80% de los cuentapropistas cubanos pertencen a sindicatos oficialistas’. Available at www.14ymedio.com/nacional/cuentapropistas-cubanos-pertenecen-sindicatos-oficialistas_0_2223377650.html (accessed 25 January 2019).

            2. Agencia EFE (2019) ‘Más de 1.4 millones de cubanos trabajan en el sector privado’. Available at www.efe.com/efe/america/economia/mas-de-1-4-millones-cubanos-trabaja-en-el-sector-privado/20000011-3886350 (accessed 12 January 2019).

            3. Aldwin, C. M., Sutton, K. J. and Lachman, M. (1996) ‘The Development of Coping Resources in Adulthood’, Journal of Personality 64(4): 837–71.

            4. Aldwin, C. M., Sutton, K. J., Chiara, G. and Spiro, A. (1996) ‘Age Differences in Stress, Coping, and Appraisal: Findings from the Normative Aging Study’, Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences 51B: 179.

            5. Armstrong, F. (2016) ‘US–Cuba Normalization: Entering a New Challenging Phase’. Available at http://cubajournal.co/u-s-cuba-normalization-entering-a-new-challenging-phase (accessed 21 May 2016).

            6. Asano, K., Ishimura, K. and Kodama, M. (2014) ‘The Functional Role of Resignation Orientation on Goal Engagement, Self-esteem, Life Satisfaction, and Depression’, Health Psychology Research, 22 October. doi: 10.4081/hpr.2014.1882

            7. Barbosa León, N. (2017) ‘Combating Depression in Cuba’, Granma, 7 April. Available at http://en.granma.cu/cuba/2017-04-07/cuba-combating-depression (accessed 6 June 2018).

            8. Barbosa León, N., Martínez García, Y., Bustamante Molina, V. and Castro Morales, Y. (2019, 13de julio). Medidas en el centro de la atención de más de 2 550,000 cubanos beneficiados. Granma, 13 de julio. (Available at http://www.granma.cu/cuba/2019-07-04/medidas-en-el-centro-de-la-atencion-de-mas-de-2-500-000-cubanos-beneficiados-04-07-2019-02-07-19 (accessed 7 June 2019).

            9. Baxter, P. and Jack, S. (2008) ‘Qualitative Case Study Methodology: Study Design and Implementation for Novice Researchers’, The Qualitative Report 13(4): 544–59.

            10. Beblo, T., Fernando, S., Klocke, S., Griepenstroh, J. and Driessen, M. (2012) ‘Increased Suppression of Negative and Positive Emotions in Major Depression’, Journal of Affective Disorders 141(2–3): 474–79.

            11. Byrne, D. (2009) ‘Case-based Methods: Why we Need Them; What They Are; How To Do Them’, in D. Byrne and C.C. Ragin (eds), The Sage Handbook of Case-based Methods. London: Sage Publications, pp. 1–10.

            12. Chávez Negrín, Ernesto (2016) ‘El envejecimiento demogáfico y sus implicaciones: UN proceso de significácion estratégica para la sociedad cubana’, Unpublished manuscript, Centro de Investigacion Psicológicas y Sociales de Cuba.

            13. Conger, R. D. and Conger, K. J. (2002) ‘Resilience in Midwestern Families: Selective Findings from the First Decade of a Prospective, Longitudinal Study’, Journal of Marriage and Family 64(2): 361–73.

            14. Coyula, M. C. (2010) ‘Havana: Aging in an Aging City’, MEDICC Review 12(4): 27–29.

            15. Cramer, P. (2000) ‘Defense Mechanisms in Psychology Today’, American Psychologist 55(6): 637–46.

            16. Espina, M. (2008) Políticas de atención a la pobreza y la desigualdad: Examinando el rol del estado en la experiencia cubana. Buenos Aires: CLASCO-CROP.

            17. Felton B. J. (1990) ‘Coping and Social Support in Older People's Experiences of Chronic Illness’, in M. A. P. Stephens, J. H. Crowther, S. E. Hofoll and D. L. Tennenbaum. (eds), Stress and Coping in Later-life Families. New York: Hemisphere, pp. 153–71.

            18. Folkman, S., Lazarus, R. S., Gruen, R. J. and DeLongis, A. (1986) ‘Appraisal, Coping, Health Status, and Psychological Symptoms’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 50(3): 571–79.

            19. Folkman, S. and Moskowitz, J. T. (2000) ‘Positive Affect and the Other Side of Coping’, American Psychologist 55(6): 647–54.

            20. Gámez Torres, N. (2018) ‘After 60 years of Revolution in Cuba, Cracks in Leadership Emerge’, Miami Herald, 27 December. Available at www.miamiherald.com/news/nationworld/world/americas/cuba/article223562470.html (accessed 28 December 2018).

            21. Grogg, P. (2012) ‘Young People Caretaking in an Aging Cuba’, Interpress Service, 19 September. Available at www.ipsnews.net/2012/09/young-people-caretaking-in-an-aging-cuba (accessed 11 January 2019).

            22. Grunberg, L., Moore, S., Anderson-Connolly, R. and Greenberg, E. (1999) ‘Work Stress and Self-reported Alcohol Use: The Moderating Role of Escapist Reasons for Drinking’, Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 4(1): 29–36.

            23. Hansing, K. and Hoffman, B. (2018) ‘Racial Inequality in Cuba’. Paper presented at the Bildner Center, City University of New York, New York, 15 October.

            24. Holahan, C. J and Moos R. H. (1987) ‘Personal and Contextual Determinants of Coping Strategies’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52(5): 946–55.

            25. Holahan, C. J., Moos, R. H., Holahan, C. K., Brennan, P. L. and Schutte, K. (2005) ‘Stress Generation, Avoidance Coping, and Depressive Symptoms: A 10-Year Model’, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 73(4): 658–66.

            26. Laverty, C. (2011) ‘Cuba's New Resolve: Economic Reform and its Implications for US Policy’. Available at http://democracyinamericas.org/pdfs/CDA_Cubas_New_Resolve.pdf (accessed 8 August 2015).

            27. Lazarus, R. (2000) ‘Toward Better Research on Stress and Coping’, American Psychologist 55(6): 665–73.

            28. Leogrande, W. M. (2017) ‘Updating Cuban Socialism: The Politics of Economic Renovation’. Social Research 84(2): 353–82.

            29. Mason, J. W. (1975) ‘A Historical View of the Stress Field’, Journal of Human Stress 1: 6–27.

            30. Mason, S., Strug, D. and Beder, J. (eds) (2009) Community Health Care in Cuba. Chicago, IL: Lyceum Press.

            31. Mesa-Lago, C. (2019) 'Social Welfare and Structural Reform in Cuba, 2006–17'. Originally published as 'El estado actual del bienestar social en Cuba', Cuba Posible, 12 March. Revised version in English provided by the author.

            32. Mesa-Lago, C. and Pérez-López, J. (2013) Cuba under Raúl Castro: Assessing the Reforms. London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.

            33. Montes, P. (2018) ‘Cuba's Elderly Pose a Challenge’, Havana Times, 15 October. Available at https://havanatimes.org/?p=142276 (accessed 15 October 2018).

            34. Moos, R. H., Brennan, P. L., Schutte, K. K. and Moos, B. S. (2007) ‘Older Adults Coping with Negative Life Events: Common Processes of Managing Health, Interpersonal, and Financial/Work Stressors’, International Journal of Aging and Human Development 62(1): 39–59.

            35. Moos, R. H., Schutte, K. K. and Moos, B. S. (2005) ‘The Interplay between Life Stressors and Depressive Symptoms among Older Adults’, Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences 60B: 199–206.

            36. Morin Aguado, V. (2019) ‘Havana Shoppers Face Rising Food Prices’, Havana Times, 4 March. Available at https://havanatimes.org/?p=149646andutm_source=feedburnerandutm_medium=emailandutm_campaign=Feed%3A+havanatimes%2Fapge+%28Havana+Times+Posts%29 (accessed 4 March 2019).

            37. Ojeda Bello, I. (2019) ‘Progreso Semanal. La seguridad social y los vulnerables nuestros’. Available at https://progresosemanal.us/20190207/la-seguridad-social-y-los-vulnerables-nuestros (accessed 14 February 2019).

            38. ONEI (2012a) ‘Proyecciones de la población Cubana: 2010–2013‘. Available at www.one.cu/publicaciones/cepde/proyeccion_2010_2030/Proyeciones%20de%20Poblacion%202010_2030.pdf (accessed 20 May 2016).

            39. ONEI (2012b) ‘Resultados de la encuesta nacional de envejecimiento poblacional’. Available at www.one.cu (accessed 3 February 2014).

            40. ONEI (2017a) ‘Anuario estadistica de Cuba’. Available at www.one.cu (accessed 12 March 2019).

            41. ONEI (2017b) El envejecimiento de la poblacion en Cuba. Havana: CEPDE.

            42. Orta Rivera, Y. (2015) ‘Desafíos que plantea la estructura demográfica en Cuba (I parte)‘. Available at http://mesaredonda.cubadebate.cu/mesaredonda/2015/02/03/desafiosque-plantea-la-estructura-demografica-en-cuba-i-parte (accessed 3 August 2015).

            43. Parthasarathy, B. (2008) ‘The Ethnographic Case Study Approach: The Global Impact Study’. Available at www.globalimpactstudy.org/2008/07/the-ethnographic-case-study-approach (accessed 20 May 2016).

            44. Penton, M. J. and Escobar, L. (2018) ‘Cuban Government Raises the Minimum Pension for the First Time in Ten Years’, 14 y medio, 31 October. Available at https://translatingcuba.com/cuban-government-raises-the-minimum-pension-for-the-first-time-in-ten-years (accessed 16 January 2019).

            45. Ramirez Alvarez, O. (2019) ‘Shortages of Essential Products in Cuba’, Havana Times, 3 February. Available at https://havanatimes.org/?p=148056 (accessed 13 January 2019).

            46. Rangel, C., Ling Long, C., Proenza, S. and Sanchez, A. Z. (2007) ‘University for older adults: On Cuba's universalization of the university’, International Review of Education 52(1–2): 171–83.

            47. Rodríguez Gómez, G. and Albizu-Campos Espiñera. (2015). La dinámica demográfica cubana en el contexto actual. In Los correlatos socioculturales den cambio económico (Eds., M.P. Espina and D. Echeverría (pp. 17-31). Habana, Cuba: Ciencias Sociales.

            48. Ravsberg, F. (2015) ‘The Plight of Cuba's Elderly’, Havana Times, 12 June. Available at www.havanatimes.org/?p=104221 (accessed 31 January 2015).

            49. Rodríguez, B. (2019) ‘Cubanet. El 77% de los Cubanos en el exilio envia remesas a la Isla’. Available at www.cubanet.org/noticias/cubanos-exilio-remesas-cuba (accessed 11 January 2019).

            50. San Martín, A. C. and Cabrera, R. (2017) ‘Cubanet. Se desata protesta masiva en La Habana’. Available at www.cubanet.org/destacados/se-desata-protesta-masiva-en-la-habana (accessed September 2018).

            51. Snyder, C. R., Feldman, D. B., Taylor, L. L. and Adams, V. H. (2000) ‘The Role of Hopeful Thinking in Preventing Problems and Enhancing Strengths’, Applied and Preventive Psychology 9: 249–70.

            52. Strug, D. L. (2014) ‘Older Persons and the Cuban Reform Process’, International Journal of Cuban Studies 6(1): 9–24.

            53. Strug, D. L. (2016) ‘The Impact of Cuban Economic Reform on Older Persons’, Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 32(1): 1-16. doi: 10.1007/s10823-016-9308-y

            54. Torres, J. (1993) Pobreza: Un enfoque para Cuba. Havana: Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Económicas.

            55. Whitefield, M. (2019) ‘”Círculos de abuelos” Serve Cuba's Rapidly Aging Population – The Oldest in the Americas’, Miami Herald, 7 March. Available at www.miamiherald.com/latest-news/article226548095.html (accessed 9 March 2019).

            56. Wroch, C., Scheier, M. F., Miller, G. F. and Carver, C. S. (2003) ‘Adaptive Self-regulation of Unattainable Goals: Goal Disengagement, Goal Reengagement, and Subjective Well-being’, Personality and Social Psychology 29(12): 1494–1508.

            Comments

            Comment on this article