430
views
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
1 collections
    0
    shares

      If you have found this article useful and you think it is important that researchers across the world have access, please consider donating, to ensure that this valuable collection remains Open Access.

      State Crime Journal is published by Pluto Journals, an Open Access publisher. This means that everyone has free and unlimited access to the full-text of all articles from our international collection of social science journalsFurthermore Pluto Journals authors don’t pay article processing charges (APCs).

      scite_
       
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: found
      Is Open Access

      Crowdsourcing Research: A Methodology for Investigating State Crime

      Published
      research-article
      1
      State Crime Journal
      Pluto Journals
      crowdsourcing, research, methodology, state crime, accountability, abuse of power
      Bookmark

            Abstract

            “Crowdsourcing” now gets 10 million hits on Google, and is being applied to research in commercial, media, academic, civil society and state spheres. Although appearing recent and technology-based, there are also relevant but overlooked manual precursors which embody the fundamentals of using large groups for research. This analytical review provides the bases for developing initiatives further, by assessing: What are the strategies, strengths and weaknesses of crowdsourcing research? What are the questions that should be asked when planning a research design? How is crowdsourcing being applied in relation to state crime, and why? What might be the implications for justice systems, and for criminal and international courts?

            Content

            Author and article information

            Journal
            10.13169
            statecrime
            State Crime Journal
            Pluto Journals
            20466056
            20466064
            1 April 2013
            : 2
            : 1
            : 30-51
            Affiliations
            [1 ] University of Birmingham
            Article
            statecrime.2.1.0030
            10.13169/statecrime.2.1.0030
            76c35089-4e9c-4069-8e84-c56094b7c824
            © International State Crime Initiative 2013

            All content is freely available without charge to users or their institutions. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission of the publisher or the author. Articles published in the journal are distributed under a http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

            History
            Categories

            Criminology
            crowdsourcing,research,methodology,state crime,accountability,abuse of power

            References

            1. AIN ( 2012) “Nigeria Amnesty Dialog”, Amnesty International Nigeria . Available online at http://ngamnesty.partners-international.org/ (accessed 29 March 2012).

            2. Andersen, M. ( 2009) “Four Crowdsourcing Lessons from the Guardian's (Spectacular) Expense-Scandal Experiment”, Nieman Journalism Lab . Available online at http://www.niemanlab.org/2009/06/four-crowdsourcing-lessons-from-the-guardians-spectacular-expenses-scandal-experiment/ (accessed 29 March 2012).

            3. BBC ( 2010) “Anonymous Wikileaks activists move to analogue tactics”, BBC News . Available online at http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-12008565 (accessed 27 March 2012).

            4. BBC ( 2012) “Outlook: The Egyptian psychiatrist treating the country's torture victims”, BBC News . Available online at http://www.bbc.co.uk/podcasts/series/outlook#playepisode5 (accessed 27 March 2012).

            5. Beissel-Durrant, G. ( 2004) “A Typology of Research Methods within the Social Sciences”, Unpublished Working Paper. ESRC National Centre for Research Methods . Available online at http://eprints.ncrm.ac.uk/115/ (accessed 26 March 2012).

            6. Berdou, E. (n.d.) Mediating Voices And Communicating Realities: Using Information Crowdsourcing Tools, Open Data Initiatives, and Digital Media to Support and Protect the Vulnerable and Marginalised . London/Brighton: DFID/IDS.

            7. Berk, A. ( 1974) Collective Behavior . Dubuque, Iowa: Wm. C. Brown.

            8. Bernstein, M.S. et al. ( 2010) “Soylent: A Word Processor with a Crowd Inside”, UIST . Available online at http://groups.csail.mit.edu/uid/other-pubs/soylent.pdf (accessed 2 April 2012).

            9. Booth, W. ( 2010) “Mayor of Cancun, Mexico, charged with drug trafficking, money laundering”, Washington Post , 27 May.

            10. Bytwerk ( 2012) “German propaganda archive”, Bytwerk . Available online at http://www.bytwerk.com/gpa/posters2.htm (accessed 27 March 2012).

            11. Catone, J. ( 2007) “Outsource Your Brain for Science”, New Scientist , 12 July.

            12. CCR ( 2011) “Clergy Victims File International Criminal Court Complaint: Case Charges Vatican Officials with ‘Crimes Against Humanity’”, Centre for Constitutional Rights . Available online at http://www.ccrjustice.org/iccvaticanprosecution (accessed 8 April 2012).

            13. Cosmides, L. and Tooby, J. ( 1992) “Cognitive Adaptations for Social Exchange”, in J.H. Barkow, L. Cosmides and J. Tooby, eds, The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture . New York: Oxford University Press.

            14. Crowdsourcing.org ( 2012) “Community tools”, Crowdsourcing.org . Available online at http://www.crowdsourcing.org/community/tools/8 (accessed 30 March 2012).

            15. CWDLTP ( 2012) “Civil War Diaries & Letters Transcription Project”. Available online at http://digital.lib.uiowa.edu/cwd/transcripts.html (accessed 29 March 2012).

            16. de Castella, T. ( 2010) “Should we trust the wisdom of crowds?” BBC News . Available online at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/8788780.stm (accessed 3 April 2012).

            17. EI ( 2012) “Syria's revolution finds a temporary home in Cairo”, Egypt Independent . Available online at http://www.egyptindependent.com/node/657146 (accessed 2012).

            18. El Nadeem Centre ( 2006) Torture in Egypt: A State Policy . Cairo: El Nadeem Centre.

            19. Estellés Arolas, E. and González Ladrón-de-Guevara, F. ( 2012) “Towards an Integrated Crowdsourcing Definition”, Journal of Information Science (in press).

            20. Fisk, R. ( 2001) “Death in Bethlehem, made in America”, The Independent , 15 April. Available online at http://www.middleeast.org/read.cgi?category=Magazine&num=345&standalone=&month=8&year=2001&function=text (accessed 27 March 2012).

            21. Foucault, M. ( 1975) Surveiller et punir: Naissance de la prison . Paris: Gallimard.

            22. Foxe, J. (ed. Williamson, G.A.) ( 1965) Foxe's Book of Martyrs . London: Secker and Warburg.

            23. Fraser, R. ( 1990) The Making of The Golden Bough: The Origins and Growth of an Argument . London: Palgrave Macmillan.

            24. Frazer, J.G. ( 1993) The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion . London: Wordsworth Editions.

            25. Freeman, T.S. ( 2004) “Foxe, John (1516/17–1587)”, in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford: Oxford University Press.

            26. Geyer, F. and van der Zouwe, J. ( 1992) “Sociocybernetics”, in C.V. Negoita, ed., Handbook of Cybernetics . New York: Marcel Dekker.

            27. GPPW ( 2010) “Polluter Watch”, Greenpeace . Available online at http://www.polluterwatch.com/bp-documents (accessed 1 April 2012).

            28. Green, P. and Ward, T. ( 2004) State Crime: Governments, Violence and Corruption . London: Pluto Press.

            29. Guardian ( 2009) “Investigate your MP's expenses”, The Guardian . Available online at http://mps-expenses.guardian.co.uk/ (accessed 3 February 2010).

            30. Hawk, D. ( 2003) The Hidden Gulag: Exposing North Korea's Prison Camps . Washington: US Committee for Human Rights in North Korea.

            31. Hawley, C. ( 2010) “Drugs cast cloud over Mexican paradise”, USA Today , 26 May.

            32. HCL ( 2012) “Harvard Tehran propaganda murals”, Harvard College Library . Available online at http://hcl.harvard.edu/collections/digital_collections/tehran_murals.cfm (accessed 27 March 2012).

            33. Heingartner, D. ( 2003) “Back together again”, New York Times , 17 July. Available online at http://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/17/technology/back-together-again.html (accessed 27 March 2012).

            34. Howe, J. ( 2009a) Crowdsourcing: Why the Power of the Crowd Is Driving the Future of Business . New York: Crown Business.

            35. Howe, J. ( 2009b) “The Return of Crowdsourced Border Control”. Available online at http://www.crowdsourcing.com/cs/2009/02/the-return-of-crowdsourced-border-patrol.html (accessed 18 May 2012).

            36. Hudson-Smith, A. ( 2011) “Crowdsourcing Opening Up New Opportunities”, Methods News . London: ESRC.

            37. IBC ( 2012) “Documented Civilian Deaths from Violence”, Iraq Body Count . Available online at http://www.iraqbodycount.org (accessed 27 March 2012).

            38. iRevolution ( 2012) “Crisis Mapping Syria: Automated Data Mining and Crowdsourced Human Intelligence”, iRevolution . Available online at http://irevolution.net/2012/03/25/crisis-mapping-syria (accessed 28 March 2012).

            39. ISCI ( 2012) “Arab Spring: The Seeds of Change”. Unpublished conference discussion, 23 March. International State Crime Initiative, King's College London.

            40. King, J.N. ( 2006) Foxe's Book of Martyrs and Early Modern Print Culture . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

            41. Kittur, A. et al. ( 2009) “Crowdsourcing for Usability: Using Micro-task Markets for Rapid, Remote and Low-Cost User Measurements”. Available online at http://www.clickadvisor.com/downloads/Kittur_2009_Crowdsourcing_for_Usability.pdf (accessed 2 April 2012).

            42. LaFraniere, S. ( 2012) “Activists crack China's wall of denial about air pollution”, New York Times , 28 January.

            43. Lintott, C. ( 2012) “Volunteers wanted for planet hunt”, BBC News . Available online at http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-16512017 (accessed 29 March 2012).

            44. LSE ( 2008) “Long wave events”, MacKinder Programme . Available online at http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/mackinderCentre/ (accessed 2 April 2012).

            45. MacGregor, C. ( 2009) “Innovation: The Sinister Powers of Crowdsourcing”, New Scientist . Available online at http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn18315-innovation-the-sinister-powers-of-crowdsourcing.html (accessed 5 April 2012).

            46. Masami, N. ( 2004) “Bikini: 50 years of Nuclear Exposure”, Japan Focus . Available online at http://japanfocus.org/-Sadamatsu-Shinjiro/2121 (accessed 1 April 2012).

            47. MCSY ( 2012) “Media Centre of Syrian Revolution”, Facebook . Available online at http://www.facebook.com/MCSYRIA9 (accessed March 2012).

            48. Milmo, C. ( 2011) “Lloyd's insurer sues Saudi Arabia for ‘funding 9/11 attacks’”, The Independent , 19 September.

            49. Monbiot, G. ( 2010) “These Astroturf libertarians are the real threat to democracy”, The Guardian , 14 December.

            50. Moses, A. ( 2009) “Amateur spies put North Korea on the map”, Brisbane Times . Available online at http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/technology/amateur-spies-put-north-korea-on-the-map-20090602-bttj.html (accessed 4 April 2012).

            51. MSFLI ( 1980) “Dānishjūyān-i Musalmān-i Payraw-i Khatt-i Imām, Dānishjūyan-i Musalmān-i Payraw-i Khatt-i Imām” (Documents from the US Espionage Den. Published by Muslim Students Following the Line of the Imam). Reconstruction available online at http://www.gwu.edu/∼nsarchiv/nsa/publications/iran/irdoc.html (accessed 27 March 2012).

            52. MT ( 2012) “History of Madame Tussauds”. Available online at http://www.madametussauds.com/London/About/History/Default.aspx (accessed 8 April 2012).

            53. Namba, K. ( 2011) “Light Continues to be Shed on Questions Surrounding Bikini Incident”, Hiroshima Peace Media Centre . Available online at http://www.hiroshimapeacemedia.jp/mediacenter/article.php?story=20110331134439684_en (accessed 1 April 2012).

            54. NDSU ( 2012) “Korean war propaganda leaflets”, North Dakota State University . Available online at http://library.ndsu.edu/digital/korean-propaganda/ (accessed 27 March 2012).

            55. NKEW ( 2009) “North Korea Uncovered”, North Korean Economy Watch . Available online at http://www.nkeconwatch.com/north-korea-uncovered-google-earth/ (accessed 1 April 2012).

            56. Norcie, G. ( 2011) Ethical and Practical Considerations for Compensation of Crowdsourced Research Participants . Pittsburgh: Carnegie Mellon University.

            57. ONI ( 2012) “Iranian Nuclear Sites and other Crowdsourcing GIS News”, Open Nuclear Iran . Available online at http://apb.directionsmag.com/entry/iranian-nuclear-sites-and-other-crowdsourcing-gis-news/230235 (accessed 7 April 2012).

            58. OU ( 2012) The Great War Archive, University of Oxford . Available online at http://www.oucs.ox.ac.uk/ww1lit/gwa (accessed 26 March 2012).

            59. Petrossian, F. ( 2009) “Iranian officials ‘crowd-source’ protester identities”, Global Voices Online , 27 June. Available online at http://globalvoicesonline.org/2009/06/27/iranian-officials-crowd-source-protester-identities-online/ (accessed 6 April 2012).

            60. PH ( 2012) “Planet hunters”, Zoo Universe . Available online at http://www.planethunters.org/ (accessed 30 March 2012).

            61. PRM ( 2012) “What are field collectors?” Pitt Rivers Museum . Available online at http://history.prm.ox.ac.uk/page_74.html (accessed 12 April 2012).

            62. Quinn, A.J. and Bederson, B.B. ( 2009) “A Taxonomy of Distributed Human Computation”, University of Maryland, Department of Computer Science . Available online at hcil.cs.umd.edu/trs/2009-23/2009-23.pdf (accessed 27 March 2012).

            63. Quinn, A.J. ( 2011) “Human Computation: A Survey and Taxonomy of a Growing Field, CHI 11”, University of Maryland, Department of Computer Science . Available online at http://www.efiko.org/material/Human%20Computation-%20A%20Survey%20and%20Taxonomy%20of%20a%20Growing%20Field%20by%20Alexander%20J.%20Quinn.pdf (accessed 30 March 2012).

            64. Sarhandi, D. ( 2001) Evil Doesn't Live Here: Posters from the Bosnian War . New York: Princeton Architectural Press.

            65. SBTF ( 2011) “Combining Crowdsourced Satellite Imagery Analysis with Crisis Reporting: An Update on Syria”, Stanby Task Force . Available online at http://blog.standbytaskforce.com/combining-crowdsourced-satellite-imagery-analysis-with-crisis-reporting-an-update-on-syria/ (accessed 29 March 2012).

            66. Scher, D.L. ( 2012) “Crowdsourced Clinical Studies: A New Paradigm in Health Care?” Available online at http://davidleescher.com/2012/03/30/crowdsourced-clinical-studies-a-new-paradigm-in-health-care/ (accessed 15 June 2012).

            67. Schmidt, L. ( 2011) Crowdsourcing for Human Subjects Research . Oakland: HeadLamp Research.

            68. SNAP ( 2012) “International Law and World Class Action Lawsuit Against the Roman Catholic Church”, Survivors Network of those Abused by Priests . Available online at http://www.worldlawdirect.com/forum/international-law-issues/52945-international-law-world-class-action-lawsuit-against-roman-catholic-church.html (accessed 3 April 2012).

            69. SPGP ( 2008) “Get involved”, Sentinel Project for Genocide Prevention . Available online at http://thesentinelproject.org/get-involved-2/volunteering-with-the-sentinel-project/ (accessed 30 March 2012).

            70. SSP ( 2010) “Monitoring the Crisis in Sudan”, The Satellite Sentinel Project . Available online at http://satsentinel.org/ (accessed 30 March 2012). (Twitter – @SudanSentinel).

            71. Surowiecki, J. ( 2004) The Wisdom of Crowds: Why the Many are Smarter than the Few and how Collective Wisdom Shapes Business, Economies, Societies and Nations . London: Doubleday.

            72. Syria Tracker ( 2012) “Syria crisis map”, Syria Tracker . Available online at http://syriatracker.crowdmap.com/ (accessed 29 March 2012).

            73. Takagi Fund ( 2012) “Citizen Science”, Takagi Fund . Available online at http://www.takagifund.org/e/about/index.html (accessed 1 April 2012).

            74. Theodora ( 2012) World Oil Pipelines . Available online at http://www.theodora.com/pipelines/world_oil_gas_and_products_pipelines.html (accessed 15 June 2012).

            75. TI ( 2012a) “Monitoring the Renovation and Reconstruction of the Mayor's Office via Crowdsourcing”, Transparency International . Available online at http://transparency.ge/en/activity/monitoring-renovation-and-reconstruction-mayors-office-crowdsourcing (accessed 1 April 2012).

            76. TI ( 2012b) “Malaysian Forest Monitoring and Other Crowdsourcing GIS News”, Transparency International . Available online at http://www.timalaysia-forestwatch.org.my and http://apb.directionsmag.com/entry/xx-and-other-crowdsourcing-gis-news/234425 (accessed 3 April 2012).

            77. Tumatauenga, N. ( 2012) “Crowdsource: Unconventional Warfare in Iran”, Milphotos.net . Available online at http://www.militaryphotos.net/forums/showthread.php?207248-Milphotos-net-Crowdsource-Unconventional-Warfare-in-Iran (accessed 27 March 2012).

            78. Turnbull, A. ( 2012) “Alan Turnbull's Secret Bases”, Secret Bases . Available online at http://www.secret-bases.co.uk/google-earth.htm (accessed 27 March 2012).

            79. USDJ ( 1998) From Pain to Power: Crime Victims Take Action . Washington: US Department of Justice. Available online at http://www.ncjrs.gov/ovc_archives/reports/fptp/welcome.html (accessed 15 June 2012).

            80. Vela, J. ( 2012) “Turkey's former president goes on trial for 1980 coup”, The Independent , 5 April.

            81. Weiner, N. ( 1949) Cybernetics: Or, Control and Communication in Man and Machine . Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

            82. Wiki ( 2012) “List of Crowdsourcing Projects”, Wikipedia . Available online at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_crowdsourcing_projects (accessed 26 March 2012).

            83. Wiki-Cancun ( 2012) Cancun airport . Available online at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canc%C3%BAn_International_Airport (accessed 15 June 2012).

            84. WikiLeaks ( 2012) “Secret US Embassy Cables”, WikiLeaks . Available online at http://wikileaks.org/cablegate.html (accessed 27 March 2012).

            85. Williams, C. ( 2006) Leadership Accountability in a Globalizing World . London: Palgrave Macmillan.

            86. Williams, C. ( 2012) Researching Power, Elites and Leadership . London: Sage.

            87. Winchester, S. ( 1998) The Surgeon of Crowthorne: A Tale of Murder, Madness and the Love of Words . London: Viking.

            88. WWMD ( 2011) “World Water Monitoring Day”, World Water Monitoring Challenge . Available online at http://www.worldwatermonitoringday.org/ (accessed 1 April 2012).

            89. WP ( 2007) “Drawings of Genocide”, Waging Peace . Available online at http://www.wagingpeace.info/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=117&Itemid=30.

            Comments

            Comment on this article