Pakistan&apos;s Evolving Relations with Saudi Arabia: Emerging Dynamics and Challenges

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Policy Perspectives

Volume 16, Issue 1

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Pakistan's Evolving Relations with Saudi Arabia: Emerging Dynamics and Challenges

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Author(s): Rashid Ahmed Siddiqi

Publication date (Print): 1 January 2019

Journal: Policy Perspectives

Publisher: Pluto Journals

Keywords: Pak-Saudi Relations, Indo-Saudi Relations, Pak-Iran Relations, Foreign Policy, Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition (ICTMC)

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Abstract

Historically, based on shared values of culture and religion, Pakistan's relations with Saudi Arabia have become increasingly complex over time. This has occurred in the backdrop of important geopolitical and economic shifts in the region, leading to a new dynamic equilibrium in the Pak-Saudi bilateral ties. Strong relations with Riyadh have become a crucial element of Pakistan's overall foreign policy, given the latter's intermittent economic support by the former, which underscores the significance of the Kingdom; however, deepening Indo-Saudi ties can also not be overlooked or underestimated. This paper gives an overview of ever-evolving Pak-Saudi ties, while taking into consideration current dynamics of the Kingdom's role in the Middle East and Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries as well as in the South Asian region.

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Journal

Journal ID (doi): 10.2307/j50009730

Journal ID (jcode): polipers

Title: Policy Perspectives

Publisher: Pluto Journals

ISSN: 1812-1829

ISSN: 1812-7347

Publication date (Print): 1 January 2019

Volume: 16

Issue: 1 ( doiID: 10.13169/polipers.16.issue-1 )

Pages: 61-76

Affiliations

The author holds a PhD in Political Studies from the University of Auckland, New Zealand and is currently teaching at Islamabad Model College for Boys, Islamabad, Pakistan.

Article

Publisher ID: polipers.16.1.0061

DOI: 10.13169/polipers.16.1.0061

SO-VID: 69929009-dc73-4cea-867e-e9748b6151a4

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All content is freely available without charge to users or their institutions. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission of the publisher or the author. Articles published in the journal are distributed under a http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Education,Religious studies & Theology,Social & Behavioral Sciences,Law,Economics

Keywords: Pak-Saudi Relations,Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition (ICTMC),Pak-Iran Relations,Indo-Saudi Relations,Foreign Policy

Footnotes

For a detailed discussion on Pakistan's efforts to seek close ties with the Muslim world see Agha Shahi, “The Concept of Ummah and Its Influence on Pakistan's Foreign Policy,” in Pakistan's Security and Foreign Policy (Lahore: Progressive Publishers, 1988), 297–324.
Dawn Editorial, quoted in Michael B. Bishku, “In Search of Identity and Security: Pakistan and the Middle East 1947 to 1977,” Conflict Quarterly 12, no. 3 (1992): 30–51 (35).
S. M. Burke and Lawrence Ziring, Pakistan's Foreign Policy: An Historical Analysis, 2nd ed. (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1990), 204.
Ibid.
Muddassir Quamar, “Indo-Saudi Relations: Emerging Strategic Dimensions” (paper 32, King Fahd Center for Research and Islamic Studies, Riyadh, 2018), 9.
Ibid.
Burke and Ziring, Pakistan's Foreign Policy: An Historical Analysis, 205.
Quoted in Asher Aviad Orkaby, The International History of the Yemen Civil War, 1962–68 (PhD diss., Harvard University, Cambridge, 2014), 98–99, http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:12269828.
PAFM, “Foreign Missions,” Pakistan Air Force Museum, accessed June 21, 2019, http://www.pafmuseum.com.pk/historic-events/foreign-missions.
Mujtaba Rizvi, “Pak-Saudi Arabian Relations: An Example of Entente Cordiale,” Pakistan Horizon 34, no. 1 (1981): 82.
Ibid.
Syed M. H. Shah, “Pakistan and the Middle East (1971-77),” Pakistan Journal of History and Culture XVI, no. 2A (1995): 669.
Robert Mason, “Saudi Arabia's Relations with South East Asia” in Saudi Arabian Foreign Policy: Conflict and Cooperation, ed. Neil Partrick, 1st ed. (London: I. B. Tauris, 2018), 310.
Ibid., 311.
For a detailed analysis of Pakistan's decision-making processes during the crisis see, Ayesha Siddiqa, Development of Pakistan's Foreign Policy: Case Study of the Gulf Crisis-1990, report (Lahore: Pakistan Institute of Legislative Development and Transparency, 2004).
See also, Nadim Qamar, Pakistan and the Persian Gulf (Carlisle: US Army War College, 1991), 24.
david Kenner, “Saudi Arabia's Shadow War,” Foreign Policy, November 6, 2013, https://foreignpolicy.com/2013/ll/06/saudi-arabias-shadow-war/.
Guido Steinberg and Nils Woermer, Exploring Iran & Saudi Arabia's Interests in Afghanistan & Pakistan: Stakeholders or Spoilers - A Zero Sum Game? PART 1: Saudi Arabia (Barcelona: Barcelona Centre for International Affairs, 2013), https://www.swp-berlin.org/fileadmin/contents/products/fachpublikationen/Steinberg_Woermer_SaudiArabia_Interest_April2013.pdf; and Greg Bruno, “Saudi Arabia and the Future of Afghanistan” (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 2008), https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/saudi-arabia-and-future-afghanistan.
Syed Rashid Husain, “Saudi Oil Facility or Grant?” Dawn, July 28, 2008, https://www.dawn.com/news/313698.
Mark Urban, “Saudi Nuclear Weapons ‘On Order’ from Pakistan,” BBC News, November 6, 2013, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-24823846.
Bruce Riedel and Gary Samore, “Managing Nuclear Proliferation in the Middle East,” Restoring the Balance: A Middle East Strategy for the Next President, ed. Richard N. Haass and Martin Indyk (Washington, D. C: Brookings Institution Press, 2008), 129.
Swati Sharma, “The Islamic State was Dumped by Al-Qaeda A Year Ago. Look Where It is Now,” Washington Post, February 3, 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/02/03/the-islamic-state-was-dumped-by-al-qaeda-a-year-ago-look-where-it-is-now/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.fccl0b6368d8.
Embassy of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, GoKSA, “ISIS Leader Threatens Saudis Arabia in Latest Speech” (Government of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 2018), https://www.saudiembassy.net/news/isis-leader-threatens-saudi-arabia-latest-speech.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Mujib Mashal, “Pakistani Troops Aid Bahrain's Crackdown,” Aljazeera, July 30, 2011, https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2011/07/2011725145048574888.html.
Qaiser Butt, “Middle East Protests: Pakistan Tries to Pacify Iran Over Bahrain Aid,” Express Tribune, April 23, 2011, https://tribune.com.pk/story/154915/middle-east-protests-pakistan-tries-to-pacify-iran-over-bahrain-aid/.
Jeremy M. Sharp, Yemen: Civil War and Regional Intervention, report R43960 (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, 2019), https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/R43960.pdf.
“Parliament Calls for Neutrality in Yemen Conflict,” Dawn, April 10, 2015, https://www.dawn.com/news/1175090.
Ibid.
“UAE Minister Warns Pakistan of ‘Heavy Price for Ambiguous Stand’ on Yemen,” Dawn, April 11, 2015, https://www.dawn.com/news/1175284.
“UAE Official Slams ‘Contradictory’ Pakistan Vote,” Al Arabiya News, April 11, 2015, http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2015/04/ll/UAE-FM-Pakistan-needs-a-clear-a-position-on-Yemen-conflict-.html.
“Yemen Conflict: UAE's Warning to Pakistan Unacceptable and Ironic, Says Nisar,” Express Tribune, April 12, 2015, https://tribune.com.pk/story/868759/yemen-conflict-uaes-warning-to-pakistan-unacceptable-and-ironic-says-nisar/.
Pramit Pal Chaudhuri, “Modi in UAE: India Plays the Gulf Card against Pakistan,” Hindustan Times, August 19, 2015, https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/modi-in-uae-india-plays-the-gulf-card-against-pakistan/story-SYXGECMDSY2KlrLCIyVm5H.html.
Indian Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India, “Joint Statement Between the United Arab Emirates and the Republic of India,” press release, August 17, 2015, https://mea.gov.in/articles-in-foreign-media.htm?dtl/25733/Joint+Statement+between+the+United+Arab+Emirates+and+the+Republic+of+India.
Ibid.
Dipanjan Roy Chaudhury, “PM Modi in Riyadh: India, Saudi Arabia Sign Agreements to Counter Threat of Cross-Border Terrorism,” Economic Times, July 12, 2018, https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/pm-modi-in-riyadh-india-saudi-arabia-sign-agreements-to-counter-threat-of-cross-border-terrorism/articleshow/51673469.cms.
“India Remains Top Remittance Recipient in 2018,” Arab News, December 9, 2018, http://www.arabnews.com/node/1417906/business-economy.
“Iran Signs $2b Rail Deal with India,” Financial Tribune, January 13, 2018, https://financialtribune.com/articles/domestic-economy/79897/iran-signs-2b-rail-deal-with-india.
“Pakistan to Send Troops to Saudi Arabia to Train and Advise,” Reuters, February 16, 2018, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-saudi/pakistan-to-send-troops-to-saudi-arabia-to-train-and-advise-idUSKCNlGOOYI.
“Iran Concerned over Raheel's Appointment as Head of Saudi-led Military Alliance: Envoy,” Dawn, April 3, 2017, https://www.dawn.com/news/1324597.
Ministry of Finance, GoP, Pakistan Economic Survey: 2017–18 (Government of Pakistan, 2018), 123, http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapters_18/08-Trade.pdf.
International Monetary Fund, “IMF Reaches Staff-Level Agreement on Economic Policies with Pakistan for a Three-Year Extended Fund Facility,” press release 19/157, May 12, 2019, https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2019/05/12/prl9157-IMF-Reaches-Staff-Level-Agreement-on-Economic-Policies-with-Pakistan-for-a-Three-Year-EFF.
Baqir Sajjad Syed, “Saudi Arabia Pledges $6bn Package to Pakistan,” Dawn, October 24, 2018, https://www.dawn.com/news/1440974.
Ministry of Finance, GoP, Pakistan Economic Survey: 2017–18, 125, http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapters_18/08-Trade.pdf.
Statistics & DWH Department, State Bank Of Pakistan, “Country-Wise Workers’ Remittances,” datasheet, June 14, 2019, http://www.sbp.org.pk/ecodata/Homeremit.pdf; and Aamir Saeed, “Pakistan Marks International Day of Family Remittances to Honor Migrant Workers,” Arab News, June 17, 2019, http://www.arabnews.pk/node/1512046/pakistan.
Zeenat Saberin, “Saudi Crown Prince in India as ‘trade, investment’ top agenda,” Aljazeera, February 19, 2019, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/02/investment-top-saudi-crown-prince-india-visit-190218194521839.html.
Prime Minister's Office, Government of Pakistan, “Joint Statement between Pakistan and Kingdom of Saudi Arabia on the visit of His Royal Highness Crown Prince Mohamed bin Salman, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Defense, to the Islamic Republic of Pakistan,” press release, February 17–18, 2019, http://pmo.gov.pk/news_details.php?news_id=944.
Rajeswari Pillai Rajagopalan, “Prince Salman Tour Spotlights Saudi Arabia Variable in India-Pakistan-China Relations,” Diplomat, February 28, 2019, https://thediplomat.com/2019/02/prince-salman-tour-spotlights-saudi-arabia-variable-in-india-pakistan-china-relations/.
Zeenat Saberin, “India, Saudi Arabia Sign Investment Agreements as MBS Meets Modi,” Aljazeera, February 20, 2019, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/02/india-saudi-arabia-sign-investment-deals-mbs-meets-modi-190220103010939.html.
“Seeing Conflict between two Countries Friendly to Saudi Arabia ‘Pains Us’: Minister on Indo-Pak Ties,” Dawn, February 21, 2019, https://www.dawn.com/news/1465009.
Sohail H. Hashmi, “Zero Plus Zero Plus Zero’: Pakistan, the Baghdad Pact, and the Suez Crisis,” The International History Review 33, no. 3 (2011): 525–544 (542), https://doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2011.615184.

Comments

Comment on this article

[1] For a detailed discussion on Pakistan's efforts to seek close ties with the Muslim world see Agha Shahi, “The Concept of Ummah and Its Influence on Pakistan's Foreign Policy,” in Pakistan's Security and Foreign Policy (Lahore: Progressive Publishers, 1988), 297–324.

[2] Dawn Editorial, quoted in Michael B. Bishku, “In Search of Identity and Security: Pakistan and the Middle East 1947 to 1977,” Conflict Quarterly 12, no. 3 (1992): 30–51 (35).

[3] S. M. Burke and Lawrence Ziring, Pakistan's Foreign Policy: An Historical Analysis, 2nd ed. (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1990), 204.

[4] Ibid.

[5] Muddassir Quamar, “Indo-Saudi Relations: Emerging Strategic Dimensions” (paper 32, King Fahd Center for Research and Islamic Studies, Riyadh, 2018), 9.

[6] Ibid.

[7] Burke and Ziring, Pakistan's Foreign Policy: An Historical Analysis, 205.

[8] Quoted in Asher Aviad Orkaby, The International History of the Yemen Civil War, 1962–68 (PhD diss., Harvard University, Cambridge, 2014), 98–99, http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:12269828.

[9] PAFM, “Foreign Missions,” Pakistan Air Force Museum, accessed June 21, 2019, http://www.pafmuseum.com.pk/historic-events/foreign-missions.

[10] Mujtaba Rizvi, “Pak-Saudi Arabian Relations: An Example of Entente Cordiale,” Pakistan Horizon 34, no. 1 (1981): 82.

[11] Ibid.

[12] Syed M. H. Shah, “Pakistan and the Middle East (1971-77),” Pakistan Journal of History and Culture XVI, no. 2A (1995): 669.

[13] Robert Mason, “Saudi Arabia's Relations with South East Asia” in Saudi Arabian Foreign Policy: Conflict and Cooperation, ed. Neil Partrick, 1st ed. (London: I. B. Tauris, 2018), 310.

[14] Ibid., 311.

[15] For a detailed analysis of Pakistan's decision-making processes during the crisis see, Ayesha Siddiqa, Development of Pakistan's Foreign Policy: Case Study of the Gulf Crisis-1990, report (Lahore: Pakistan Institute of Legislative Development and Transparency, 2004).

[16] See also, Nadim Qamar, Pakistan and the Persian Gulf (Carlisle: US Army War College, 1991), 24.

[17] david Kenner, “Saudi Arabia's Shadow War,” Foreign Policy, November 6, 2013, https://foreignpolicy.com/2013/ll/06/saudi-arabias-shadow-war/.

[18] Guido Steinberg and Nils Woermer, Exploring Iran & Saudi Arabia's Interests in Afghanistan & Pakistan: Stakeholders or Spoilers - A Zero Sum Game? PART 1: Saudi Arabia (Barcelona: Barcelona Centre for International Affairs, 2013), https://www.swp-berlin.org/fileadmin/contents/products/fachpublikationen/Steinberg_Woermer_SaudiArabia_Interest_April2013.pdf; and Greg Bruno, “Saudi Arabia and the Future of Afghanistan” (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 2008), https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/saudi-arabia-and-future-afghanistan.

[19] Syed Rashid Husain, “Saudi Oil Facility or Grant?” Dawn, July 28, 2008, https://www.dawn.com/news/313698.

[20] Mark Urban, “Saudi Nuclear Weapons ‘On Order’ from Pakistan,” BBC News, November 6, 2013, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-24823846.

[21] Bruce Riedel and Gary Samore, “Managing Nuclear Proliferation in the Middle East,” Restoring the Balance: A Middle East Strategy for the Next President, ed. Richard N. Haass and Martin Indyk (Washington, D. C: Brookings Institution Press, 2008), 129.

[22] Swati Sharma, “The Islamic State was Dumped by Al-Qaeda A Year Ago. Look Where It is Now,” Washington Post, February 3, 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/02/03/the-islamic-state-was-dumped-by-al-qaeda-a-year-ago-look-where-it-is-now/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.fccl0b6368d8.

[23] Embassy of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, GoKSA, “ISIS Leader Threatens Saudis Arabia in Latest Speech” (Government of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 2018), https://www.saudiembassy.net/news/isis-leader-threatens-saudi-arabia-latest-speech.

[24] Ibid.

[25] Ibid.

[26] Mujib Mashal, “Pakistani Troops Aid Bahrain's Crackdown,” Aljazeera, July 30, 2011, https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2011/07/2011725145048574888.html.

[27] Qaiser Butt, “Middle East Protests: Pakistan Tries to Pacify Iran Over Bahrain Aid,” Express Tribune, April 23, 2011, https://tribune.com.pk/story/154915/middle-east-protests-pakistan-tries-to-pacify-iran-over-bahrain-aid/.

[28] Jeremy M. Sharp, Yemen: Civil War and Regional Intervention, report R43960 (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, 2019), https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/R43960.pdf.

[29] “Parliament Calls for Neutrality in Yemen Conflict,” Dawn, April 10, 2015, https://www.dawn.com/news/1175090.

[30] Ibid.

[31] “UAE Minister Warns Pakistan of ‘Heavy Price for Ambiguous Stand’ on Yemen,” Dawn, April 11, 2015, https://www.dawn.com/news/1175284.

[32] “UAE Official Slams ‘Contradictory’ Pakistan Vote,” Al Arabiya News, April 11, 2015, http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2015/04/ll/UAE-FM-Pakistan-needs-a-clear-a-position-on-Yemen-conflict-.html.

[33] “Yemen Conflict: UAE's Warning to Pakistan Unacceptable and Ironic, Says Nisar,” Express Tribune, April 12, 2015, https://tribune.com.pk/story/868759/yemen-conflict-uaes-warning-to-pakistan-unacceptable-and-ironic-says-nisar/.

[34] Pramit Pal Chaudhuri, “Modi in UAE: India Plays the Gulf Card against Pakistan,” Hindustan Times, August 19, 2015, https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/modi-in-uae-india-plays-the-gulf-card-against-pakistan/story-SYXGECMDSY2KlrLCIyVm5H.html.

[35] Indian Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India, “Joint Statement Between the United Arab Emirates and the Republic of India,” press release, August 17, 2015, https://mea.gov.in/articles-in-foreign-media.htm?dtl/25733/Joint+Statement+between+the+United+Arab+Emirates+and+the+Republic+of+India.

[36] Ibid.

[37] Dipanjan Roy Chaudhury, “PM Modi in Riyadh: India, Saudi Arabia Sign Agreements to Counter Threat of Cross-Border Terrorism,” Economic Times, July 12, 2018, https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/pm-modi-in-riyadh-india-saudi-arabia-sign-agreements-to-counter-threat-of-cross-border-terrorism/articleshow/51673469.cms.

[38] “India Remains Top Remittance Recipient in 2018,” Arab News, December 9, 2018, http://www.arabnews.com/node/1417906/business-economy.

[39] “Iran Signs $2b Rail Deal with India,” Financial Tribune, January 13, 2018, https://financialtribune.com/articles/domestic-economy/79897/iran-signs-2b-rail-deal-with-india.

[40] “Pakistan to Send Troops to Saudi Arabia to Train and Advise,” Reuters, February 16, 2018, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-saudi/pakistan-to-send-troops-to-saudi-arabia-to-train-and-advise-idUSKCNlGOOYI.

[41] “Iran Concerned over Raheel's Appointment as Head of Saudi-led Military Alliance: Envoy,” Dawn, April 3, 2017, https://www.dawn.com/news/1324597.

[42] Ministry of Finance, GoP, Pakistan Economic Survey: 2017–18 (Government of Pakistan, 2018), 123, http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapters_18/08-Trade.pdf.

[43] International Monetary Fund, “IMF Reaches Staff-Level Agreement on Economic Policies with Pakistan for a Three-Year Extended Fund Facility,” press release 19/157, May 12, 2019, https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2019/05/12/prl9157-IMF-Reaches-Staff-Level-Agreement-on-Economic-Policies-with-Pakistan-for-a-Three-Year-EFF.

[44] Baqir Sajjad Syed, “Saudi Arabia Pledges $6bn Package to Pakistan,” Dawn, October 24, 2018, https://www.dawn.com/news/1440974.

[45] Ministry of Finance, GoP, Pakistan Economic Survey: 2017–18, 125, http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapters_18/08-Trade.pdf.

[46] Statistics & DWH Department, State Bank Of Pakistan, “Country-Wise Workers’ Remittances,” datasheet, June 14, 2019, http://www.sbp.org.pk/ecodata/Homeremit.pdf; and Aamir Saeed, “Pakistan Marks International Day of Family Remittances to Honor Migrant Workers,” Arab News, June 17, 2019, http://www.arabnews.pk/node/1512046/pakistan.

[47] Zeenat Saberin, “Saudi Crown Prince in India as ‘trade, investment’ top agenda,” Aljazeera, February 19, 2019, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/02/investment-top-saudi-crown-prince-india-visit-190218194521839.html.

[48] Prime Minister's Office, Government of Pakistan, “Joint Statement between Pakistan and Kingdom of Saudi Arabia on the visit of His Royal Highness Crown Prince Mohamed bin Salman, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Defense, to the Islamic Republic of Pakistan,” press release, February 17–18, 2019, http://pmo.gov.pk/news_details.php?news_id=944.

[49] Rajeswari Pillai Rajagopalan, “Prince Salman Tour Spotlights Saudi Arabia Variable in India-Pakistan-China Relations,” Diplomat, February 28, 2019, https://thediplomat.com/2019/02/prince-salman-tour-spotlights-saudi-arabia-variable-in-india-pakistan-china-relations/.

[50] Zeenat Saberin, “India, Saudi Arabia Sign Investment Agreements as MBS Meets Modi,” Aljazeera, February 20, 2019, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/02/india-saudi-arabia-sign-investment-deals-mbs-meets-modi-190220103010939.html.

[51] “Seeing Conflict between two Countries Friendly to Saudi Arabia ‘Pains Us’: Minister on Indo-Pak Ties,” Dawn, February 21, 2019, https://www.dawn.com/news/1465009.

[52] Sohail H. Hashmi, “Zero Plus Zero Plus Zero’: Pakistan, the Baghdad Pact, and the Suez Crisis,” The International History Review 33, no. 3 (2011): 525–544 (542), https://doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2011.615184.