Human Security and Energy Security: A Case Study of Pakistan

Asif, Muhammad Khan; Saleh, Naila

doi:10.13169/polipers.16.1.0099

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Policy Perspectives

Volume 16, Issue 1

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Human Security and Energy Security: A Case Study of Pakistan

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Author(s): Muhammad Asif , Naila Saleh

Publication date (Print): 1 January 2019

Journal: Policy Perspectives

Publisher: Pluto Journals

Keywords: Energy Security, Human Security, Renewable Energy, Sustainability, Climate Change

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Abstract

In recent decades, use of energy has greatly evolved to become a vital human security element. In developed countries energy security (ES) is regarded as one of the fundamental pillars of national energy frameworks and developmental goals. Pakistan is facing acute level of energy insecurity manifested by issues such as lack of access to grid, gap between demand and supply, import dependency and soaring energy prices. Climate change, a phenomenon closely related to human use of energy, is also posing serious threats to not only the environmental and ecological scenarios of the country but also wider socio-economics. Energy policies remain entrapped within the narrow spectrum of meeting energy requirements, lacking a balanced approach to the emerging needs of reliable and sustainable supply chain. The existing energy scenario emphasizes the need for featuring the human welfare parameters in the energy policy discourse. This study critically examines the human security aspects of the energy scenario. The paper underscores the need for including human security as an integral element in the energy policy for ensuring sustainable socio-economic progress.

Content

Author and article information

Contributors

Muhammad Asif

Naila Saleh

Journal

Journal ID (doi): 10.2307/j50009730

Journal ID (jcode): polipers

Title: Policy Perspectives

Publisher: Pluto Journals

ISSN: 1812-1829

ISSN: 1812-7347

Publication date (Print): 1 January 2019

Volume: 16

Issue: 1 ( doiID: 10.13169/polipers.16.issue-1 )

Pages: 99-116

Affiliations

The author, a PhD, is a Research Fellow and Senior Lecturer at Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, Scotland. He is the author of Energy Crisis in Pakistan: Origins, Challenges and Sustainable Solutions (2012).

The author is a Research Officer at the Institute of Policy Studies, Islamabad, Pakistan. Also, she is a Fellow at the think-tank, Agora Energiewende, Berlin, Germany and contributor at www.energy-democracy.org.

Article

Publisher ID: polipers.16.1.0099

DOI: 10.13169/polipers.16.1.0099

SO-VID: 991705b3-4467-4ebf-881d-0fca43c7312f

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All content is freely available without charge to users or their institutions. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission of the publisher or the author. Articles published in the journal are distributed under a http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

History

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lang eng

ScienceOpen disciplines: Education,Religious studies & Theology,Social & Behavioral Sciences,Law,Economics

Keywords: Sustainability,Energy Security,Human Security,Renewable Energy,Climate Change

Footnotes

IEA, World Energy Outlook 2017, report (Paris: International Energy Agency, 2017), https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/WEO2017SpecialReport_EnergyAccessOutlook.pdf.
Ibid.
United States Agency for International Development, “Green House Gas Emissions in Pakistan,” factsheet, June 2016, https://www.climatelinks.org/resources/greenhouse-gas-emissions-factsheet-pakistan.
Qamar Uz Zaman Chaudhry, Climate Change Profile of Pakistan, report (Manila: Asian Development Bank, 2017), https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/357876/climate-change-profile-pakistan.pdf.
Ernesto Sanchez-Triana, Santiago Enriquez, Javaid Afzal, Akiko Nakagawa, and Asif Shuja Khan, Cleaning Pakistan's Air: Policy Options to Address the Cost of Outdoor Air Pollution, report (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2014), http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/701891468285328404/pdf/890650PUB0Clea00Box385269B00PUBLIC0.pdf.
Kirsten Jenkinsa, Benjamin K. Sovacoolb, Darren McCauley, “Humanizing Sociotechnical Transitions through Energy Justice: An Ethical Framework for Global Transformative Change,” Energy Policy 117 (2018): 66–74, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2018.02.036; and Raphael J. Heffron and Darren McCauley, “What is the ‘Just Transition’?” Geoforum 88 (2018): 74–77, DOI: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2017.11.016.
UNDP, Human Development Report (New York: United Nations Development Programme, 1994), http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/255/hdr_1994_en_complete_nostats.pdf.
Taylor Owen, “The Critique That Doesn't Bite: A Response to David Chandler's Human Security: The Dog That Didn't Bark’,” Security Dialogue 39, no. 4 (2008): 445–453, https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010608094038.
Sadako Ogata, “Empowering People for Human Security” (paper presented at 56^th annual DPRI/NGO conference, New York, September 8–10, 2003), https://www.un.org/dpi/ngosection/annualconfs/56/ogata.pdf.
Lauren C. Culver, “Energy poverty: What You Measure Matters,” in Proceedings of the Reducing Energy Poverty with Natural Gas: Changing Political, Business and Technology Paradigms Symposium (Stanford, Stanford University, 2017), 9-10; and IEA, World Energy Outlook 2017.
Ibid.
Martin Scheepers, Ad Seebregts, Jacques de Jong, Hans Maters, “EU Standards for Energy Security of Supply,” report (Petten: Energy Research Center of the Netherlands, 2007), https://publicaties.ecn.nl/PdfFetch.aspx?nr=ECN-E—07-004; and Samantha Olz, Ralph Sims and Nicolai Kirchner, “Contribution of Renewables to Energy Security” (paper, International Energy Agency, Paris, 2007); http://www.deres.org.uy/practicas_pdf/cambio_climatico/Contribution_of_renewables_to_energy_security.pdf; and EneseLieb-Doczy, Achim-RudigerBorner, Gordon MacKerron, “Who Secures The Security Of Supply? European Perspectives on Security, Competition, and Liability,” The Electricity Journal 16, no. 10 (2003): 10–19, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tej.2003.10.008.
Ioannis Kessides, Raffaele Miniaci, Carlo Scarpa and Paola Valbonesi, “Toward Defining and Measuring the Affordability of Public Utility Services” (paper WPS4915, World Bank, Washington, D.C., 2009), http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/859201468338935200/pdf/WPS4915.pdf.
Brenda Boardman, Fuel Poverty: From Cold Homes to Affordable Warmth (London: Belhaven Press, 1991), https://www.energypoverty.eu/publication/fuel-poverty-cold-homes-affordable-warmth.
Richard A. Falk, This Endangered Planet: Prospects and Proposals for Human Survival (New York: Random House, 1971).
WB, Development and Climate Change—A Strategic Framework for the World Bank Group, report (Washington, D.C., World Bank, 2008), http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/397551468149697006/pdf/478930vl0WP0Bolt01452730D010CC0book.pdf.
Thomas B. Johansson, Anand Patwardhan, Nebojsa Nakicenovic and Luis Gomez-Echeverri, eds., Global Energy Assessment—Toward a Sustainable Future, report (Laxenburg: International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, 2012).
These indicators have been selected keeping in consideration availability of data.
Ishrat Husain, CPEC & Pakistani Economy: An Appraisal (Islamabad: Centre of Excellence for CPEC,2017), http://cpec.gov.pk/brain/public/uploads/documents/CPEC-and-Pakistani-Economy_An-Appraisal.pdf.
Yasir Arrfat, “Challenges & Solutions in Building CPEC-A Flagship of BRI” (paper 017/2017, Centre of Excellence China-Pakistan Economic Corridor, Islamabad, 2017), 5, https://cpec-centre.pk/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Working-Paper-No-17.pdf.
IEA, World Energy Outlook 2017.
Hannah Daly, and Molly A. Walton, Energy Access Outlook 2017: From Poverty to Prosperity (International Energy Agency, 2017).
Ibid.
IEA, World Energy Outlook 2017.
Ibid.
Klaus Schwab, ed., The Global Competitiveness Report: 2017–2018 (Geneva: World Economic Forum, 2017), http://www3.weforum.org/docs/GCR2017-2018/05FullReport/TheGlobalCompetitivenessReport2017%E2%80%932018.pdf.
“Load-Shedding Continues, Power Shortfall Exceeds 2800MW,” Daily Times, January 4, 2019, https://dailytimes.com.pk/340773/load-shedding-continues-power-shortfall-exceeds-2800mw/.
Around 85% of Pakistan's oil requirements, 35% of Natural Gas requirements and 42% of LPG requirements come from imported fuels
NEPRA, State of Industry Report 2017 (Islamabad: National Electric Power Regulatory Authority, 2017), https://www.nepra.org.pk/Publications/State%20of%20Industry%20Reports/State%20of%20industry%20report%202017.pdf.
Ministry of Finance, GoP, Pakistan Economic Survey 2016–17 (Government of Pakistan, 2017), http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapters_17/14-Energy.pdf.
Boardman, Fuel Poverty: From Cold Homes to Affordable Warmth.
“Shell Station Price Board,: Shell Pakistan, accessed July 4, 2019, https://www.shell.com.pk/motorists/shell-fuels/shell-station-price-board.html.
Fan Zhang, In the Dark: How Much Do Power Sector Distortions Cost South Asia? report (Washington, D.C.: World Bank 2018), http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/462261544568063923/pdf/132854-PUB-9781464811548.pdf.
Ibid.
Zhang, In the Dark: How Much Do Power Sector Distortions Cost South Asia?
United States Agency for International Development, “Green House Gas Emissions in Pakistan.”
Chaudhry, Climate Change Profile of Pakistan.
David Eckstein, Vera Kunzel and Laura Schafer, “Global Climate Risk Index 2018” (paper, German Watch, Bonn, 2018).
“Environmental Performance Index” (Bonn: German Watch, 2018). https://germanwatch.org/es/node/14987.
World Health Organization, “Global Urban Ambient Air Quality Database,” 2016, https://www.who.int/airpollution/data/cities-2016/en/.
HEI, State of Global Air 2017: A Special Report on Global Exposure to Air Pollution and its Disease Burden (Massachusetts: Health Effects Institute, 2017).
Sanchez-Triana, Enriquez, Afzal, Nakagawa, and Khan, Cleaning Pakistan's Air: Policy Options to Address the Cost of Outdoor Air Pollution.
Ministry of Finance, GoP, Pakistan Economic Survey 2016–17.
Ibid.

Comments

Comment on this article

[1] IEA, World Energy Outlook 2017, report (Paris: International Energy Agency, 2017), https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/WEO2017SpecialReport_EnergyAccessOutlook.pdf.

[2] Ibid.

[3] United States Agency for International Development, “Green House Gas Emissions in Pakistan,” factsheet, June 2016, https://www.climatelinks.org/resources/greenhouse-gas-emissions-factsheet-pakistan.

[4] Qamar Uz Zaman Chaudhry, Climate Change Profile of Pakistan, report (Manila: Asian Development Bank, 2017), https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/357876/climate-change-profile-pakistan.pdf.

[5] Ernesto Sanchez-Triana, Santiago Enriquez, Javaid Afzal, Akiko Nakagawa, and Asif Shuja Khan, Cleaning Pakistan's Air: Policy Options to Address the Cost of Outdoor Air Pollution, report (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2014), http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/701891468285328404/pdf/890650PUB0Clea00Box385269B00PUBLIC0.pdf.

[6] Kirsten Jenkinsa, Benjamin K. Sovacoolb, Darren McCauley, “Humanizing Sociotechnical Transitions through Energy Justice: An Ethical Framework for Global Transformative Change,” Energy Policy 117 (2018): 66–74, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2018.02.036; and Raphael J. Heffron and Darren McCauley, “What is the ‘Just Transition’?” Geoforum 88 (2018): 74–77, DOI: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2017.11.016.

[7] UNDP, Human Development Report (New York: United Nations Development Programme, 1994), http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/255/hdr_1994_en_complete_nostats.pdf.

[8] Taylor Owen, “The Critique That Doesn't Bite: A Response to David Chandler's Human Security: The Dog That Didn't Bark’,” Security Dialogue 39, no. 4 (2008): 445–453, https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010608094038.

[9] Sadako Ogata, “Empowering People for Human Security” (paper presented at 56^th annual DPRI/NGO conference, New York, September 8–10, 2003), https://www.un.org/dpi/ngosection/annualconfs/56/ogata.pdf.

[10] Lauren C. Culver, “Energy poverty: What You Measure Matters,” in Proceedings of the Reducing Energy Poverty with Natural Gas: Changing Political, Business and Technology Paradigms Symposium (Stanford, Stanford University, 2017), 9-10; and IEA, World Energy Outlook 2017.

[11] Ibid.

[12] Martin Scheepers, Ad Seebregts, Jacques de Jong, Hans Maters, “EU Standards for Energy Security of Supply,” report (Petten: Energy Research Center of the Netherlands, 2007), https://publicaties.ecn.nl/PdfFetch.aspx?nr=ECN-E—07-004; and Samantha Olz, Ralph Sims and Nicolai Kirchner, “Contribution of Renewables to Energy Security” (paper, International Energy Agency, Paris, 2007); http://www.deres.org.uy/practicas_pdf/cambio_climatico/Contribution_of_renewables_to_energy_security.pdf; and EneseLieb-Doczy, Achim-RudigerBorner, Gordon MacKerron, “Who Secures The Security Of Supply? European Perspectives on Security, Competition, and Liability,” The Electricity Journal 16, no. 10 (2003): 10–19, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tej.2003.10.008.

[13] Ioannis Kessides, Raffaele Miniaci, Carlo Scarpa and Paola Valbonesi, “Toward Defining and Measuring the Affordability of Public Utility Services” (paper WPS4915, World Bank, Washington, D.C., 2009), http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/859201468338935200/pdf/WPS4915.pdf.

[14] Brenda Boardman, Fuel Poverty: From Cold Homes to Affordable Warmth (London: Belhaven Press, 1991), https://www.energypoverty.eu/publication/fuel-poverty-cold-homes-affordable-warmth.

[15] Richard A. Falk, This Endangered Planet: Prospects and Proposals for Human Survival (New York: Random House, 1971).

[16] WB, Development and Climate Change—A Strategic Framework for the World Bank Group, report (Washington, D.C., World Bank, 2008), http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/397551468149697006/pdf/478930vl0WP0Bolt01452730D010CC0book.pdf.

[17] Thomas B. Johansson, Anand Patwardhan, Nebojsa Nakicenovic and Luis Gomez-Echeverri, eds., Global Energy Assessment—Toward a Sustainable Future, report (Laxenburg: International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, 2012).

[18] These indicators have been selected keeping in consideration availability of data.

[19] Ishrat Husain, CPEC & Pakistani Economy: An Appraisal (Islamabad: Centre of Excellence for CPEC,2017), http://cpec.gov.pk/brain/public/uploads/documents/CPEC-and-Pakistani-Economy_An-Appraisal.pdf.

[20] Yasir Arrfat, “Challenges & Solutions in Building CPEC-A Flagship of BRI” (paper 017/2017, Centre of Excellence China-Pakistan Economic Corridor, Islamabad, 2017), 5, https://cpec-centre.pk/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Working-Paper-No-17.pdf.

[21] IEA, World Energy Outlook 2017.

[22] Hannah Daly, and Molly A. Walton, Energy Access Outlook 2017: From Poverty to Prosperity (International Energy Agency, 2017).

[23] Ibid.

[24] IEA, World Energy Outlook 2017.

[25] Ibid.

[26] Klaus Schwab, ed., The Global Competitiveness Report: 2017–2018 (Geneva: World Economic Forum, 2017), http://www3.weforum.org/docs/GCR2017-2018/05FullReport/TheGlobalCompetitivenessReport2017%E2%80%932018.pdf.

[27] “Load-Shedding Continues, Power Shortfall Exceeds 2800MW,” Daily Times, January 4, 2019, https://dailytimes.com.pk/340773/load-shedding-continues-power-shortfall-exceeds-2800mw/.

[28] Around 85% of Pakistan's oil requirements, 35% of Natural Gas requirements and 42% of LPG requirements come from imported fuels

[29] NEPRA, State of Industry Report 2017 (Islamabad: National Electric Power Regulatory Authority, 2017), https://www.nepra.org.pk/Publications/State%20of%20Industry%20Reports/State%20of%20industry%20report%202017.pdf.

[30] Ministry of Finance, GoP, Pakistan Economic Survey 2016–17 (Government of Pakistan, 2017), http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapters_17/14-Energy.pdf.

[31] Boardman, Fuel Poverty: From Cold Homes to Affordable Warmth.

[32] “Shell Station Price Board,: Shell Pakistan, accessed July 4, 2019, https://www.shell.com.pk/motorists/shell-fuels/shell-station-price-board.html.

[33] Fan Zhang, In the Dark: How Much Do Power Sector Distortions Cost South Asia? report (Washington, D.C.: World Bank 2018), http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/462261544568063923/pdf/132854-PUB-9781464811548.pdf.

[34] Ibid.

[35] Zhang, In the Dark: How Much Do Power Sector Distortions Cost South Asia?

[36] United States Agency for International Development, “Green House Gas Emissions in Pakistan.”

[37] Chaudhry, Climate Change Profile of Pakistan.

[38] David Eckstein, Vera Kunzel and Laura Schafer, “Global Climate Risk Index 2018” (paper, German Watch, Bonn, 2018).

[39] “Environmental Performance Index” (Bonn: German Watch, 2018). https://germanwatch.org/es/node/14987.

[40] World Health Organization, “Global Urban Ambient Air Quality Database,” 2016, https://www.who.int/airpollution/data/cities-2016/en/.

[41] HEI, State of Global Air 2017: A Special Report on Global Exposure to Air Pollution and its Disease Burden (Massachusetts: Health Effects Institute, 2017).

[42] Sanchez-Triana, Enriquez, Afzal, Nakagawa, and Khan, Cleaning Pakistan's Air: Policy Options to Address the Cost of Outdoor Air Pollution.

[43] Ministry of Finance, GoP, Pakistan Economic Survey 2016–17.

[44] Ibid.