- Record: found
- Abstract: found
- Article: found
The sheep’s revolution: Paradox of democratic consolidation and environmental regulations in post-transition Nigeria
Abstract
Over the last 20 years of uninterrupted democratic dispensation in Nigeria, the military regime has left the post-transition era with certain characteristics such as a low level of participation away from the center. While many have blamed the central authorities for the constantly increasing environmental threats, this study argues that the dwindling impact of civil society organizations (CSOs) on environmental regulation policies remains the missing link between policy formulation and implementation in Nigeria. This paper investigated the involvement of environmental CSOs within our democratic space, reflecting on the level of compliance with environmental regulation laws and the implications of this for environmental sustainability. This paper adopts both primary and secondary sources of information, and data were analyzed using a descriptive survey. The study reveals that the Nigerian government sees the CSOs as partners in ensuring environmental sustainability rather than deploying the CSOs as delivery agents to enforce environmental regulations and sustainability within the extractive and non-extractive contexts. This study concludes that, to tackle environmental degradation in Nigeria, much attention should be placed on environmental securitization advocacies through independent and effective environmental CSOs.
Content
Author and article information
References
A.A. Aduloju (2016) “Youth Networks on Facebook and Twitter in the 2015 Elections in Nigeria.” Journal of African Elections, 15(2), 28-49.
A. A. Aduloju & I. Okwechime (2016) “Oil and Human Security Challenges in the Nigeria’s Niger Delta,” Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory, 44(4). 505–525.
O. Agbu (2005) Oil and Environmental Conflicts: Nigeria under Democratic Rule, 1999–2003, vol. 2. Ibadan: Ibadan University Press, 82–83.
J. O. Akintayo (2006) Environmental Law I. Lagos: National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN) Press.
R. Ako & E. O. Ekhator (2016) “The Civil Society and the Regulation of the Extractive Industry in Nigeria,” Journal of Sustainable Development Law & Policy, 7(1), 158–182.
I. O. Albert (2005) Perspectives on Peace and Conflict in Africa. Ibadan: University of Ibadan.
G. O. Amokaye (2004) Environmental Law and Practice in Nigeria. Lagos: University of Lagos Press.
T. Babawale (2003) Urban Violence, Ethnic Militias and the Challenges of Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria. Lagos: Malthouse Press.
F. Bignami (2016) Theories of Civil Society and Global Administrative Law: The Case of the World Bank and International Development. Washington, DC: GW Law Faculty Publications.
J. H. Boeke (1953) Economics and Economic Policy of Dual Societies. New York: Institute of Pacific Relations.
P. S. Chiaro & F. G. Joklik (1998). The Extractive Industries: The Ecology of Industry. Washington, DC: National Academy. Retrieved from: ,https://www.nap.edu/read/5793/chapter/3
R. Cooper (2018) What is Civil Society? How is the term used and what is seen to be its role and value (internationally) in 2018? K4D Helpdesk Report. Brighton, UK: Institute of Development Studies. Retrieved from: https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/14242
M. Edwards (2004) Civil Society. Cambridge: Polity.
U. Etemire & N. U. Sobere (2020) “Improving Public Compliance with Modern Environmental Laws in Nigeria: Looking to Traditional African Norms and Practices,” Journal of Energy and Natural Resources Law, 38(3), 305–327.
G. J. Frynas (2001) “Corporate and State Responses to Anti-Oil Protests in the Niger Delta,” African Affairs, 100 (398), 27–54.
J. Gaventa (2004) “Towards Participatory Governance: Assessing the Transformative Possibilities,” in S. Hickey and G. Mohan (eds.) Participation: From Tyranny to Transformation: Exploring New Approaches to Participation in Development. London: Zed Books, 25–41.
S. P. Huntington (1991) The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
A. O. Ikelegbe (2001) “The Perverse Manifestation of Civil Society: Evidence from Nigeria,” Journal of Modern African Studies, 39(1), 1–24.
A. Ikelegbe (2005) “Engendering Civil Society: Oil, Women Groups and Resource Conflicts in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria,” Journal of Modem African Studies, 43(2). 241–270
IPCC (1972) Preamble to the Report of the United Nations Conference on Human Development and Environment. Paris: IPCC. Retrieved from: https://www.ipcc.ch/apps/njlite/srex/njlite_download.php?id=6471
A. Iwilade (2015) “Oil, Youths, and Networks of the ‘Unconnected’ in Nigeria’s Niger Delta,” Society & Natural Resources, 28(11), 1203–1215.
A. I. Kankara (2013) “Examining Environmental Policies and Laws in Nigeria,” International Journal of Environmental Engineering and Management, 4(3), 165–170.
J.J.J. Linz, & A.C. Stepan (1996) “Toward Consolidated Democracies,” Journal of Democracy, 7(2), 14–33.
C. Mercer & M. Green (2013) “Making Civil Society Work: Contracting, Cosmopolitanism and Community Development in Tanzania,” Geoforum, 45, 106–115.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands (MFAN) (2019) “Executive Summary Strengthening Civil Society Theory of Change: Supporting Civil Society’s Political Role Retrieved from: https://www.government.nl/binaries/government/documents/policy-notes/2019/11/28/policy-framework-strengthening-civil-society/Annex+5+%28Engels%29+-+Strengthening+Civil+Society+-+Theory+of+Change.pdf
H. Mohamed (2019) 20 Years of Democracy: Has Nigeria Changed for the Better? Retrieved from: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/06/20-years-democracy-nigeria-changed-190611124203153.html
S. Nazal (2018) “5 Ways CSOs Can Help Advance the SDGs.” Asian Development Blog, 24 September 2018, retrieved from: https://blogs.adb.org/blog/5-ways-csos-can-help-advance-sdgs
NEASREA Act (2007) “1999 Constitution of the FRN (as amended 2011),” Federal Republic of Nigeria, Abuja, Official Gazette, 96, 58–68.
O. Nkwachukwu (2004) “Civil Society, Democracy and Post-Authoritarian Nigeria,” Nigerian Journal of Management and Social Sciences, 1(l), 106–121.
K.C. Nnadozie (1994). “Pollution Control in Nigeria; The Legal Framework” being a paper presented at a workshop held at the Sheraton Hotels and Towers, Ikeja Lagos on the 5th– 7th April 1994, 1–22.
NPTE (2016) National Policy on the Environment (Revised 2016). Permanent Secretary, Federal Ministry of Environment, Nigeria. Retrieved from: http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/nig176320.pdf
A. O. Obilade (1998) The Nigerian Legal System. Ibadan: Spectrum Books Ltd.
M. Odeh (2012) “Civil Society and Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria,” Journal of Emerging Trends in Educational Research and Policy Studies. 3(1), 61–67.
S. G. Ogbodo (2009) “Environmental Protection in Nigeria: Two Decades After the Koko Incident,” Annual Survey of International & Comparative Law, 15(1), 1–18 .https://digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu/annlsurvey/vol15/iss1/2/
B. Okonofua (2016) “The Niger Delta Amnesty Program: The Challenges of Transitioning from Peace Settlements to Long-Term Peace.” Retrieved from: https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage.
Shola J. Omotola (2005). “Oil and the Litigation Issues in Nigeria”, in Issah H. Jimoh (ed.), Oil and the Nigerian Environmental, Ilorin, Nigeria.
A. Pollard and J. Court (2005) How Civil Society Organisations Use Evidence to Influence Policy Processes: A Literature Review. Overseas Development Institute Working Paper, 249. London: ODI.
Punch (2010) April 29, 2010. Retrieved from: https://www.punchng.com/oil-spill-stories-and-report on September 14, 2020.
W. I. Robinson (2005) “Gramsci and Globalization: From Nation-State to Transnational Hegemony,” Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 8(4), 559–574.
D. Rutzen (2015) “Civil Society under Assault,” Journal of Democracy, 26(4), 28–39.
O. I. Sodipo & V. C. Nwachi (2017) “Environmental Law and Practice in Nigeria: Overview.” Retrieved from: https://uk.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com/w-006-3572?transitionType=Default&contextData=(sc.Default)&firstPage=true
United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP). (2007). Global Environment Outlook (GEO) Environment for Development. Malta: Progress Press Ltd. https://na.unep.net/atlas/datlas/sites/default/files/GEO-4_Report_Full_en.pdf
USAID (2018). Civil Society Organization Sustainability Index for Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington DC: USAID. Retrieved from: https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1866/2017 -CSO-Sustainability-Index-for-Sub-Saharan-Africa.pdf
C. K. VanDyck (2017) Concept and Definition of Civil Society Sustainability. Washington DC: Centre for Strategic and International Studies.
G. A. Vaaseh (2010). “Friends or Fiends? Images of Ethnic Militia Groups in Nigeria since 1990s,” Benue Valley Journal of Humanities, 19(1&2), 103–104.
R. T. Williamson & J. Rodd (2016) “Civil Society Advocacy in Nigeria: Promoting Democratic Norms or Donor Demands?” BMC International Health Human Rights, 16(19), 1–10.
K. Williams (2018) INGOs Relocating to the Global South. K4D Research Report. Brighton, UK: Institute of Development Studies. Retrieved from: https://www.ids.ac.uk/wpcontent/uploads/2018/09/438-INGOs-relocating-to-the-South.pdf
E. Wong (2013) “Cost of Environmental Damage in China Growing Rapidly amid Industrialization,” New York Times, March.
World Economic Forum (2013) The Future Role of Civil Society. KPMG International. Retrieved from: https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_FutureRoleCivilSociety_Report_2013.pdf