La emigración cubana hacia los Estados Unidos, Parte 2, de 1990 a 2019: un análisis estadístico y comparativo

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International Journal of Cuban Studies

Volume 14, Issue 1

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La emigración cubana hacia los Estados Unidos, Parte 2, de 1990 a 2019: un análisis estadístico y comparativo

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Author(s): Salim Lamrani

Publication date Pub: 05 July 2022

Journal: International Journal of Cuban Studies

Publisher: Pluto Journals

Keywords: Cuba, United States, emigration, America, statistics, comparative analysis, Cuba, Estados Unidos, emigración, América, estadísticas, análisis comparativo

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Abstract

In the United States in particular, but also in Western countries, since 1959, Cuban emigration has been the subject of two consensuses. First, the Cuban Revolution would have resulted in a significant migratory movement towards the United States. Then, this would reflect the rejection of the process of social transformation structured around a one-party political system put in place by Fidel Castro. The migration statistics of the US authorities, available for the period from 1860 to 2019, will shed light on this question by comparing the various flows from Cuba at different times (1860–1959, 1960–1989, 1990–2019). Likewise, a comparative analysis of migratory flows emitted by the countries of the region will assess the relevance of these two hypotheses.

En los Estados Unidos en particular, pero también en los países occidentales, desde 1959, la emigración cubana es objeto de dos consensos. Primero, la Revolución cubana habría ocasionado un importante movimiento migratorio hacia los Estados Unidos. Luego, éste sería el reflejo del rechazo del proceso de transformación social estructurado en torno a un sistema político con partido único elaborado por Fidel Castro. Las estadísticas migratorias de las autoridades estadounidenses, disponibles para el período que va de 1860 a 2019, permitirán arrojar una luz sobre esta cuestión comparando los distintos flujos procedentes de Cuba en diferentes épocas (1860–1959, 1960–1989, 1990–2019). Del mismo modo, un análisis comparativo de las corrientes migratorias emitidas por los países de la región evaluará la pertinencia de estas dos hipótesis.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (doi): 10.13169/intljofdissocjus

Title: International Journal of Cuban Studies

Abbreviated Title: IJCS

Publisher: Pluto Journals

ISSN (Electronic): 1756-347X

Publication date Pub: 05 July 2022

Publication date Collection: 2022

Volume: 14

Issue: 1

Pages: 111-129

Article

DOI: 10.13169/intejcubastud.14.1.0111

SO-VID: 2469304e-a20d-4ae8-803f-25e82affcd11

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All content is freely available without charge to users or their institutions. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission of the publisher or the author. Articles published in the journal are distributed under a http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

History

Page count

Pages: 19

Bibliografía

Jason S. Bell (1993) “Violation of international law and doomed U.S. policy: an analysis of the Cuban Democracy Act”, University of Miami Inter-American Law Review, 25(1), 77–129.
Mohamed Berkani. (2017) “Obama met fin immédiatement au régime spécial d’immigration pour les Cubains”, France Info, 13 January.
Brea A. Jorge (2003) “Population dynamics in Latin America”, Population Bulletin, 58(1), 7.
Victoria BurnettFrances Robles. (2015) “U.S. and Cuba at odds over exodus of the island’s doctors”, New York Times, 19 December.
Alicia A. CaldwellPace Julie. (2017) “Obama ends visa-free path for Cubans who make it to U.S. Soil”, Associated Press, 13 January.
Ruz Fidel Castro. (1990) “Discurso pronunciado por Fidel Castro Ruz, Presidente de la República de Cuba, en la Clausura del XVI Congreso de la CTC, celebrado en el Teatro ‘Carlos Marx’”, República de Cuba, 28 January. http://www.cuba.cu/gobierno/discursos/1990/esp/f280190e.html (Accessed 11 November 2020).
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H. Michael Erisman. (2012) “Brain drain politics: the Cuban medical professional parole programme”, International Journal of Cuban Studies, 4(3–4), 269–290.
Julie M. Feinsilver (2010) “Fifty years of Cuba’s medical diplomacy: from idealism to pragmatism”, Cuban Studies, 41, 85–104.
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Doyle McManus. (1991) “Soviet troops to leave Cuba, Gorbachev says”, Los Angeles Times, 12 September.
Office of Immigration Statistics. (2018) Population Estimates: Illegal Alien Population Residing in the United States January 2015. Washington, DC: Homeland Security, December. https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/18_1214_PLCY_pops-est-report.pdf (Accessed 11 November 2020).
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Colin L. Powell (2004) Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba. Report for the President, May. Washingon, DC: United States Agency for International Development. https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pcaab192.pdf (Accessed 12 November 2020).
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United States Congress. (1996) Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity (LIBERTAD) Act. https://www.congress.gov/bill/104th-congress/house-bill/927/text (Accessed 11 November 2020).
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United States Department of State. (2009) “Cuban medical professional parole program”, 26 January. https://2009–2017.state.gov/p/wha/rls/fs/2009/115414.htm (Accessed 12 November 2020).
United States Department of State. (2000) “Migration”, 16 March. https://1997–2001.state.gov/regions/wha/cuba/migration.html (Accessed 4 November 2020).
United States General Accounting Office. (1995) “Cuba. U.S. response to the 1994 Cuban migration crisis”, September. https://www.gao.gov/assets/230/221797.pdf (Accessed 11 November 2020).
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Patricia Zengerle. (2017) “Obama administration ends special immigration policy for Cubans”, Reuters, 12 January

Comments

Comment on this article

[1] Jason S. Bell (1993) “Violation of international law and doomed U.S. policy: an analysis of the Cuban Democracy Act”, University of Miami Inter-American Law Review, 25(1), 77–129.

[2] Mohamed Berkani. (2017) “Obama met fin immédiatement au régime spécial d’immigration pour les Cubains”, France Info, 13 January.

[3] Brea A. Jorge (2003) “Population dynamics in Latin America”, Population Bulletin, 58(1), 7.

[4] Victoria BurnettFrances Robles. (2015) “U.S. and Cuba at odds over exodus of the island’s doctors”, New York Times, 19 December.

[5] Alicia A. CaldwellPace Julie. (2017) “Obama ends visa-free path for Cubans who make it to U.S. Soil”, Associated Press, 13 January.

[6] Ruz Fidel Castro. (1990) “Discurso pronunciado por Fidel Castro Ruz, Presidente de la República de Cuba, en la Clausura del XVI Congreso de la CTC, celebrado en el Teatro ‘Carlos Marx’”, República de Cuba, 28 January. http://www.cuba.cu/gobierno/discursos/1990/esp/f280190e.html (Accessed 11 November 2020).

[7] Diario de Cuba. (2021) “Díaz Canel dice que un millón de militantes comunistas en Cuba bastan para transformar el país”, 23 May. https://diariodecuba.com/cuba/1621806300_31370.html (Accessed 15 January 2022).

[8] Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC). (2001) The Cuban Economy. Structural Reforms and Economic Performance in the 1990s. Mexico: United Nations, 6 December.

[9] H. Michael Erisman. (2012) “Brain drain politics: the Cuban medical professional parole programme”, International Journal of Cuban Studies, 4(3–4), 269–290.

[10] Julie M. Feinsilver (2010) “Fifty years of Cuba’s medical diplomacy: from idealism to pragmatism”, Cuban Studies, 41, 85–104.

[11] Davis HirshfeldJulieFrances Robles. (2017) “Obama ends exemptions for Cubans who arrive without visas”, New York Times, 12 January.

[12] International Legal Materials. (1996) “Cuba-United States: joint statement on normalization of migration, building on the agreement of September 9, 1994”, International Legal Materials, 35(2), 327–330.

[13] Salim. Lamrani (2020) “Assessing Cuba policy under Trump and prospects for a second term”, International Journal of Cuba Studies, 16 August. http://cubastudies.org/salim-lamrani-assessing-cuba-policy-under-trump-and-prospects-for-a-second-term-in-spanish/ (Accessed 17 November 2020).

[14] Felix Masud-Piloto. (1996) From Welcomed Exiles to Illegal Immigrants: Cuban Migration to the U.S., 1959–1995. Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield.

[15] Doyle McManus. (1991) “Soviet troops to leave Cuba, Gorbachev says”, Los Angeles Times, 12 September.

[16] Office of Immigration Statistics. (2018) Population Estimates: Illegal Alien Population Residing in the United States January 2015. Washington, DC: Homeland Security, December. https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/18_1214_PLCY_pops-est-report.pdf (Accessed 11 November 2020).

[17] Gilles. Pison (2019) “Populations et sociétés”, Institut national d’études démographiques, 569 (September). https://www.ined.fr/fichier/s_rubrique/211/569.population.societes.tous.pays.monde.2019.fr.pdf. (Accessed 5 November 2020).

[18] Colin L. Powell (2004) Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba. Report for the President, May. Washingon, DC: United States Agency for International Development. https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pcaab192.pdf (Accessed 12 November 2020).

[19] Condoleeza RiceCarlos Guitiérrez. (2006) Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba. Report to the President, July. Washington, DC: United States Agency for International Development.

[20] The Houston Chronicle. (1991) “Cuba rips Gorbachev plan to withdraw troops”, 12 September.

[21] Daniela Trota. (2015) “U.S.Cuba clash over immigration at start of historic talk”, Reuters, 21 January.

[22] United States Congress. (1992) Cuban Democracy Act. https://www.congress.gov/bill/102nd-congress/house-bill/5323/text (Accessed 11 November 2020).

[23] United States Congress. (1996) Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity (LIBERTAD) Act. https://www.congress.gov/bill/104th-congress/house-bill/927/text (Accessed 11 November 2020).

[24] United States Department of Homeland Security. (2011) 2010 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics. Washington, DC: Dept of Homeland Security.

[25] United States Department of Homeland Security. (2020) Yearbook of Immigration Statistics 2019, table 2. https://www.dhs.gov/immigration-statistics/yearbook/2019#* (Accessed 2 November 2020).

[26] United States Department of State. (2009) “Cuban medical professional parole program”, 26 January. https://2009–2017.state.gov/p/wha/rls/fs/2009/115414.htm (Accessed 12 November 2020).

[27] United States Department of State. (2000) “Migration”, 16 March. https://1997–2001.state.gov/regions/wha/cuba/migration.html (Accessed 4 November 2020).

[28] United States General Accounting Office. (1995) “Cuba. U.S. response to the 1994 Cuban migration crisis”, September. https://www.gao.gov/assets/230/221797.pdf (Accessed 11 November 2020).

[29] United States Immigration and . (2002) Statistical Yearbook of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, 2000. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.

[30] World Bank. (2020a) “Population, total. Guyana, 1960–2019”. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?end=2019&locations=GY&start=1960 (Accessed 23 November 2020).

[31] World Bank. (2020b) “Population, total. Belize, 1960–2019”. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?end=2019&locations=BZ&start=1960 (Accessed 24 November 2020).

[32] World Bank. (2020c) “Population, total. Jamaica, 1960–2019”. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?end=2019&locations=JM&start=1960 (Accessed 23 November 2020).

[33] Patricia Zengerle. (2017) “Obama administration ends special immigration policy for Cubans”, Reuters, 12 January

International Journal of Cuban Studies

La emigración cubana hacia los Estados Unidos, Parte 2, de 1990 a 2019: un análisis estadístico y comparativo

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