Understanding value change

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Prometheus

Volume 38, Issue 1

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Understanding value change

research-article

Author(s): Ibo van de Poel

Publication date Pub: 01 June 2022

Journal: Prometheus

Publisher: Pluto Journals

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Abstract

The possibility of value change has implications for how to responsibly develop and deploy new technologies. If values can, and do, change after technologies have been developed and designed, this would seem to have major ramifications for approaches such as value-sensitive design and responsible innovation. This contribution explores descriptive as well as normative accounts of value change. It suggests three methodological principles that descriptive accounts of value change should meet. Normative accounts are relatively independent of descriptive accounts and raise the important question of whether normative or moral values themselves can also change. Through the example of the birth control pill and its (alleged) effect on sexual morality, the article illustrates what descriptive and normative accounts might look like in a concrete case. It closes with a discussion of implications for responsibly developing new technologies and draws some conclusions for more theoretical work on value change.

Content

Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (doi): 10.13169/prometheus.38.1.0007

Title: Prometheus

Abbreviated Title: PROM

Publisher: Pluto Journals

ISSN (Electronic): 1470-1030

Publication date Pub: 01 June 2022

Publication date Collection: 2022

Volume: 38

Issue: 1

Electronic Location Identifier: prometheus.38.1.0007

Author notes

CONTACT: I.R.vandePoel@ 123456tudelft.nl

Accepting editor: Steven Umbrello

Article

DOI: 10.13169/prometheus.38.1.0007

SO-VID: 58454433-45d5-4578-9eef-4f5d39bbcc40

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All content is freely available without charge to users or their institutions. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission of the publisher or the author. Articles published in the journal are distributed under a http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Pages: 18

References

A. Appiah (2010) The Honor Code: How Moral Revolutions Happen, Norton, New York.
R. Baker (2019) The Structure of Moral Revolutions: Studies of Changes in the Morality of Abortion, Death, and the Bioethics Revolution, MIT Press, Cambridge MA.
A. BardiK. BuchananR. GoodwinL. SlabuM. Robinson (2014) ‘Value stability and change during self-chosen life transitions: self-selection versus socialization effects’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 106, 1, pp.131–47. doi: [Cross Ref].
G. Belkin (2003) ‘Brain death and the historical understanding of bioethics’, Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 58, 3, pp.325–61. doi: [Cross Ref].
C. Bicchieri (2006) The Grammar of Society: The Nature and Dynamics of Social Norms, Cambridge University Press, New York.
C. Bicchieri (2017) Norms in the Wild: How to Diagnose, Measure, and Change Social Norms, Oxford University Press, New York.
M. BoeninkT. SwierstraD. Stemerding (2010) ‘Anticipating the interaction between technology and morality: a scenario study of experimenting with humans in bionanotechnology’, Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology, 4, 2, pp.1–38.
R. Boudon (1981) The Logic of Social Action. An Introduction to Sociological Analysis, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London.
R. Boudon (1983) ‘Why theories of social change fail: some methodological thoughts’, Public Opinion Quarterly, 47, 2, pp.143–60.
R. Boudon (1986) Theories of Social Change, University of California Press, Berkeley.
R. Boudon (2012) ‘“Analytical sociology” and the explanation of beliefs’, Revue Européenne des Sciences Sociales, 50, 2, pp.7–34.
R. Boudon (2013) The Origin of Values: Sociology and Philosophy of Beliefs, Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick.
A. Buchanan (2018) The Evolution of Moral Progress: A Biocultural Theory, Oxford University Press, New York.
J. Coleman (1990) Foundations of Social Theory, Belknap Press, Cambridge MA.
C. DemskiC. ButlerK. ParkhillA. SpenceN. Pidgeon (2015) ‘Public values for energy system change’, Global Environmental Change, 34, pp.59–69. doi: [Cross Ref].
E. Diczfalusy (2000) ‘The contraceptive revolution’, Contraception, 61, 1, pp.3–7. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-7824(99)00112-2.
M. DouglasA. Wildavsky (1982) Risk and Culture: An Essay on the Selection of Technical and Environmental Dangers, University of California Press, Berkeley
G. Dworkin (1988) The Theory and Practice of Autonomy, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
C. Eriksen (2019) ‘The dynamics of moral revolutions: prelude to future investigations and interventions’, Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, 22, 3, pp.779–92. doi: [Cross Ref].
C. Eriksen (2020) Moral Change: Dynamics, Structure, and Normativity, Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, Switzerland.
H. Frankfurt (1971) ‘Freedom of the will and the concept of a person’, Journal of Philosophy, 68, 1, pp.5–20. doi: [Cross Ref].
B. FriedmanH. David (2019) Value Sensitive Design: Shaping Technology with Moral Imagination, MIT Press, Cambridge MA.
M. Giacomini (1997) ‘A change of heart and a change of mind? Technology and the redefinition of death in 1968’, Social Science & Medicine, 44, 10, pp.1465–82. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(96)00266-3.
V. GouveiaK. VioneT. MilfontR. Fischer (2015) ‘Patterns of value change during the life span: some evidence from a functional approach to values’, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 41, 9, pp.1276–90. doi: [Cross Ref].
J. Griffin (1986) Well-Being: Its Meaning, Measurement, and Moral Importance, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
N. HansenT. PostmesA. TovoteA. Bos (2014) ‘How modernization instigates social change: laptop usage as a driver of cultural value change and gender equality in a developing country’, Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 45, 8, pp.1229–48. doi: [Cross Ref].
G. Hecht (1998) The Radiance of France: Nuclear Power and National Identity After World War II, MIT Press, Cambridge MA.
G. Hofstede (2001) Culture’s Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions and Organizations across Nations, Sage, Thousand Oaks CA.
R. Inglehart (2018) Cultural Evolution: People’s Motivations are Changing, and Reshaping the World, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
F. Jackson (1998) From Metaphysics to Ethics: A Defence of Conceptual Analysis, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
D. Jamieson (2002) ‘Is there progress in morality?’, Utilitas, 14, 3, pp.318–38. doi: [Cross Ref].
S. JasanoffS.-Y. Kim (2015) Dreamscapes of Modernity: Sociotechnical Imaginaries and the Fabrication of Power, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
E. Ketting (2000) ‘De invloed van orale anticonceptie op de maatschappij’, Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde, 144, pp.283–6.
P. KitcherJ.-C. Heilinger (2021) Moral Progress, Oxford University Press, New York.
M. KlenkI. van de Poel (2021) ‘COVID-19, uncertainty, and moral experiments’, History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences, 43, 1, paper 8. doi: [Cross Ref].
C. Kluckhohn (1951) ‘Values and value-orientations in the theory of action: an exploration in definition and classification’ in T. ParsonsE. Shils (eds) Toward a General Theory of Action, Harper & Row, New York, pp.388–433.
C. Korsgaard (1983) ‘Two distinctions in goodness’, Philosophical Review, 92, 2, pp.169–95.
C. Korsgaard (2015) ‘Eternal values, evolving values, and the value of the self’ in S. Macedo (ed.) Foragers, Farmers, and Fossil Fuels: How Human Values Evolve, Princeton University Press, Princeton, pp.184–201.
V. Krishnan (2008) ‘Impact of MBA education on students’ values: two longitudinal studies’, Journal of Business Ethics, 83, 2, pp.233–46. doi: [Cross Ref].
O. KudinaP.-P. Verbeek (2019) ‘Ethics from within: Google Glass, the Collingridge Dilemma, and the mediated value of privacy’, Science, Technology & Human Values, 44, 2, pp.291–314. doi: [Cross Ref].
M. LampertR. InglehartS. MetaalH. SchoemakerP. Papadongonas (2021) ‘Two faces of Covid-19 impact: the pandemic ignites fear, but boosts progressive ideals and calls for inclusive economic growth. Measuring the pandemic’s impact on social values, emotions and priorities in 24 countries’, available at https://glocalities.com/reports/valuestrends (accessed February 2021).
G. MaioJ. OlsonM. BernardM. Luke (2006) ‘Ideologies, values, attitudes, and behavior’ in J. Delamater (ed.) Handbook of Social Psychology, Springer, Boston MA, pp.283–308.
G. Moore (1922) Philosophical Studies, Routledge, London.
I. Morris (2015) Foragers, Farmers, and Fossil Fuels: How Human Values Evolve, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
A. MusschengaG. Meynen (2017) ‘Moral progress: an introduction’, Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, 20, 1, pp.3–15. doi: [Cross Ref].
P. NickelO. KudinaI. van de Poel (2022) ‘Moral uncertainty in technomoral change: bridging the explanatory gap’, Perspectives on Science, 30, 2, pp.260–83. doi: [Cross Ref].
G. Oddie (2005) Value, Reality, and Desire, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
F. OriliaM. Paoletti (2020) ‘Properties’ in E. Zalta (ed.) Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, Stanford CA.
E. Ostrom (2005) Understanding Institutional Diversity, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
R. OwenP. MacnaghtenJ. Stilgoe (2012) ‘Responsible research and innovation: from science in society to science for society, with society’, Science and Public Policy, 39, 6, pp.751–60. doi: [Cross Ref].
D. Parfit (2011) On What Matters, Oxford University Press, New York.
N. Pleasants (2018) ‘The structure of moral revolutions’, Social Theory and Practice, 44, 4, pp.567–92.
W. RabinowiczT. Rønnow-Rasmussen (2005) ‘A distinction in value: intrinsic and for its own sake’ in T. Rønnow-RasmussenM. Zimmerman (eds) Recent Work on Intrinsic Value, Springer, Dordrecht, pp.115–29.
J. Rawls (1999) [1971] A Theory of Justice, Belknap Press, Cambridge MA.
H. Richardson (1997) Practical Reasoning about Final Ends, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
M. Rokeach (1973) The Nature of Human Values, Free Press, New York.
R. Rowland (2017) ‘The significance of significant fundamental moral disagreement’, Noûs, 51, 4, pp.802–31. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/nous.12170.
S. Schwartz (1992) ‘Universals in the content and structure of values: theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries’, Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 25, pp.1–65.
S. SchwartzW. Bilsky (1987) ‘Toward a universal psychological structure of human values’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 3, pp.550–62. doi: [Cross Ref].
M. Smith (1995) The Moral Problem, Blackwell, Oxford.
F. SortheixP. ParkerC. LechnerS. Schwartz (2019) ‘Changes in young Europeans’ values during the global financial crisis’, Social Psychological and Personality Science, 10, 1, pp.15–25. doi: [Cross Ref].
L. StegJ. De Groot (2012) ‘Environmental values’ in S. Clayton (ed.) Oxford Handbook of Environmental and Conservation Psychology, Oxford University Press, New York, pp.81–92.
S. Steinert (2020) ‘Corona and value change: the role of social media and emotional contagion’, Ethics and Information Technology, 23, 1, pp.59–68. doi: [Cross Ref].
T. Swierstra (2013) ‘Nanotechnology and technomoral change’, Etica & Politica / Ethics & Politics, 15, 1, pp.200–19.
T. SwierstraD. StemerdingM. Boenink (2009) ‘Exploring techno-moral change. The case of the obesity pill’ in P. M. SollieM. Düwell (eds) Evaluating New Technologies, Springer, Dordrecht, pp.119–38.
B. Taebi (2017) ‘Bridging the gap between social acceptance and ethical acceptability’, Risk Analysis, 37, 10, pp.1817–27. doi: [Cross Ref].
M. Tomasello (2015) A Natural History of Human Morality, Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA.
M. Tucker (2019) ‘From an axiological standpoint’, Ratio, 32, 2, pp.131–8. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/rati.12219.
J. Van den HovenP. VermaasI. van de Poel (eds) (2015) Handbook of Ethics and Values in Technological Design. Sources, Theory, Values and Application Domains, Springer, Dordrecht.
I. van de Poel (2016) ‘A coherentist view on the relation between social acceptance and moral acceptability of technology’ in M. FranssenP. VermaasP. KroesA. Meijers (eds) Philosophy of Technology After the Empirical Turn, Springer International, Cham, Switzerland, pp.177–93.
I. van de Poel (2017) “Society as a laboratory to experiment with new technologies’ in D. BowmanE. StokesA. Rip (eds) Embedding New Technologies into Society: A Regulatory, Ethical and Societal Perspective, Pan Stanford Publishing, Singapore, pp.61–87.
I. van de Poel (2021) ‘Design for value change’, Ethics and Information Technology, 23, pp.27–31. doi: [Cross Ref].
I. van de Poel (2018) ‘Moral experimentation with new technology’ in I. van de PoelD. MehosL. Asveld (eds) New Perspectives on Technology in Society: Experimentation beyond the Laboratory, Routledge, Milton Park UK, pp.59–79.
W. Van der Burg (2003) Dynamic ethics’, Journal of Value Inquiry, 37, pp.13–34.
M. VerkasaloR. GoodwinI. Bezmenova (2006) ‘Values following a major terrorist incident: Finnish adolescent and student values before and after September 11, 2001’, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36, 1, pp.144–60. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0021-9029.2006.00007.x.
K. WaelbersT. Swierstra (2014) ‘The family of the future: how technologies can lead to moral change’ in J. van den HovenN. DoornT. SwierstraB.-J. KoopsH. Romijn (eds) Responsible Innovation 1: Innovative Solutions for Global Issues, Springer, Dordrecht, pp.219–36.
M. Weber (1978) [1922] ‘The foundations of social theory’ in E. Matthews (ed.) Max Weber: Selections in Translation, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp.17–32.
P. Ylikoski (2017) ‘Social mechanisms’ in S. GlennanP. Illari (eds) Routledge Handbook of Mechanisms and Mechanical Philosophy, pp.401–12, Routledge, Milton Park UK.
H-Y. ZhaoJ-W. KwonO-S. Yang (2016) ‘Updating Hofstede’s cultural model and tracking changes in cultural indices’, Journal of International Trade and Commerce, 12, 5, pp.85–106.
M. Zimmerman (2001) The Nature of Intrinsic Value, Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham MD.

Comments

Comment on this article

[1] A. Appiah (2010) The Honor Code: How Moral Revolutions Happen, Norton, New York.

[2] R. Baker (2019) The Structure of Moral Revolutions: Studies of Changes in the Morality of Abortion, Death, and the Bioethics Revolution, MIT Press, Cambridge MA.

[3] A. BardiK. BuchananR. GoodwinL. SlabuM. Robinson (2014) ‘Value stability and change during self-chosen life transitions: self-selection versus socialization effects’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 106, 1, pp.131–47. doi: [Cross Ref].

[4] G. Belkin (2003) ‘Brain death and the historical understanding of bioethics’, Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 58, 3, pp.325–61. doi: [Cross Ref].

[5] C. Bicchieri (2006) The Grammar of Society: The Nature and Dynamics of Social Norms, Cambridge University Press, New York.

[6] C. Bicchieri (2017) Norms in the Wild: How to Diagnose, Measure, and Change Social Norms, Oxford University Press, New York.

[7] M. BoeninkT. SwierstraD. Stemerding (2010) ‘Anticipating the interaction between technology and morality: a scenario study of experimenting with humans in bionanotechnology’, Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology, 4, 2, pp.1–38.

[8] R. Boudon (1981) The Logic of Social Action. An Introduction to Sociological Analysis, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London.

[9] R. Boudon (1983) ‘Why theories of social change fail: some methodological thoughts’, Public Opinion Quarterly, 47, 2, pp.143–60.

[10] R. Boudon (1986) Theories of Social Change, University of California Press, Berkeley.

[11] R. Boudon (2012) ‘“Analytical sociology” and the explanation of beliefs’, Revue Européenne des Sciences Sociales, 50, 2, pp.7–34.

[12] R. Boudon (2013) The Origin of Values: Sociology and Philosophy of Beliefs, Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick.

[13] A. Buchanan (2018) The Evolution of Moral Progress: A Biocultural Theory, Oxford University Press, New York.

[14] J. Coleman (1990) Foundations of Social Theory, Belknap Press, Cambridge MA.

[15] C. DemskiC. ButlerK. ParkhillA. SpenceN. Pidgeon (2015) ‘Public values for energy system change’, Global Environmental Change, 34, pp.59–69. doi: [Cross Ref].

[16] E. Diczfalusy (2000) ‘The contraceptive revolution’, Contraception, 61, 1, pp.3–7. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-7824(99)00112-2.

[17] M. DouglasA. Wildavsky (1982) Risk and Culture: An Essay on the Selection of Technical and Environmental Dangers, University of California Press, Berkeley

[18] G. Dworkin (1988) The Theory and Practice of Autonomy, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

[19] C. Eriksen (2019) ‘The dynamics of moral revolutions: prelude to future investigations and interventions’, Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, 22, 3, pp.779–92. doi: [Cross Ref].

[20] C. Eriksen (2020) Moral Change: Dynamics, Structure, and Normativity, Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, Switzerland.

[21] H. Frankfurt (1971) ‘Freedom of the will and the concept of a person’, Journal of Philosophy, 68, 1, pp.5–20. doi: [Cross Ref].

[22] B. FriedmanH. David (2019) Value Sensitive Design: Shaping Technology with Moral Imagination, MIT Press, Cambridge MA.

[23] M. Giacomini (1997) ‘A change of heart and a change of mind? Technology and the redefinition of death in 1968’, Social Science & Medicine, 44, 10, pp.1465–82. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(96)00266-3.

[24] V. GouveiaK. VioneT. MilfontR. Fischer (2015) ‘Patterns of value change during the life span: some evidence from a functional approach to values’, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 41, 9, pp.1276–90. doi: [Cross Ref].

[25] J. Griffin (1986) Well-Being: Its Meaning, Measurement, and Moral Importance, Clarendon Press, Oxford.

[26] N. HansenT. PostmesA. TovoteA. Bos (2014) ‘How modernization instigates social change: laptop usage as a driver of cultural value change and gender equality in a developing country’, Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 45, 8, pp.1229–48. doi: [Cross Ref].

[27] G. Hecht (1998) The Radiance of France: Nuclear Power and National Identity After World War II, MIT Press, Cambridge MA.

[28] G. Hofstede (2001) Culture’s Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions and Organizations across Nations, Sage, Thousand Oaks CA.

[29] R. Inglehart (2018) Cultural Evolution: People’s Motivations are Changing, and Reshaping the World, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

[30] F. Jackson (1998) From Metaphysics to Ethics: A Defence of Conceptual Analysis, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

[31] D. Jamieson (2002) ‘Is there progress in morality?’, Utilitas, 14, 3, pp.318–38. doi: [Cross Ref].

[32] S. JasanoffS.-Y. Kim (2015) Dreamscapes of Modernity: Sociotechnical Imaginaries and the Fabrication of Power, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

[33] E. Ketting (2000) ‘De invloed van orale anticonceptie op de maatschappij’, Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde, 144, pp.283–6.

[34] P. KitcherJ.-C. Heilinger (2021) Moral Progress, Oxford University Press, New York.

[35] M. KlenkI. van de Poel (2021) ‘COVID-19, uncertainty, and moral experiments’, History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences, 43, 1, paper 8. doi: [Cross Ref].

[36] C. Kluckhohn (1951) ‘Values and value-orientations in the theory of action: an exploration in definition and classification’ in T. ParsonsE. Shils (eds) Toward a General Theory of Action, Harper & Row, New York, pp.388–433.

[37] C. Korsgaard (1983) ‘Two distinctions in goodness’, Philosophical Review, 92, 2, pp.169–95.

[38] C. Korsgaard (2015) ‘Eternal values, evolving values, and the value of the self’ in S. Macedo (ed.) Foragers, Farmers, and Fossil Fuels: How Human Values Evolve, Princeton University Press, Princeton, pp.184–201.

[39] V. Krishnan (2008) ‘Impact of MBA education on students’ values: two longitudinal studies’, Journal of Business Ethics, 83, 2, pp.233–46. doi: [Cross Ref].

[40] O. KudinaP.-P. Verbeek (2019) ‘Ethics from within: Google Glass, the Collingridge Dilemma, and the mediated value of privacy’, Science, Technology & Human Values, 44, 2, pp.291–314. doi: [Cross Ref].

[41] M. LampertR. InglehartS. MetaalH. SchoemakerP. Papadongonas (2021) ‘Two faces of Covid-19 impact: the pandemic ignites fear, but boosts progressive ideals and calls for inclusive economic growth. Measuring the pandemic’s impact on social values, emotions and priorities in 24 countries’, available at https://glocalities.com/reports/valuestrends (accessed February 2021).

[42] G. MaioJ. OlsonM. BernardM. Luke (2006) ‘Ideologies, values, attitudes, and behavior’ in J. Delamater (ed.) Handbook of Social Psychology, Springer, Boston MA, pp.283–308.

[43] G. Moore (1922) Philosophical Studies, Routledge, London.

[44] I. Morris (2015) Foragers, Farmers, and Fossil Fuels: How Human Values Evolve, Princeton University Press, Princeton.

[45] A. MusschengaG. Meynen (2017) ‘Moral progress: an introduction’, Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, 20, 1, pp.3–15. doi: [Cross Ref].

[46] P. NickelO. KudinaI. van de Poel (2022) ‘Moral uncertainty in technomoral change: bridging the explanatory gap’, Perspectives on Science, 30, 2, pp.260–83. doi: [Cross Ref].

[47] G. Oddie (2005) Value, Reality, and Desire, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

[48] F. OriliaM. Paoletti (2020) ‘Properties’ in E. Zalta (ed.) Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, Stanford CA.

[49] E. Ostrom (2005) Understanding Institutional Diversity, Princeton University Press, Princeton.

[50] R. OwenP. MacnaghtenJ. Stilgoe (2012) ‘Responsible research and innovation: from science in society to science for society, with society’, Science and Public Policy, 39, 6, pp.751–60. doi: [Cross Ref].

[51] D. Parfit (2011) On What Matters, Oxford University Press, New York.

[52] N. Pleasants (2018) ‘The structure of moral revolutions’, Social Theory and Practice, 44, 4, pp.567–92.

[53] W. RabinowiczT. Rønnow-Rasmussen (2005) ‘A distinction in value: intrinsic and for its own sake’ in T. Rønnow-RasmussenM. Zimmerman (eds) Recent Work on Intrinsic Value, Springer, Dordrecht, pp.115–29.

[54] J. Rawls (1999) [1971] A Theory of Justice, Belknap Press, Cambridge MA.

[55] H. Richardson (1997) Practical Reasoning about Final Ends, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

[56] M. Rokeach (1973) The Nature of Human Values, Free Press, New York.

[57] R. Rowland (2017) ‘The significance of significant fundamental moral disagreement’, Noûs, 51, 4, pp.802–31. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/nous.12170.

[58] S. Schwartz (1992) ‘Universals in the content and structure of values: theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries’, Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 25, pp.1–65.

[59] S. SchwartzW. Bilsky (1987) ‘Toward a universal psychological structure of human values’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 3, pp.550–62. doi: [Cross Ref].

[60] M. Smith (1995) The Moral Problem, Blackwell, Oxford.

[61] F. SortheixP. ParkerC. LechnerS. Schwartz (2019) ‘Changes in young Europeans’ values during the global financial crisis’, Social Psychological and Personality Science, 10, 1, pp.15–25. doi: [Cross Ref].

[62] L. StegJ. De Groot (2012) ‘Environmental values’ in S. Clayton (ed.) Oxford Handbook of Environmental and Conservation Psychology, Oxford University Press, New York, pp.81–92.

[63] S. Steinert (2020) ‘Corona and value change: the role of social media and emotional contagion’, Ethics and Information Technology, 23, 1, pp.59–68. doi: [Cross Ref].

[64] T. Swierstra (2013) ‘Nanotechnology and technomoral change’, Etica & Politica / Ethics & Politics, 15, 1, pp.200–19.

[65] T. SwierstraD. StemerdingM. Boenink (2009) ‘Exploring techno-moral change. The case of the obesity pill’ in P. M. SollieM. Düwell (eds) Evaluating New Technologies, Springer, Dordrecht, pp.119–38.

[66] B. Taebi (2017) ‘Bridging the gap between social acceptance and ethical acceptability’, Risk Analysis, 37, 10, pp.1817–27. doi: [Cross Ref].

[67] M. Tomasello (2015) A Natural History of Human Morality, Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA.

[68] M. Tucker (2019) ‘From an axiological standpoint’, Ratio, 32, 2, pp.131–8. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/rati.12219.

[69] J. Van den HovenP. VermaasI. van de Poel (eds) (2015) Handbook of Ethics and Values in Technological Design. Sources, Theory, Values and Application Domains, Springer, Dordrecht.

[70] I. van de Poel (2016) ‘A coherentist view on the relation between social acceptance and moral acceptability of technology’ in M. FranssenP. VermaasP. KroesA. Meijers (eds) Philosophy of Technology After the Empirical Turn, Springer International, Cham, Switzerland, pp.177–93.

[71] I. van de Poel (2017) “Society as a laboratory to experiment with new technologies’ in D. BowmanE. StokesA. Rip (eds) Embedding New Technologies into Society: A Regulatory, Ethical and Societal Perspective, Pan Stanford Publishing, Singapore, pp.61–87.

[72] I. van de Poel (2021) ‘Design for value change’, Ethics and Information Technology, 23, pp.27–31. doi: [Cross Ref].

[73] I. van de Poel (2018) ‘Moral experimentation with new technology’ in I. van de PoelD. MehosL. Asveld (eds) New Perspectives on Technology in Society: Experimentation beyond the Laboratory, Routledge, Milton Park UK, pp.59–79.

[74] W. Van der Burg (2003) Dynamic ethics’, Journal of Value Inquiry, 37, pp.13–34.

[75] M. VerkasaloR. GoodwinI. Bezmenova (2006) ‘Values following a major terrorist incident: Finnish adolescent and student values before and after September 11, 2001’, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36, 1, pp.144–60. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0021-9029.2006.00007.x.

[76] K. WaelbersT. Swierstra (2014) ‘The family of the future: how technologies can lead to moral change’ in J. van den HovenN. DoornT. SwierstraB.-J. KoopsH. Romijn (eds) Responsible Innovation 1: Innovative Solutions for Global Issues, Springer, Dordrecht, pp.219–36.

[77] M. Weber (1978) [1922] ‘The foundations of social theory’ in E. Matthews (ed.) Max Weber: Selections in Translation, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp.17–32.

[78] P. Ylikoski (2017) ‘Social mechanisms’ in S. GlennanP. Illari (eds) Routledge Handbook of Mechanisms and Mechanical Philosophy, pp.401–12, Routledge, Milton Park UK.

[79] H-Y. ZhaoJ-W. KwonO-S. Yang (2016) ‘Updating Hofstede’s cultural model and tracking changes in cultural indices’, Journal of International Trade and Commerce, 12, 5, pp.85–106.

[80] M. Zimmerman (2001) The Nature of Intrinsic Value, Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham MD.

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