Sino-Indian Border Conflict and Implications for Bilateral Relations

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Policy Perspectives: The Journal of the Institute of Policy Studies

Volume 15, Issue 2

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Sino-Indian Border Conflict and Implications for Bilateral Relations

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Author(s): Maira Qaddos

Publication date (Print): 2018

Journal: Policy Perspectives: The Journal of the Institute of Policy Studies

Publisher: Pluto Journals

Keywords: Border Conflict, Bilateral Relations, Geopolitical Situation, Geo-Economics, Territorial Disputes, Intraregional Connectivity

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Abstract

The dynamism of Sino-Indian relations is a key determinant of the connectivity, geopolitics and geo-economics of the region and a driver of politics and economy of South Asia. China and India are collaborating with each other in multiple sectors but at the same time they are unable to resolve their border disputes. Due to that, tensions on the border are a routine matter. In June 2017, a border conflict escalated to a ten weeks military standoff at the Doklam Plateau, i.e., an area claimed by China and owned by Bhutan. There was a continuous threat that military stalemate will turn into a full-fledged war anytime but nevertheless the conflict ended without any major confrontation. There were certain factors including geopolitical situation, trade relations, economic ties, power imbalance and international image, etc. that led to de-escalation of conflict. The paper recommends that both the nations have to work on some permanent solutions for resolution of these territorial disputes because they may sabotage the peace process anytime affecting not only the bilateral relations but peace and harmony of the entire South Asian region.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (doi): 10.13169

Journal ID (publisher-id): polipers

Title: Policy Perspectives: The Journal of the Institute of Policy Studies

Publisher: Pluto Journals

ISSN (Print): 18121829

ISSN (Electronic): 18127347

Publication date (Print): 2018

Volume: 15

Issue: 2

Pages: 57-69

Affiliations

Maira Qaddos, Ph.D. scholar in Institute of Communication Studies, University of the Punjab, Lahore. She is working as a visiting faculty member in the same institute and School of Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Management Technology, Lahore.

Article

Publisher ID: polipers.15.2.0057

DOI: 10.13169/polipers.15.2.0057

SO-VID: b27e91da-8cc0-4b72-93a4-a0b49065cad4

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All content is freely available without charge to users or their institutions. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission of the publisher or the author. Articles published in the journal are distributed under a http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

History

ScienceOpen disciplines: Education,Religious studies & Theology,Social & Behavioral Sciences,Law,Economics

Keywords: Territorial Disputes,Intraregional Connectivity,Geo-Economics,Geopolitical Situation,Bilateral Relations,Border Conflict

References

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Ibid.
Ibid.
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Katherine Richards, “China-India: An Analysis of the Himalayan Territorial Dispute,” Indo-Pacific Strategic Papers , February 2015, 1–31, http://www.defence.gov.au/ADC/Publications/IndoPac/Richards%20final%20IPSD%20paper.pdf
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David M. Malone and Rohan Mukherjee, “India and China: Conflict and Cooperation,” Survival 52, no. 1 (2010): 137–158, DOI 10.1080/00396331003612513.
Ibid.
Zhang and Li, “Sino-Indian Border Disputes,” Analysis No. 181, June 2013 p. 6.
Waheguru Pal Singh Sidhu and Jing-dong Yuan, China and India: Cooperation or Conflict? (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2003), p. 17.
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Ibid.
Nei Hongyi, “Explaining Chinese Solutions to Territorial Disputes with Neighbour States,” Chinese Journal of International Politics 2, no. 4 (September 26, 2009):487–523, https://doi.org/10.1093/cjip/pop007
Ibid.
M. Taylor Fravel, “Regime Insecurity and International Cooperation: Explaining China's compromises in territorial disputes,” International Security 30, no. 2 (Fall 2005): 46, http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/016228805775124534
Jonathan Hoslaag, China and India; Prospects for Peace (Columbia University Press, 2009), 1.
Neville Maxwell, “Why the Sino-Indian Border Dispute is Still Unresolved after 50 years: a recapitulation,” China Report 7, no. 2 (2011):71–82, http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/000944551104700202
Shreya Das, “The Sino-Indian Border Dispute: What Role for the European Union?” European Institute for Asian Studies (EIAS) Briefing Paper , 2014. http://www.eias.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/EIAS_Briefing_Paper_2014-2_Das.pdf
Miglani and Blanchard, “India and China Agree to End Border Standoff,” Reuters, August 28, 2017.
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“India-China Doklam Standoff,” July 27, 2017 to Aug 02, 2017, http://www.hitbullseye.com/currentgk/1501152276.pdf.
Insightsias, “Insights into Editorial.”
P., Stobdan, “In the Tri-Junction Entanglement, What Does Bhutan Want?” The Wire , July 11, 2017, https://thewire.in/diplomacy/bhutan-doklam-border-china
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ClearIAS.com, “India-China Border Disputes – What is the Doklam Issue?” August 11, 2017, http://www.clearias.com/india-china-border-disputes/
Wangcha Snagey, The Doklam Standoff between China and India is More Complex Than What is Made to Appear,” Defence Pakistan (blog), July 17, 2017, https://defence.pk/pdf/threads/the-doklam-standoff-between-china-and-india-is-more-complex-that-what-is-made-to-appear.507105/
Ibid.
Hemant Krishan Singh and Arun Sahgal, “China's Himalayan “Mission Creep,” DPG Policy Note II, issue 6 (July 12, 2017): 1–6, http://www.delhipolicygroup.org/uploads_dpg/publication_file/dpg-policy-note-vol-ii-issue-6-chinas-himalayan-mission-creep-1050.pdf
“India-China Doklam Standoff”
P. Stobdan, “In the Tri-Junction Entanglement, What Does Bhutan Want?” The Wire , July 11, 2017, https://thewire.in/156180/bhutan-doklam-border-china/
Ibid.
Prem Shankar Jha, “The Bhutan Standoff is an Opportunity, not a Threat,” The Wire , July 10, 2017, https://thewire.in/155911/bhutan-china-modi-border-opportunity/
P. Stobdan, “In the Tri-Junction Entanglement.”
Aby Tharakan, “Too Much Dragon, too Little Kingdom,” The Hindu , July 12, 2016, https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/too-much-dragon-too-little-kingdom/article4918267.ece
Omair Ahmed, “Doklam Standoff: Misunderestimating Bhutan's Sovereignty,” The Wire , July 21, 2017, https://thewire.in/159651/doklam-standoff-india-china-bhutan/
Ryan Hass, “Order from Chaos: Navigating the Current China-India Standoff in Bhutan,” Brookings , July 28, 2017, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2017/07/28/navigating-the-current-china-india-standoff-in-bhutan/
“China-India Standoff: A Look at Key Background of Dispute,” The Economic Times , July 25, 2017, http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/doklam-standoff-a-look-at-key-background-of-the-dispute/articleshow/59748578.cms
Hass, “Order from Chaos.”
Samir Saran, “There's a Standoff between China and India in the Himalayas. Both Sides Explain,” World Economic Forum , August 16, 2017, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/08/there-s-a-standoff-between-china-and-india-in-the-himalayas-both-sides-explain/
Wang Dong, “There's a Standoff between China and India in the Himalayas. Both Sides Explain,” World Economic Forum , August 16, 2017, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/08/there-s-a-standoff-between-china-and-india-in-the-himalayas-both-sides-explain/
K.S. Venkatachalam, “Is India's Military Actually Ready for War With China?,” The Diplomat , August 10, 2017, http://thediplomat.com/2017/08/is-indias-military-actually-ready-for-war-with-china/
“A Sino-Indian Armed Conflict: Why China can Bark But can't Bite,” The Economic Times , July 06, 2017, http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/a-sino-indian-armed-conflict-why-china-can-bark-but-cant-bite/articleshow/59471122.cms
Ibid.
Arun Sharma, “Indresh Kumar Calls for boycott of Chinese Products,” The Indian Express , July 28, 2017, https://indianexpress.com/article/india/indresh-kumar-calls-for-boycott-of-chinese-products-4770709/
Gubir Singh, “Indian Realism Challenges Calls to Ban China Imports,” The New Indian Express , August 07, 2017, http://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2017/aug/07/indian-realism-challenges-calls-to-ban-china-imports-1639412–1.html
“Boycott of Chinese goods: How it will not Help India but can Harm China,” The Economic Times , Jul 11, 2017, http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/boycott-of-chinese-goods-how-it-wont-help-india-but-can-harm-china/articleshow/59541915.cms
Kingshuk Bandyopadhyay, “If India stops trading with China, how will it affect the Chinese and Indian economies?” Quora , October 21, 2016, https://www.quora.com/If-India-stops-trading-with-China-how-will-it-effect-the-Chinese-and-Indian-economies
Dinesh Unnikrishnen, “Sikkim Border Dispute: another War with India will be an Economic Blunder of China,” Firstpost , July 10, 2017, http://www.firstpost.com/india/sikkim-border-dispute-another-war-with-india-will-be-an-economic-blunder-for-china-3796365.html
Rajesh Kumar, “Will the Doklam Standoff Lead to a Second India-China War?,” The Diplomat , July 18, 2017, http://thediplomat.com/2017/07/will-the-doklam-standoff-lead-to-a-second-india-china-war/
Unnikrishnen, “Sikkim Border Dispute,”
“Doklam standoff: India has Pulled Back All Border Personnel, Equipment From Site, Says Chinese FM,” The Indian express , August 28, 2017, http://indianexpress.com/article/india/doklam-disengagement-live-updates-china-says-indian-forces-have-withdrawn-4817275/
“China non-committal on halting road construction in Dokalam,” The Economic Times , August 29, 2017, http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/china-evasive-on-road-construction-in-doklam/articleshow/60275622.cms
Charletto Gao, “Tensions Diffused: China Willing to Reopen Nathu La Pass to Indian Pilgrims,” The Dilpomat , September 14, 2017, http://thediplomat.com/2017/09/tensions-diffused-china-willing-to-reopen-nathu-la-pass-to-indian-pilgrims/
Yang Sheng, “China Willing to discuss Reopening Nathu La Pass with India,” Global times , September 13, 2017, http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1066135.shtml

Comments

Comment on this article

[1] Dibyesh Anand, “Revisiting the China-India Border Dispute: An Introduction,” China Report 47, no. 2 (2011): 65–69, Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Westminster.

[2] Hongzhou Zhang and Mingjiang Li, “Sino-Indian Border Disputes,” Analysis , no. 181(2013): 1–9, http://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/analysis_181_2013.pdf

[3] Bruna B. Moriera, “The Sino-Indian Border Dispute and its Consequences for Asian Security”, Mundorama , March 25, 2016, https://www.mundorama.net/?p=19035.

[4] Unni Krishnan, “India Seals China Border Pact as Singh Hails Li Handshake,” Bloomberg , October 24, 2013, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-10-23/india-seals-border-pact-with-china-as-singh-hails-li-handshake.html

[5] Amy Kazmin and Jyotsna Singh, “Indian and Chinese Troops Clash in Border dispute,” Financial Times , August 16, 2017, https://www.ft.com/content/01744eb2-8278-11e7-a4ce-15b2513cb3ff

[6] Jeff Daniels, “Former Indian Diplomat Says ‘Nothing Can Be Ruled Out’ In Border Spat with China,” CNBC , August 25, 2017, https://www.cnbc.com/2017/08/25/exindian-diplomat-nothing-can-be-ruled-out-in-border-spat-with-china.html

[7] Ibid.

[8] Ibid.

[9] Sanjeev Miglani and Blen Blanchard, “India and China Agree to End Border Standoff,” Reuters , August 28, 2017, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-china/india-and-china-agree-to-end-border-standoff-idUSKCN1B80II

[10] Zhang and Li, “Sino-Indian Border Disputes.” Analysis No. 181, June 2013.

[11] Anand, “Revisiting the China-India Border Dispute.” China Report, Saga Publications , Volume: 47 issue: 2, (2011) page(s): 65–69.

[12] Katherine Richards, “China-India: An Analysis of the Himalayan Territorial Dispute,” Indo-Pacific Strategic Papers , February 2015, 1–31, http://www.defence.gov.au/ADC/Publications/IndoPac/Richards%20final%20IPSD%20paper.pdf

[13] Nei Hongyi, “Explaining Chinese Solutions to Territorial Disputes with Neighbour States,” Chinese Journal of International Politics 2, no. 4 (September 26, 2009):487–523, https://doi.org/10.1093/cjip/pop007

[14] Richards, “China-India: An Analysis of the Himalayan Territorial Dispute,” Indo-Pacific Strategic Papers , 2015 p. 3.

[15] David M. Malone and Rohan Mukherjee, “India and China: Conflict and Cooperation,” Survival 52, no. 1 (2010): 137–158, DOI 10.1080/00396331003612513.

[16] Ibid.

[17] Zhang and Li, “Sino-Indian Border Disputes,” Analysis No. 181, June 2013 p. 6.

[18] Waheguru Pal Singh Sidhu and Jing-dong Yuan, China and India: Cooperation or Conflict? (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2003), p. 17.

[19] Qasim Hameedy, “Sino-Indian War 1962–Where Do India and China Stand Today?” (master's thesis, National Defense University Pakistan, 2011), 6, http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a589875.pdf

[20] Ibid.

[21] Nei Hongyi, “Explaining Chinese Solutions to Territorial Disputes with Neighbour States,” Chinese Journal of International Politics 2, no. 4 (September 26, 2009):487–523, https://doi.org/10.1093/cjip/pop007

[22] Ibid.

[23] M. Taylor Fravel, “Regime Insecurity and International Cooperation: Explaining China's compromises in territorial disputes,” International Security 30, no. 2 (Fall 2005): 46, http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/016228805775124534

[24] Jonathan Hoslaag, China and India; Prospects for Peace (Columbia University Press, 2009), 1.

[25] Neville Maxwell, “Why the Sino-Indian Border Dispute is Still Unresolved after 50 years: a recapitulation,” China Report 7, no. 2 (2011):71–82, http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/000944551104700202

[26] Shreya Das, “The Sino-Indian Border Dispute: What Role for the European Union?” European Institute for Asian Studies (EIAS) Briefing Paper , 2014. http://www.eias.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/EIAS_Briefing_Paper_2014-2_Das.pdf

[27] Miglani and Blanchard, “India and China Agree to End Border Standoff,” Reuters, August 28, 2017.

[28] Insightsias, “Insights into Editorial: Doklam, China's Strategic Calculus and India's Policy Options,” August 12, 2017, http://www.insightsonindia.com/2017/08/12/insights-editorial-doklam-chinas-strategic-calculus-indias-policy-options/

[29] “India-China Doklam Standoff,” July 27, 2017 to Aug 02, 2017, http://www.hitbullseye.com/currentgk/1501152276.pdf.

[30] Insightsias, “Insights into Editorial.”

[31] P., Stobdan, “In the Tri-Junction Entanglement, What Does Bhutan Want?” The Wire , July 11, 2017, https://thewire.in/diplomacy/bhutan-doklam-border-china

[32] Business Line, “India China Doklam Plateau Standoff,” IAS Parliament , July 06, 2017, http://www.iasparliament.com/article/india-china-doklam-plateau-standoff?q=bs

[33] ClearIAS.com, “India-China Border Disputes – What is the Doklam Issue?” August 11, 2017, http://www.clearias.com/india-china-border-disputes/

[34] Wangcha Snagey, The Doklam Standoff between China and India is More Complex Than What is Made to Appear,” Defence Pakistan (blog), July 17, 2017, https://defence.pk/pdf/threads/the-doklam-standoff-between-china-and-india-is-more-complex-that-what-is-made-to-appear.507105/

[35] Ibid.

[36] Hemant Krishan Singh and Arun Sahgal, “China's Himalayan “Mission Creep,” DPG Policy Note II, issue 6 (July 12, 2017): 1–6, http://www.delhipolicygroup.org/uploads_dpg/publication_file/dpg-policy-note-vol-ii-issue-6-chinas-himalayan-mission-creep-1050.pdf

[37] “India-China Doklam Standoff”

[38] P. Stobdan, “In the Tri-Junction Entanglement, What Does Bhutan Want?” The Wire , July 11, 2017, https://thewire.in/156180/bhutan-doklam-border-china/

[39] Ibid.

[40] Prem Shankar Jha, “The Bhutan Standoff is an Opportunity, not a Threat,” The Wire , July 10, 2017, https://thewire.in/155911/bhutan-china-modi-border-opportunity/

[41] P. Stobdan, “In the Tri-Junction Entanglement.”

[42] Aby Tharakan, “Too Much Dragon, too Little Kingdom,” The Hindu , July 12, 2016, https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/too-much-dragon-too-little-kingdom/article4918267.ece

[43] Omair Ahmed, “Doklam Standoff: Misunderestimating Bhutan's Sovereignty,” The Wire , July 21, 2017, https://thewire.in/159651/doklam-standoff-india-china-bhutan/

[44] Ryan Hass, “Order from Chaos: Navigating the Current China-India Standoff in Bhutan,” Brookings , July 28, 2017, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2017/07/28/navigating-the-current-china-india-standoff-in-bhutan/

[45] “China-India Standoff: A Look at Key Background of Dispute,” The Economic Times , July 25, 2017, http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/doklam-standoff-a-look-at-key-background-of-the-dispute/articleshow/59748578.cms

[46] Hass, “Order from Chaos.”

[47] Samir Saran, “There's a Standoff between China and India in the Himalayas. Both Sides Explain,” World Economic Forum , August 16, 2017, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/08/there-s-a-standoff-between-china-and-india-in-the-himalayas-both-sides-explain/

[48] Wang Dong, “There's a Standoff between China and India in the Himalayas. Both Sides Explain,” World Economic Forum , August 16, 2017, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/08/there-s-a-standoff-between-china-and-india-in-the-himalayas-both-sides-explain/

[49] K.S. Venkatachalam, “Is India's Military Actually Ready for War With China?,” The Diplomat , August 10, 2017, http://thediplomat.com/2017/08/is-indias-military-actually-ready-for-war-with-china/

[50] “A Sino-Indian Armed Conflict: Why China can Bark But can't Bite,” The Economic Times , July 06, 2017, http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/a-sino-indian-armed-conflict-why-china-can-bark-but-cant-bite/articleshow/59471122.cms

[51] Ibid.

[52] Arun Sharma, “Indresh Kumar Calls for boycott of Chinese Products,” The Indian Express , July 28, 2017, https://indianexpress.com/article/india/indresh-kumar-calls-for-boycott-of-chinese-products-4770709/

[53] Gubir Singh, “Indian Realism Challenges Calls to Ban China Imports,” The New Indian Express , August 07, 2017, http://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2017/aug/07/indian-realism-challenges-calls-to-ban-china-imports-1639412–1.html

[54] “Boycott of Chinese goods: How it will not Help India but can Harm China,” The Economic Times , Jul 11, 2017, http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/boycott-of-chinese-goods-how-it-wont-help-india-but-can-harm-china/articleshow/59541915.cms

[55] Kingshuk Bandyopadhyay, “If India stops trading with China, how will it affect the Chinese and Indian economies?” Quora , October 21, 2016, https://www.quora.com/If-India-stops-trading-with-China-how-will-it-effect-the-Chinese-and-Indian-economies

[56] Dinesh Unnikrishnen, “Sikkim Border Dispute: another War with India will be an Economic Blunder of China,” Firstpost , July 10, 2017, http://www.firstpost.com/india/sikkim-border-dispute-another-war-with-india-will-be-an-economic-blunder-for-china-3796365.html

[57] Rajesh Kumar, “Will the Doklam Standoff Lead to a Second India-China War?,” The Diplomat , July 18, 2017, http://thediplomat.com/2017/07/will-the-doklam-standoff-lead-to-a-second-india-china-war/

[58] Unnikrishnen, “Sikkim Border Dispute,”

[59] “Doklam standoff: India has Pulled Back All Border Personnel, Equipment From Site, Says Chinese FM,” The Indian express , August 28, 2017, http://indianexpress.com/article/india/doklam-disengagement-live-updates-china-says-indian-forces-have-withdrawn-4817275/

[60] “China non-committal on halting road construction in Dokalam,” The Economic Times , August 29, 2017, http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/china-evasive-on-road-construction-in-doklam/articleshow/60275622.cms

[61] Charletto Gao, “Tensions Diffused: China Willing to Reopen Nathu La Pass to Indian Pilgrims,” The Dilpomat , September 14, 2017, http://thediplomat.com/2017/09/tensions-diffused-china-willing-to-reopen-nathu-la-pass-to-indian-pilgrims/

[62] Yang Sheng, “China Willing to discuss Reopening Nathu La Pass with India,” Global times , September 13, 2017, http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1066135.shtml