“Is There Toleration in Islam?” Reframing a Post-Islamist Question in a Post-Secular Context

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ReOrient

Volume 2, Issue 1

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“Is There Toleration in Islam?” Reframing a Post-Islamist Question in a Post-Secular Context

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Author(s): Mohammad Mahdi Mojahedi

Publication date (Print): Autumn 2016

Journal: ReOrient

Publisher: Pluto Journals

Keywords: tolerance, toleration, pluralist toleration, monist toleration, hegemony, critical rationalism, monism, pluralism, post-secularism, secularisation thesis, secularisation theory, post-Islamism, Iran, culturalism, Abdulkarim Soroush

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Abstract

This article presents a critical appraisal of the post-Islamist position in the discourse on toleration in Islam. It starts with a critical overview of post-Islamism and its position on pluralism and toleration. Contextualising the post-Islamist discourse on toleration in the broader context of post-secular critique of modernity and theoretical debates on pluralist toleration, as opposed to monist (or hegemonic) toleration, post-Islamism will be criticised here for its missing the pluralist point of toleration, consequently confusing it with monist and hegemonic toleration, as well as its extreme submission to culturalism in understanding the dynamics of political transformation, and its unconditional confidence in “the secularization thesis” or “the secularization theory.”

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Mohammad Mahdi Mojahedi

Journal

Journal ID (doi): 10.13169

Journal ID (publisher-id): reorient

Title: ReOrient

Publisher: Pluto Journals

ISSN (Print): 20555601

ISSN (Electronic): 2055561X

Publication date (Print): Autumn 2016

Volume: 2

Issue: 1

Pages: 51-72

Affiliations

Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch (SRBIAU), Tehran.

Article

Publisher ID: reorient.2.1.0051

DOI: 10.13169/reorient.2.1.0051

SO-VID: 750adc0e-0bf2-44ba-8aca-3201a2122c53

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References

Abou El Fadl, K., Cohen, J. and Lague, I. (2002) The Place of Tolerance in Islam . Boston: Beacon Press.
Abu-Zaid, N. (2004) Rethinking the Quran . Amsterdam: Humanistics University Press.
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Armstrong, K. (2014) Fields of Blood . Toronto: Alfred A. Knopf.
Asad, T. (2003) Formations of the Secular . Stanford: Stanford University Press.
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Bayat, A. (2005) Islamism and social movement theory. Third World Quarterly . 26 (6), 891–908.
Bayat, A. (2007) Islam and Democracy: What Is the Real Question? Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
Bayat, A. (2013) Post-Islamism: The Changing Face of Political Islam . Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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Boroujerdi, M. (1996) Iranian Intellectuals and the West . Syracuse: Syracuse University Press.
Bourdieu, P. (2004) Science of Science and Reflexivity . Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Brown, W. (2006) Regulating Aversion . 1st ed. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
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Murphy, A. (1997) Tolerance, toleration, and the liberal tradition. Polity . 29 (4), 593–623.
Parekh, B. (1996) Moral philosophy and its anti-pluralist bias. In Archard, D. (ed.) Philosophy and Pluralism . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 117–34.
Popper, K. (1961) On the Sources of Knowledge and of Ignorance . London: Oxford University Press.
Popper, K. (1994) Toleration and intellectual responsibility. In Popper, K. (ed.) In Search of a Better World: Lectures and Essays from Thirty Years . 1st ed. London and New York: Routledge, 188–203.
Popper, K. and Notturno, M. (1994) The Myth of the Framework . London: Routledge.
Rabasa, A. (2007) Building Moderate Muslim Networks . Santa Monica: RAND.
Reich, W. (1998) Understanding terrorist behavior: The limits and opportunities of psychological inquiry. In W. Reich (ed.) Origins of Terrorism: Psychologies, Ideologies, Theologies, States of Mind . Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 261–79.
Roy, O. (1999) Le post-Islamisme. Revue du Monde Musulmans et de la Méditerranée , no. 85–86, 11–30.
Rumi, Maulana Jalal al-Din (1925) The Mathnawi of Jalaluddin Rumi: Edited from the Oldest Manuscripts Available with Critical Notes, Translation and Commentary . Nicholson, R. A. (ed., trans., annotator, and commentator). Six Vols. Cambridge: Trustees of the E.J.W. Gibb Memorial.
Safi, O. (2003) Progressive Muslims . Oxford: Oneworld.
Schulze, R. (1998) The ethnization of Islamic cultures in the late 20th century or from political Islam to post-Islamism. In Stauth, George (ed.) Islam: Motor or Challenge of Modernity. Yearbook of the Sociology of Islam . No. 1, 187–98. Berlin-Münster-Wien-Zürich-London: LIT Verlag.
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Soroush, A. (2013b) khab-e ahmad khab-e jomle anbiast [Muhammad's dream is the all prophet's dreams]. Rahesabz.net . Available at http://www.rahesabz.net/story/72728/ (accessed 12 May 2016).
Soroush, A. (2013c) meqraz-e tiz-e tanaqoz [the sharp scissors of contradiction]. Rahesabz.net . Available at http://www.rahesabz.net/story/72728/ (accessed 12 May 2016).
Soroush, A. (2013d) intefa'e shari'at and emtena'e resalat [the cancellation of sharia and the impossibility of sharia]. Rahesabz.net . Available at http://www.rahesabz.net/story/80689/ (accessed 12 May 2016).
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Soroush, A. and Hoebink, M. (2007) The word of Mohammad. Drsoroush.com . Available at http://www.drsoroush.com/English/Interviews/E-INT-The%20Word%20of%20Mohammad.html (accessed 12 May 2016).
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Wenman, M. (2003) “Agonistic pluralism” and three archetypal forms of politics. Contemporary Political Theory . 2 (2), 165–86.

Comments

Comment on this article

[1] Abou El Fadl, K., Cohen, J. and Lague, I. (2002) The Place of Tolerance in Islam . Boston: Beacon Press.

[2] Abu-Zaid, N. (2004) Rethinking the Quran . Amsterdam: Humanistics University Press.

[3] Appadurai, A. (2006) Fear of Small Numbers: Essays on the Geography of Anger . Durham and London: Duke University Press Books.

[4] Appadurai, A. (2013). The Future as Cultural Fact: Essays on the Global Condition . London and New York: Verso.

[5] Armstrong, K. (2014) Fields of Blood . Toronto: Alfred A. Knopf.

[6] Asad, T. (2003) Formations of the Secular . Stanford: Stanford University Press.

[7] Bayat, A. (1996) The coming of a post-Islamist society. Critique: Critical Middle East Studies . 5 (9), 43–52.

[8] Bayat, A. (2005) Islamism and social movement theory. Third World Quarterly . 26 (6), 891–908.

[9] Bayat, A. (2007) Islam and Democracy: What Is the Real Question? Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.

[10] Bayat, A. (2013) Post-Islamism: The Changing Face of Political Islam . Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[11] Berger, P. L. (1999) The de-secularization of the world: A global overview. In Berger, P. (ed.) The De-Secularization of the World: Resurgent Religion and World Politics . 1st ed. Grand Rapids: Ethics and Public Policy Center and Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1–17.

[12] Berlin, I. and Williams, B. (1994) Pluralism and liberalism: A reply. Political Studies . 42 (2), 306–309.

[13] Boroujerdi, M. (1996) Iranian Intellectuals and the West . Syracuse: Syracuse University Press.

[14] Bourdieu, P. (2004) Science of Science and Reflexivity . Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

[15] Brown, W. (2006) Regulating Aversion . 1st ed. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

[16] Casanova, J. (1994) Public Religions in the Modern World . Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

[17] Cavanaugh, W. (2009) The Myth of Religious Violence: Secular Ideology and the Roots of Modern Conflict . Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[18] Crehan, K. (2002). Gramsci, Culture and Anthropology . London: Pluto Press.

[19] Dabashi, H. (2012) The Arab Spring: The End of Postcolonialism . London: Zed Books.

[20] Eisenstadt, S. N. (2000) Multiple modernities. Daedalus . 129 (1), 1–29.

[21] Ghamari-Tabrizi, B. (2008). Islam and Dissent in Postrevolutionary Iran . London: I.B. Tauris.

[22] Ghiasi, M. (2015) Seventy-Two Nations' War/Jang-e Haftad-o Do Mellat | Marzieh Ghiasi. Ghiasi.org . Available at http://ghiasi.org/2015/03/seventy-two-nations-warjang-e-haftad-o-do-mellat/ (accessed 1 April 2016).

[23] Gorski, P., Kim, D., Torpey, J. and VanAntwerpen, J. (2012) The post-secular in question. In Gorski, P., Kim, D., Torpey, J. and VanAntwerpen, J. (eds.) The Post-Secular in Question: Religion in Contemporary Society . 1st ed. New York and London: Social Science Research Council and New York University Press, 1–22.

[24] Gray, J. (1996) Isaiah Berlin . Princeton: Princeton University Press.

[25] Harris, S. (2004) The End of Faith . New York: W.W. Norton.

[26] Hassan, R. (2009) Islamic modernist and reformist discourse in South Asia. In Hunter, S. (ed.) Reformist Voices of Islam: Mediating Islam and Modernity . 1st ed. London and New York: M.E. Sharpe, 159–86.

[27] Hitchens, C. (2007) God Is Not Great . London: Atlantic Books.

[28] Hunter, S. (2009) Reformist Voices of Islam . Armonk: M.E. Sharpe.

[29] Huntington, S. (1996) The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order . New York: Simon & Schuster.

[30] Ismail, S. (2004) The politics of historical revisionism: New re-readings of the early Islamic period. In Browers, M. and Kurzman, C. (ed.) An Islamic Reformation? 1st ed. Lanham, Boulder, New York, Toronto, Oxford: Lexington Books, 101–24.

[31] Ismail, S. (2011) Being Muslim: Islam, Islamism, and identity politics. In Volpi, F. (ed.) Political Islam: A Critical Reader . 1st ed. New York: Routledge, 16–28.

[32] Jahanbakhsh, F. (2001) Islam, Democracy and Religious Modernism in Iran, 1953–2000: From Bāzargān to Soroush . Leiden: Brill.

[33] Johnson, R. (2007) Post-hegemony? I don't think so. Theory, Culture & Society . 24 (3), 95–110. doi:10.1177/0263276407075958.

[34] Kamrava, M. (2008) Iran's Intellectual Revolution . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[35] Kepel, G. (2002) Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam . London: I.B. Tauris.

[36] Khosrokhavar, F. (2004) The Islamic revolution in Iran: Retrospect after a quarter century. Thesis Eleven . 76 (1), 70–84.

[37] Kurzman, C. (1998) Liberal Islam . New York: Oxford University Press.

[38] Kurzman, C., (ed.) (2002) Modernist Islam, 1840–1940: A Sourcebook . 1st ed. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.

[39] Lewis, B. (1990) The roots of Muslim rage. Atlantic , September, 47–60.

[40] Mamdani, M. (2002) Good Muslim, bad Muslim: A political perspective on culture and terrorism. American Anthropologist . 104 (3), 766–75.

[41] May, S., Wilson, E., Baumgart-Ochse, C. and Sheikh, F. (2014) The religious as political and the political as religious: Globalisation, post-secularism and the shifting boundaries of the sacred. Politics, Religion & Ideology . 15 (3), 331–46.

[42] Merari, A. (2010). Driven to Death . 1st ed. New York: Oxford University Press.

[43] Mirsepassi, A. (2011) Democracy in Modern Iran . New York: New York University Press.

[44] Mojahedi, M. (2010) kathrat-garayi-e na-goshude: derangi enteqadi dar andishe-ye siasi-ye abdolkarime soroush [A futile pluralism: A critical reflection on A. Soroush's political thought]. Roozonline.com . Available at http://www.soroushmilad.com/%DA%A9%D8%AB%D8%B1%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C-%D9%86%D8%A7%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF%-DB%8C-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C/ (accessed 12 May 2016).

[45] Mojahedi, M. M. (2007) Human rights and Muslim forms of life: A pluralist approach with special emphasis on Iran. In Goldewijk, B. (ed.) Religion, International Relations and Development Cooperation . Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 187–216.

[46] Murphy, A. (1997) Tolerance, toleration, and the liberal tradition. Polity . 29 (4), 593–623.

[47] Parekh, B. (1996) Moral philosophy and its anti-pluralist bias. In Archard, D. (ed.) Philosophy and Pluralism . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 117–34.

[48] Popper, K. (1961) On the Sources of Knowledge and of Ignorance . London: Oxford University Press.

[49] Popper, K. (1994) Toleration and intellectual responsibility. In Popper, K. (ed.) In Search of a Better World: Lectures and Essays from Thirty Years . 1st ed. London and New York: Routledge, 188–203.

[50] Popper, K. and Notturno, M. (1994) The Myth of the Framework . London: Routledge.

[51] Rabasa, A. (2007) Building Moderate Muslim Networks . Santa Monica: RAND.

[52] Reich, W. (1998) Understanding terrorist behavior: The limits and opportunities of psychological inquiry. In W. Reich (ed.) Origins of Terrorism: Psychologies, Ideologies, Theologies, States of Mind . Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 261–79.

[53] Roy, O. (1999) Le post-Islamisme. Revue du Monde Musulmans et de la Méditerranée , no. 85–86, 11–30.

[54] Rumi, Maulana Jalal al-Din (1925) The Mathnawi of Jalaluddin Rumi: Edited from the Oldest Manuscripts Available with Critical Notes, Translation and Commentary . Nicholson, R. A. (ed., trans., annotator, and commentator). Six Vols. Cambridge: Trustees of the E.J.W. Gibb Memorial.

[55] Safi, O. (2003) Progressive Muslims . Oxford: Oneworld.

[56] Schulze, R. (1998) The ethnization of Islamic cultures in the late 20th century or from political Islam to post-Islamism. In Stauth, George (ed.) Islam: Motor or Challenge of Modernity. Yearbook of the Sociology of Islam . No. 1, 187–98. Berlin-Münster-Wien-Zürich-London: LIT Verlag.

[57] Soroush, A. (1994) qabz va baste teorike shariat [The Theoretical Contraction and Expansion of Sharia: The Theory of Evolution of Religious Knowledge] . Persian. 3rd ed. Tehran: Serat.

[58] Soroush, A. (1999) pluralism-e dini [religious pluralism]. Drsoroush.com . Available at http://drsoroush.com/fa/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85-%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C/ (accessed 12 May 2012).

[59] Soroush, A. (2013a) Mohammad ravi-e royahay-e rasulane [Muhammad the narrator of the prophetic dreams]. Rahesabz.net . Available at http://www.rahesabz.net/story/71738/ (accessed 12 May 2016).

[60] Soroush, A. (2013b) khab-e ahmad khab-e jomle anbiast [Muhammad's dream is the all prophet's dreams]. Rahesabz.net . Available at http://www.rahesabz.net/story/72728/ (accessed 12 May 2016).

[61] Soroush, A. (2013c) meqraz-e tiz-e tanaqoz [the sharp scissors of contradiction]. Rahesabz.net . Available at http://www.rahesabz.net/story/72728/ (accessed 12 May 2016).

[62] Soroush, A. (2013d) intefa'e shari'at and emtena'e resalat [the cancellation of sharia and the impossibility of sharia]. Rahesabz.net . Available at http://www.rahesabz.net/story/80689/ (accessed 12 May 2016).

[63] Soroush, A. and Bazargan, A. (2016a) Pargar: Quran, Muhammad's Dreams? (1) . YouTube. Available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QBSXNMc3q_Y&;feature=youtu.be (accessed 12 May 2016).

[64] Soroush, A. and Bazargan, A. (2016b) Pargar: Quran, Muhammad's Dreams? (2) . YouTube. Available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PJZupxATAb8 (accessed 12 May 2016).

[65] Soroush, A. and Hoebink, M. (2007) The word of Mohammad. Drsoroush.com . Available at http://www.drsoroush.com/English/Interviews/E-INT-The%20Word%20of%20Mohammad.html (accessed 12 May 2016).

[66] Taji-Farouki, S., (ed.) (2004) Modern Muslim Intellectuals and the Qur'an . London: Oxford University Press.

[67] Vinod, M. and Deshpande, M. (2013) Contemporary Political Theory . Delhi: PHI Learning Private Limited.

[68] Wenman, M. (2003) “Agonistic pluralism” and three archetypal forms of politics. Contemporary Political Theory . 2 (2), 165–86.

ReOrient

“Is There Toleration in Islam?” Reframing a Post-Islamist Question in a Post-Secular Context

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