The Political and Military Value of the “Set Piece” Killing Tactic in East Tyrone 1983–1992

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The Political and Military Value of the “Set Piece” Killing Tactic in East Tyrone 1983–1992

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Author(s): Kevin Hearty ¹

Publication date (Print): 1 April 2014

Journal: State Crime Journal

Publisher: Pluto Journals

Keywords: counter-insurgency, set piece killing, lethal force

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Abstract

The period from 1983 to 1992 witnessed an intensification of the state use of the Special air Services (SaS) in the deployment of the “set piece” killing tactic in Northern Ireland against the Irish Republican army (IRa), a separatist insurgent group embroiled in political conflict in the region. The vast majority of these “set piece” killings occurred within the geographical confines of the East Tyrone region and were directed at the IRa's East Tyrone Brigade. This article will argue that the use of the “set piece” tactic in East Tyrone was a deliberate security policy choice. In doing so, this article interrogates the political and military value that the tactic had for the state and security forces. This article will identify how and why the tactic came to be implemented in East Tyrone when it did, and why the area appears to have borne the brunt of the tactic while other hotbeds of IRa activity were not targeted in a similar manner. Locating this research in the broader realms of British counter-insurgency it will evaluate what contribution the tactic made to the containment of IRa activity in the East Tyrone area.

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Journal

Journal ID (doi): 10.13169

Journal ID (publisher-id): statecrime

Title: State Crime Journal

Publisher: Pluto Journals

ISSN (Print): 20466056

ISSN (Electronic): 20466064

Publication date (Print): 1 April 2014

Volume: 3

Issue: 1

Pages: 50-72

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[1 ] Queen's University Belfast

Article

Publisher ID: statecrime.3.1.0050

DOI: 10.13169/statecrime.3.1.0050

SO-VID: 4d736757-4b99-4b68-8d6a-f4f3c1a725ca

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History

References

Amnesty International UK ( 1994) “Political killings in Northern Ireland”, EUR45/001/94 London.
An Phoblacht ( 1990) “IRA Ambush Stings Brit Assassins”, 29 March.
BBC ( 1997) “The Provos (Part 3): The IRA and Sinn Fein”, BBC1, 7 October.
BBC ( 2000) “The Brits: Episode 2 Shoot-to-kill” BBC1, 24 May.
BBC ( 2013) “MoD Says it Will Take Steps to Comply with Court Ruling on Loughgall Killings”, 21 August 2013. Available online at http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-23782321 (accessed 4 September 2013).
Bell, C. ( 2000) Peace Agreements and Human Rights . Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bell, C. and Keenan, J. ( 2005) “Lost on the Way Home? The Right to Life in Northern Ireland”, Journal of Law and Society 32( 1): 68– 89.
Bew, J., Frampton, M. and Gurruchaga, I. ( 2009) Talking to Terrorists: Making Peace in Northern Ireland and the Basque Country . London: Hurst and Company.
Bishop, J. ( 1990) “The Right to be Arrested: British Government Summary Executions”, New York Law School Journal of International and Comparative Law 11: 207.
Blair, R. A. ( 1983) “Fighting Terrorism: A Dissenting View”, World Affairs 146( 1): 114– 16.
Blum, G. and Heymann, P. ( 2010) “Law and Policy of Targeted Killing”, Harvard National Security Journal 1: 145– 70.
Bowyer Bell, J. ( 1997) The Secret Army: The IRA (3rd ed.). New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers.
Boyle, F. ( 1991) “Mallon Condemns Unionist Joy at IRA Men's Deaths”, Irish News , 4 June.
Brennock, B. ( 1990) “Haughey Calls for Facts on NI Shootings”, Irish Times , 17 January.
Brewer, J. D. and Magee, K. ( 1991) Inside the RUC: Routine Policing in a Divided Society . Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Campbell, C. and Connolly, I. ( 2003) “A Model for the ‘War on Terrorism?’: Military Intervention and the 1970 Falls Curfew”, Journal of Law and Society 30: 341– 75.
Clarke, C. ( 2009) “Evolution of British Intelligence and Counter-Insurgency Policy: Northern Ireland 1969–1998”, Pitt Political Review 1( 1): 8– 13.
Cochrane, A. and Brady, C. ( 1986) “Anglo-Irish Pact Scores First Success”, Sunday Telegraph , 27 April.
Coogan, T. ( 2002) The Troubles: Ireland's Ordeal, 1966–1996 and the Search for Peace . London: Palgrave.
Curry, T. ( 1988) “Death in Tyrone Killing Fields: SAS Squad Kills Three in Gun Ambush”, Irish News , 31 August.
Deans, J. ( 1987) “King May Step Up Fight Against the IRA”, Daily Mail , 28 April.
Dixon, P. ( 2009) “‘Hearts and Minds?’ British Counter-insurgency Strategy in Northern Ireland”, Journal of Strategic Studies 32( 5): 445– 74.
Dyzenhaus, D. ( 2008) “The Compulsion of Legality”, in V. Ramraj, ed., Emergencies and the Limits of Legality . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
English, R. ( 2004) Armed Struggle: A History of the IRA . London: Pan Books.
Geraghty, T. ( 2000) The Irish War: The Hidden Conflict between the IRA and British Intelligence. Washington, DC: Johns Hopkins.
Graham, W. ( 1991) “Lethal Force to Top Conference Agenda”, Irish News , 30 January.
Gross, O. ( 1998) “‘Once More Unto the Breach’: The Systematic Failure of Applying the European Convention on Human Rights to Entrenched Emergencies”, Yale Journal of International Law 23: 437– 501.
Gross, O. and Ni Aoláin, F. ( 2001) “Emergency, War and International Law – Another Perspective”, Nordic Journal of International Law 70: 29– 63.
Gross, O. and Ni Aoláin, F. ( 2008) Law in Times of Crisis: Emergency Powers in Theory and Practice . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Harkin, G. and Ingram, M. ( 2004) Stakeknife: Britain's Secret Agents in Ireland . Dublin: O'Brien.
Harnden, T. ( 1999) Bandit Country: The IRA & South Armagh . London: Hodder and Stoughton.
Hayes, M. ( 2007) “Neither Orange March nor Irish Jig: Finding Compromise in Northern Ireland”, in M. Elliot, ed., The Long Road to Peace in Northern Ireland (2nd ed.). Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
International Association of Democratic Lawyers ( 1988) “The Gibraltar Inquests, on the Deaths on March 6th of the Irish Nationalists Mairead Farrell, Daniel McCann and Sean Savage: The IDAL Judicial Observer's Report”. Gibraltar.
International Lawyers' Inquiry ( 1985) “Shoot to Kill? International Lawyers' Inquiry into the Lethal use of Firearms by the Security Forces in Northern Ireland”, Cork: Mercier Press.
Iris ( 1985) “Political Diary”, Iris: The Irish Republican Magazine , No. 10, July.
Irish News ( 1990) “Families of Shot Men Appeal Inquest Ruling”, 12 October.
Jamieson, R. and McEvoy, K. ( 2005) “State Crime by Proxy and Juridical Othering”, British Journal of Criminology 45: 504– 27.
Jennings, A. ( 1988) “Shoot to Kill: The Final Courts of Justice”, in A. Jennings, ed., Justice Under Fire: The Abuse of Civil Liberties in Northern Ireland . London: Pluto Press.
Kalshoven, F. and Zegveld, L. ( 2011) Constraints on the Waging of War: An Introduction to International Humanitarian Law . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kretzmer, D. ( 2005) “Targeted Killing of Suspected Terrorists: Extra-judicial Executions or Legitimate Means of Defence?” European Journal of International Law 16( 2): 171– 212.
Lafree, G., Dugan, L. and Korte, R. ( 2009) “The Impact of British Counter-terrorist Strategies on Political Violence in Northern Ireland: Comparing Deterrence and Backlash Models”, Criminology 47( 1): 501– 30.
Larkin, P. ( 2004) A Very British Jihad: Collusion, Conspiracy and Cover Up in Northern Ireland . Belfast: Blackstaff Press.
Loughgall 20th Anniversary Committee ( 2007) “Loughgall Martyrs 20th Anniversary DVD”.
Loughgall Truth & Justice Campaign ( 1992) “The Events of May 8th 1987”, Newtownabbey.
Lowry, D. ( 1975–76) “Internment: Detention Without Trial in Northern Ireland”, Human Rights 5: 261.
Macey, C. ( 1987) “Harney Attacks Clare Sympathy Vote for IRA”, Irish Press , 13 May.
Maguire, K. ( 1990) “The Intelligence War in Northern Ireland”, International Journal of Intelligence and Counter-intelligence 4( 2): 145– 65.
McDonald, H. ( 1990) “RUC Silent Over SAS Involvement in Shooting”, Irish News , 14 November.
McEvoy, K. ( 2000) “Law, Struggle and Political Transformation in Northern Ireland”, Journal of Law and Society 27( 4): 542– 71.
McGrattan, C. ( 2010) Northern Ireland 1968–2008: The Politics of Entrenchment . Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
McGurk, J. ( 1991) “Riddled with Bullets then Burned beyond Recognition”, Irish News , 4 June.
McKearney, T. ( 2011) The Provisional IRA: From Insurrection to Parliament . London: Pluto Press.
McKeever, D. ( 2010) “The Human Rights Act and Anti-terrorism in the UK: One giant leap forward by parliament, but are the courts able to slow the steady retreat that has followed?” Public Law 110– 39.
McKittrick, D. ( 1991) “SAS Ambush Kills Two Top IRA Gunmen”, The Independent , 4 June.
McKittrick, D., Kelters, S., Feeney, B. and McVea, D. ( 1999) Lost Lives: The Stories of the Men, Women and Children who Died as a Result of the Northern Ireland Troubles . Mainstream: Edinburgh.
Moloney, E. ( 2007) A Secret History of the IRA (2nd ed.). London: Penguin.
Moriarty, G. ( 1992) “NIO Silent on Alleged Involvement of SAS”, Irish Times , 18 February.
Murray, R. ( 1990) The SAS in Ireland . Cork: Mercier Press.
National Commemoration Centre ( 2002) Tighrá: I nDil Chuimhne . Dublin.
Neumann, P. R. and Smith, M. L. R. ( 2008) The Strategy of Terrorism: How it Works and Why it Fails . London: Routledge.
Newsletter ( 1986) “SAS Steps Up War on Terrorists”, 30 April.
Ni Aoláin, F. ( 2000) The Politics of Force: Conflict Management and State Violence in Northern Ireland . Belfast: Blackstaff Press.
Nugent, B. ( 2008) Orwellian Ireland . Meath: self published.
O'Brien, B. ( 1999) The Long War: The IRA and Sinn Fein (2nd ed.). Syracuse: Syracuse University Press.
Plunkett, J. ( 1987) “Republican Mourners Defeat RUC”, Iris: The Irish Republican Magazine No. 11, October.
Rees, M. ( 1981) “Terror in Ireland – And Britain's Response”, in P. Wilkinson, ed., British Perspectives on Terrorism . London: George Allen and Unwin.
Relatives for Justice ( 2012) “Ambush, Assassination and Impunity: The Killings of Kevin Barry O'Donnell, Patrick Vincent, Peter Clancy and Sean O'Farrell, Sunday 16 February 1992”, Dungannon: Relatives for Justice.
Rolston, B. ( 2000) Unfinished Business: State Killings and the Quest for Truth . Belfast: Beyond the Pale.
Ross, F. S. ( 2006) “Between Party and Movement: Sinn Fein and the Popular Movement against Criminalisation, 1976–82”, Irish Political Studies 21( 3): 337– 54.
RTE ( 2010) “Voices from the Grave”, 26 October.
Sanders, A. ( 2011) “State Responses to Intra-state Insurgency: The Case of the British Army in Northern Ireland”, Connections: European Studies Annual Review 7: 31– 43.
Sherwell, P. ( 2011) “Osama bin Laden Killed: Behind the Scenes of the Deadly Raid”, The Telegraph , 7 May.
Smith, M. L. R. ( 1997) Fighting for Ireland? The Military Strategy of the Irish Republican Movement . London: Routledge.
Soule, J. W. ( 1989) “Problems in Applying Counter-terrorism to Prevent Terrorism: Two Decades in Northern Ireland Rediscovered”, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 12: 31– 45.
Statman, D. ( 2004) “Targeted Killing”, Theoretical Inquiries in Law 5( 1): 179– 98.
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Thackrah, J. ( 2004) Dictionary of Terrorism (2nd ed.). London: Routledge.
Toolis, K. ( 1995) Rebel Hearts: Journey within the IRA's Soul . London: Picador.
Tuck, C. ( 2007) “Northern Ireland and the British Approach to Counter-insurgency”, Defense & Security Analysis 23( 2): 165– 83.
Tyrone Times ( 2012) “Inquest Decision a Devastating Blow for McCaughey and Grew Families”, 5 May.
Urban, M. ( 1992) Big Boys' Rules: The Secret Struggle Against the IRA . London: Faber and Faber.
Warbrick, C. ( 2002) “The Principles of the European Convention on Human Rights and the Response of States to Terrorism”, European Human Rights Law Review 3: 287– 314.
Watkin, K. ( 2004) “Controlling the Use of Force: A Role for Human Rights Norms in Contemporary Armed Conflict”, The American Journal of International Law 98( 1): 1– 34.
Weitzer, R. ( 1987) “Contested Order: The Struggle over British Security Policy in Northern Ireland”, Comparative Politics 19( 3): 293– 5.
Wilkinson, P. ( 1981) “Proposals for Government and International Responses to Terrorism”, in P. Wilkinson, ed., British Perspectives on Terrorism . London: George, Allen and Unwin.
Wilkinson, P. ( 2005) Terrorism versus Democracy: The Liberal State Response . London: Cass.

Comments

Comment on this article

[1] Amnesty International UK ( 1994) “Political killings in Northern Ireland”, EUR45/001/94 London.

[2] An Phoblacht ( 1990) “IRA Ambush Stings Brit Assassins”, 29 March.

[3] BBC ( 1997) “The Provos (Part 3): The IRA and Sinn Fein”, BBC1, 7 October.

[4] BBC ( 2000) “The Brits: Episode 2 Shoot-to-kill” BBC1, 24 May.

[5] BBC ( 2013) “MoD Says it Will Take Steps to Comply with Court Ruling on Loughgall Killings”, 21 August 2013. Available online at http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-23782321 (accessed 4 September 2013).

[6] Bell, C. ( 2000) Peace Agreements and Human Rights . Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[7] Bell, C. and Keenan, J. ( 2005) “Lost on the Way Home? The Right to Life in Northern Ireland”, Journal of Law and Society 32( 1): 68– 89.

[8] Bew, J., Frampton, M. and Gurruchaga, I. ( 2009) Talking to Terrorists: Making Peace in Northern Ireland and the Basque Country . London: Hurst and Company.

[9] Bishop, J. ( 1990) “The Right to be Arrested: British Government Summary Executions”, New York Law School Journal of International and Comparative Law 11: 207.

[10] Blair, R. A. ( 1983) “Fighting Terrorism: A Dissenting View”, World Affairs 146( 1): 114– 16.

[11] Blum, G. and Heymann, P. ( 2010) “Law and Policy of Targeted Killing”, Harvard National Security Journal 1: 145– 70.

[12] Bowyer Bell, J. ( 1997) The Secret Army: The IRA (3rd ed.). New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers.

[13] Boyle, F. ( 1991) “Mallon Condemns Unionist Joy at IRA Men's Deaths”, Irish News , 4 June.

[14] Brennock, B. ( 1990) “Haughey Calls for Facts on NI Shootings”, Irish Times , 17 January.

[15] Brewer, J. D. and Magee, K. ( 1991) Inside the RUC: Routine Policing in a Divided Society . Oxford: Clarendon Press.

[16] Campbell, C. and Connolly, I. ( 2003) “A Model for the ‘War on Terrorism?’: Military Intervention and the 1970 Falls Curfew”, Journal of Law and Society 30: 341– 75.

[17] Clarke, C. ( 2009) “Evolution of British Intelligence and Counter-Insurgency Policy: Northern Ireland 1969–1998”, Pitt Political Review 1( 1): 8– 13.

[18] Cochrane, A. and Brady, C. ( 1986) “Anglo-Irish Pact Scores First Success”, Sunday Telegraph , 27 April.

[19] Coogan, T. ( 2002) The Troubles: Ireland's Ordeal, 1966–1996 and the Search for Peace . London: Palgrave.

[20] Curry, T. ( 1988) “Death in Tyrone Killing Fields: SAS Squad Kills Three in Gun Ambush”, Irish News , 31 August.

[21] Deans, J. ( 1987) “King May Step Up Fight Against the IRA”, Daily Mail , 28 April.

[22] Dixon, P. ( 2009) “‘Hearts and Minds?’ British Counter-insurgency Strategy in Northern Ireland”, Journal of Strategic Studies 32( 5): 445– 74.

[23] Dyzenhaus, D. ( 2008) “The Compulsion of Legality”, in V. Ramraj, ed., Emergencies and the Limits of Legality . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[24] English, R. ( 2004) Armed Struggle: A History of the IRA . London: Pan Books.

[25] Geraghty, T. ( 2000) The Irish War: The Hidden Conflict between the IRA and British Intelligence. Washington, DC: Johns Hopkins.

[26] Graham, W. ( 1991) “Lethal Force to Top Conference Agenda”, Irish News , 30 January.

[27] Gross, O. ( 1998) “‘Once More Unto the Breach’: The Systematic Failure of Applying the European Convention on Human Rights to Entrenched Emergencies”, Yale Journal of International Law 23: 437– 501.

[28] Gross, O. and Ni Aoláin, F. ( 2001) “Emergency, War and International Law – Another Perspective”, Nordic Journal of International Law 70: 29– 63.

[29] Gross, O. and Ni Aoláin, F. ( 2008) Law in Times of Crisis: Emergency Powers in Theory and Practice . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[30] Harkin, G. and Ingram, M. ( 2004) Stakeknife: Britain's Secret Agents in Ireland . Dublin: O'Brien.

[31] Harnden, T. ( 1999) Bandit Country: The IRA & South Armagh . London: Hodder and Stoughton.

[32] Hayes, M. ( 2007) “Neither Orange March nor Irish Jig: Finding Compromise in Northern Ireland”, in M. Elliot, ed., The Long Road to Peace in Northern Ireland (2nd ed.). Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.

[33] International Association of Democratic Lawyers ( 1988) “The Gibraltar Inquests, on the Deaths on March 6th of the Irish Nationalists Mairead Farrell, Daniel McCann and Sean Savage: The IDAL Judicial Observer's Report”. Gibraltar.

[34] International Lawyers' Inquiry ( 1985) “Shoot to Kill? International Lawyers' Inquiry into the Lethal use of Firearms by the Security Forces in Northern Ireland”, Cork: Mercier Press.

[35] Iris ( 1985) “Political Diary”, Iris: The Irish Republican Magazine , No. 10, July.

[36] Irish News ( 1990) “Families of Shot Men Appeal Inquest Ruling”, 12 October.

[37] Jamieson, R. and McEvoy, K. ( 2005) “State Crime by Proxy and Juridical Othering”, British Journal of Criminology 45: 504– 27.

[38] Jennings, A. ( 1988) “Shoot to Kill: The Final Courts of Justice”, in A. Jennings, ed., Justice Under Fire: The Abuse of Civil Liberties in Northern Ireland . London: Pluto Press.

[39] Kalshoven, F. and Zegveld, L. ( 2011) Constraints on the Waging of War: An Introduction to International Humanitarian Law . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[40] Kretzmer, D. ( 2005) “Targeted Killing of Suspected Terrorists: Extra-judicial Executions or Legitimate Means of Defence?” European Journal of International Law 16( 2): 171– 212.

[41] Lafree, G., Dugan, L. and Korte, R. ( 2009) “The Impact of British Counter-terrorist Strategies on Political Violence in Northern Ireland: Comparing Deterrence and Backlash Models”, Criminology 47( 1): 501– 30.

[42] Larkin, P. ( 2004) A Very British Jihad: Collusion, Conspiracy and Cover Up in Northern Ireland . Belfast: Blackstaff Press.

[43] Loughgall 20th Anniversary Committee ( 2007) “Loughgall Martyrs 20th Anniversary DVD”.

[44] Loughgall Truth & Justice Campaign ( 1992) “The Events of May 8th 1987”, Newtownabbey.

[45] Lowry, D. ( 1975–76) “Internment: Detention Without Trial in Northern Ireland”, Human Rights 5: 261.

[46] Macey, C. ( 1987) “Harney Attacks Clare Sympathy Vote for IRA”, Irish Press , 13 May.

[47] Maguire, K. ( 1990) “The Intelligence War in Northern Ireland”, International Journal of Intelligence and Counter-intelligence 4( 2): 145– 65.

[48] McDonald, H. ( 1990) “RUC Silent Over SAS Involvement in Shooting”, Irish News , 14 November.

[49] McEvoy, K. ( 2000) “Law, Struggle and Political Transformation in Northern Ireland”, Journal of Law and Society 27( 4): 542– 71.

[50] McGrattan, C. ( 2010) Northern Ireland 1968–2008: The Politics of Entrenchment . Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.

[51] McGurk, J. ( 1991) “Riddled with Bullets then Burned beyond Recognition”, Irish News , 4 June.

[52] McKearney, T. ( 2011) The Provisional IRA: From Insurrection to Parliament . London: Pluto Press.

[53] McKeever, D. ( 2010) “The Human Rights Act and Anti-terrorism in the UK: One giant leap forward by parliament, but are the courts able to slow the steady retreat that has followed?” Public Law 110– 39.

[54] McKittrick, D. ( 1991) “SAS Ambush Kills Two Top IRA Gunmen”, The Independent , 4 June.

[55] McKittrick, D., Kelters, S., Feeney, B. and McVea, D. ( 1999) Lost Lives: The Stories of the Men, Women and Children who Died as a Result of the Northern Ireland Troubles . Mainstream: Edinburgh.

[56] Moloney, E. ( 2007) A Secret History of the IRA (2nd ed.). London: Penguin.

[57] Moriarty, G. ( 1992) “NIO Silent on Alleged Involvement of SAS”, Irish Times , 18 February.

[58] Murray, R. ( 1990) The SAS in Ireland . Cork: Mercier Press.

[59] National Commemoration Centre ( 2002) Tighrá: I nDil Chuimhne . Dublin.

[60] Neumann, P. R. and Smith, M. L. R. ( 2008) The Strategy of Terrorism: How it Works and Why it Fails . London: Routledge.

[61] Newsletter ( 1986) “SAS Steps Up War on Terrorists”, 30 April.

[62] Ni Aoláin, F. ( 2000) The Politics of Force: Conflict Management and State Violence in Northern Ireland . Belfast: Blackstaff Press.

[63] Nugent, B. ( 2008) Orwellian Ireland . Meath: self published.

[64] O'Brien, B. ( 1999) The Long War: The IRA and Sinn Fein (2nd ed.). Syracuse: Syracuse University Press.

[65] Plunkett, J. ( 1987) “Republican Mourners Defeat RUC”, Iris: The Irish Republican Magazine No. 11, October.

[66] Rees, M. ( 1981) “Terror in Ireland – And Britain's Response”, in P. Wilkinson, ed., British Perspectives on Terrorism . London: George Allen and Unwin.

[67] Relatives for Justice ( 2012) “Ambush, Assassination and Impunity: The Killings of Kevin Barry O'Donnell, Patrick Vincent, Peter Clancy and Sean O'Farrell, Sunday 16 February 1992”, Dungannon: Relatives for Justice.

[68] Rolston, B. ( 2000) Unfinished Business: State Killings and the Quest for Truth . Belfast: Beyond the Pale.

[69] Ross, F. S. ( 2006) “Between Party and Movement: Sinn Fein and the Popular Movement against Criminalisation, 1976–82”, Irish Political Studies 21( 3): 337– 54.

[70] RTE ( 2010) “Voices from the Grave”, 26 October.

[71] Sanders, A. ( 2011) “State Responses to Intra-state Insurgency: The Case of the British Army in Northern Ireland”, Connections: European Studies Annual Review 7: 31– 43.

[72] Sherwell, P. ( 2011) “Osama bin Laden Killed: Behind the Scenes of the Deadly Raid”, The Telegraph , 7 May.

[73] Smith, M. L. R. ( 1997) Fighting for Ireland? The Military Strategy of the Irish Republican Movement . London: Routledge.

[74] Soule, J. W. ( 1989) “Problems in Applying Counter-terrorism to Prevent Terrorism: Two Decades in Northern Ireland Rediscovered”, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 12: 31– 45.

[75] Statman, D. ( 2004) “Targeted Killing”, Theoretical Inquiries in Law 5( 1): 179– 98.

[76] Taylor, P. ( 2002) Brits: The War Against the IRA . London: Bloomsbury Publishing.

[77] Thackrah, J. ( 2004) Dictionary of Terrorism (2nd ed.). London: Routledge.

[78] Toolis, K. ( 1995) Rebel Hearts: Journey within the IRA's Soul . London: Picador.

[79] Tuck, C. ( 2007) “Northern Ireland and the British Approach to Counter-insurgency”, Defense & Security Analysis 23( 2): 165– 83.

[80] Tyrone Times ( 2012) “Inquest Decision a Devastating Blow for McCaughey and Grew Families”, 5 May.

[81] Urban, M. ( 1992) Big Boys' Rules: The Secret Struggle Against the IRA . London: Faber and Faber.

[82] Warbrick, C. ( 2002) “The Principles of the European Convention on Human Rights and the Response of States to Terrorism”, European Human Rights Law Review 3: 287– 314.

[83] Watkin, K. ( 2004) “Controlling the Use of Force: A Role for Human Rights Norms in Contemporary Armed Conflict”, The American Journal of International Law 98( 1): 1– 34.

[84] Weitzer, R. ( 1987) “Contested Order: The Struggle over British Security Policy in Northern Ireland”, Comparative Politics 19( 3): 293– 5.

[85] Wilkinson, P. ( 1981) “Proposals for Government and International Responses to Terrorism”, in P. Wilkinson, ed., British Perspectives on Terrorism . London: George, Allen and Unwin.

[86] Wilkinson, P. ( 2005) Terrorism versus Democracy: The Liberal State Response . London: Cass.

State Crime Journal

The Political and Military Value of the “Set Piece” Killing Tactic in East Tyrone 1983–1992

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