On the use of force

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Journal of Global Faultlines

Volume 8, Issue 1

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On the use of force

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Author(s): Lily Hamourtziadou , Saffron Headech , Jonathan Jackson

Publication date (Print): 1 May 2021

Journal: Journal of Global Faultlines

Publisher: Pluto Journals

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Abstract

The use of force by the state through its security services has been the topic of much debate, especially in recent years after the Black Lives Matter movement highlighted and protested against the treatment of black people by police officers. The state's use of force through the police and through military campaigns is closely examined and assessed in relation to both the treatment of ethnic minorities in the UK, and to the treatment of civilians by the US–UK coalition in the Middle East as part of the War on Terror. The violation of human rights, despite the principles, rules and laws already in place to protect them, is explored by examining the use of the prone position at home, and the tactic of airstrikes, the use of prohibited weapons and the treatment of detainees by UK forces abroad.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Lily Hamourtziadou

Saffron Headech

Jonathan Jackson

Journal

Journal ID (doi): 10.2307/j50018794

Journal ID (jcode): jglobfaul

Title: Journal of Global Faultlines

Publisher: Pluto Journals

ISSN: 2397-7825

ISSN: 2054-2089

Publication date (Print): 1 May 2021

Volume: 8

Issue: 1 ( doiID: 10.13169/jglobfaul.8.issue-1 )

Pages: 9-22

Affiliations

Dr Lily Hamourtziadou is Senior Lecturer in Criminology, Policing and Security Studies at Birmingham City University. She is also the principal researcher and analyst of NGO Iraq Body Count and author of Body Count; The War on Terror and Civilian Deaths in Iraq.

Saffron Headech is studying Criminology and Policing at Birmingham City University.

Jonathan Jackson is Senior Teaching Fellow in Criminology and Policing at Birmingham City University.

Article

Publisher ID: jglobfaul.8.1.0009

DOI: 10.13169/jglobfaul.8.1.0009

SO-VID: 77d51598-55f0-4ba8-90ef-dfc19d8abb49

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All content is freely available without charge to users or their institutions. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission of the publisher or the author. Articles published in the journal are distributed under a http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Social & Behavioral Sciences

References

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Bleetman, A, & Emerg, J. (2004) Introduction of Taser into British Policing. National Library of Medicine. Available at pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. (Accessed December 12, 2019).
Brain, T. (2010) A History of Policing in England and Wales. New |York: Oxford University Press.
Brain, T. (2013) A Future for Policing in England and Wales. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Eccleston, C. (2019) State of Policing: The Annual Assessment of Policing in England and Wales and 2019. HMICFRS. Available at: justiceinspecotrates.gov.uk. (Accessed December 12 2019).
London, Cockburn, A. (2016) Kill Chain: The Rise of High-Tech Assassins. London; New York: Picador.
College of Policing (2013) National Decision Making Model. Available at https://www.app.college.police.uk/app-content/national-decision-model/the-national-decision-model/ (Accessed March 26, 2021).
Department of Health (2015) Mental Health Act 1983; Code of Practice (online). Available at https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/435512/MHA_Code_of_Practice.PDF (Accessed January 12, 2021).
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Jordan, D., Kiras, JD., Lonsdale, DJ., Speller, I., Tuck, C. & Walton, CD. (2008) Understanding Modern Warfare. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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McLaughlin, E. (2007) The New Policing. London: Sage.
Reay DT., Flingner CL., Stilwell AD., & Arnold J. (1992) ‘Positional asphyxia during law enforcement transport’, AM J Forensic Med Pathol, 13(2), 90–97.
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Comments

Comment on this article

[1] Akpan, P. (2020) ‘Say their names: 12 victims of police and state brutality in the UK’ (online). Available at https://www.vice.com/en/article/qj4j8x/remembering-police-brutality-victims-uk (Accessed January 11, 2021).

[2] BBC News (2020) ‘Met Police four times more likely to use force on black people’ (online). Available at https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-53407560 (Accessed January 11, 2021).

[3] Bittner, E. (1970) The Function of the Police in Modern Society. Washington: NIMH.

[4] Bleetman, A, & Emerg, J. (2004) Introduction of Taser into British Policing. National Library of Medicine. Available at pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. (Accessed December 12, 2019).

[5] Brain, T. (2010) A History of Policing in England and Wales. New |York: Oxford University Press.

[6] Brain, T. (2013) A Future for Policing in England and Wales. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[7] Eccleston, C. (2019) State of Policing: The Annual Assessment of Policing in England and Wales and 2019. HMICFRS. Available at: justiceinspecotrates.gov.uk. (Accessed December 12 2019).

[8] London, Cockburn, A. (2016) Kill Chain: The Rise of High-Tech Assassins. London; New York: Picador.

[9] College of Policing (2013) National Decision Making Model. Available at https://www.app.college.police.uk/app-content/national-decision-model/the-national-decision-model/ (Accessed March 26, 2021).

[10] Department of Health (2015) Mental Health Act 1983; Code of Practice (online). Available at https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/435512/MHA_Code_of_Practice.PDF (Accessed January 12, 2021).

[11] Emsley, C. (1996) The English Police: A Political and Social History. Longman: London.

[12] Emsley, C. (2010) Crime and Society in England 1750-1900. Fourth edition. New York: Routledge.

[13] Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, 12 August 1949, Diplomatic Conference for the Establishment of International Conventions for the Protection of Victims of War. Available at https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.33_GC-IV-EN.pdf pp. 163–226 (Accessed March 26, 2021).

[14] Gokay, B. and Hamourtziadou, L. (2016) ‘Whiter than white: race and otherness in Turkish and Greek national identities,‘ Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 18(2), 177–189.

[15] Gov.UK, Department of Health and Social Care (2014) www.gov.uk/government/news/new-drive-to-end-deliberate-face-down-restraint (Accessed 18 July 2020).

[16] Global Peace Index 2020. Measuring Peace in a Complex World. Available at https://www.visionofhumanity.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/GPI_2020_web.pdf (Accessed March 18 2021).

[17] Grieve, J., Harfield, C. & MacVean, A. (2007). Policing. London: Sage.

[18] Guardian, The (2020) ‘ICC abandons inquiry into alleged British war crimes in Iraq’ (online). Available at https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/dec/09/icc-abandons-inquiry-into-alleged-british-war-crimes-in-iraq?fbclid=IwAR2NCmpIeKkt87fVB8XmZMGFhrFezQm5C3S9afwg3mFtE43cHyzBdfp1Zuc (Accessed January 11, 2021).

[19] Hamourtziadou, L. (2017) ‘Human security and the emergence of modern day body counts: the law, the theory and the practice of casualty recording’, Journal of Global Faultlines, 4(1), 57–70.

[20] Hannaford, I. (2015) ‘Race: The History of an Idea in the West’, in Buzan and Lawson, The Global Transformation, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 121.

[21] Hathalyoum (2021) ‘Iraq files lawsuit in Swedish court over US’ use of depleted uranium munitions, report says' (online). Available at https://english.hathalyoum.net/articles/34270-iraq-files-lawsuit-swedish-court-overuse-depleted-uranium-munitionsreport-says-?fbclid=IwAR2kPLF9LIZ0yn2IP5ndA9Q49Bq1tKkFr8J11bup7BCZwBCU4ExqWKCPQ3c (Accessed January 11, 2021).

[22] HM Prison Service Order (PSO) 1600 (2005) Use Of Force. Available at https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/use-of-force-in-prisons-pso-1600 (Accessed March 26, 2021).

[23] Home Office (2019) Police Use of Force Statistics, England and Wales, April 2018 to March 2019. Available at https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/police-use-of-force-statistics-england-and-wales-april-2018-to-march-2019 (Accessed March 26, 2021).

[24] Inspire Training Group (2020) CMPI Training, Physical Intervention and Safe Holding. Available at https://www.mmva.co.uk/training-courses.html?gclid=Cj0KCQjwrsGCBhD1A-RIsALILBYqBKWndZprXguiSZVsffAFTXlZtIf636qJPg6KtcX2AD6Rxa4BsPu0aAuhaEALw_wcB (Accessed March 26, 2021).

[25] International Committee of the Red Cross (2002) The Law of Armed Conflict. Available at https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/assets/files/other/law10_final.pdf (Accessed March 26, 2021).

[26] International Criminal Court (ICC) (2020) ‘Situation in Iraq/UK final report’ (online). Available at https://www.icc-cpi.int/itemsDocuments/201209-otp-final-report-iraq-uk-eng.pdf (Accessed January 11, 2021).

[27] Jordan, D., Kiras, JD., Lonsdale, DJ., Speller, I., Tuck, C. & Walton, CD. (2008) Understanding Modern Warfare. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[28] Joyce, P. (2011) Policing: Development and Contemporary Practice. London: Sage.

[29] Kent Police, Positional Asphyxia, SOP (O43J). Available at https://www.kent.police.uk/foi-ai/kent-police/Policy/operational-partnerships/positional-asphyxia-sopo43j/#:~:text=Positional%20asphyxia%20occurs%20when%20a,any%20governing%20policy%20is%20mandatory (Accessed March 26, 2021).

[30] Lyman, JL. (1964) ‘The Metropolitan Police Act of 1829: an analysis of certain events influencing the passage and character of the Metropolitan Police Act in England’, Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science. Vol 55 (1), 141–154.

[31] Martin, G. (2016) Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues. London: Sage.

[32] McLaughlin, E. (2007) The New Policing. London: Sage.

[33] Reay DT., Flingner CL., Stilwell AD., & Arnold J. (1992) ‘Positional asphyxia during law enforcement transport’, AM J Forensic Med Pathol, 13(2), 90–97.

[34] Rogers, P. (2021) ‘The far right's rise within armed forces is a global threat to democracy’ Open Democracy (online). Available at https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/the-far-rights-rise-within-armed-forces-is-a-global-threat-to-democracy/?fbclid=IwAR0gNzKVB8VUK6F1Q6MnQDyR7KVTnRXCrXo2ikSQRSU7hUgGZXdsou-xCLk (Accessed January 16, 2021).

[35] Ross, DL. and Hazlett, MH. (2016) ‘A prospective analysis of the outcomes of violent prone restraints incidents in policing’, Forensic Research and Criminology International Journal, 2(1), (online). Available at https://medcrave.com/index.php?/articles/det/3109/privacy-policy.php (Accessed January 12, 2021).

[36] Rowe, M. (2019) Introduction to Policing. Third edition. London: Sage.

[37] Sherman, LW. (2013) ‘The Rise of evidence-based policing: targeting, testing and tracking’, Crime and Justice, 42(1), 377–451.

[38] Sherman, LW. (2015) ‘A tipping point for “totally evidenced policing”: ten ideas for building an E-B policing agency’, International Criminal Justice Review, 25, 11–29.

[39] Strachan, H. (2013) The Direction of War: Contemporary Strategy in Historical Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press.

[40] United Nations (UN) Security Council (1945) ‘Purposes and Principles of the UN (Chapter I of UN Charter)‘ (online). Available at https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/purposes-and-principles-un-chapter-i-un-charter#rel2 (Accessed January 11, 2021).

[41] Van Schaack, B. (2016) ‘What are the legal issues surrounding the use of depleted uranium in Syria and Iraq?‘ (online). Available at https://www.justsecurity.org/34298/legal-issues-surrounding-depleted-uranium-syria-iraq/ (Accessed January 11, 2021).

[42] Williams, C. (2003). ‘Police surveillance and the emergence of CCTV in the 1960s’. Crime Prevention and Community Safety. 5, 27–32.