The knowledge worker and the projectified self: domesticating and disciplining creativity

Call for Papers: Hierarchies of domesticity – spatial and social boundaries. Deadline for submissions is 30^th September, 2024. Full details can be read here.

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Work Organisation, Labour and Globalisation

Volume 11, Issue 1

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The knowledge worker and the projectified self: domesticating and disciplining creativity

research-article

Author(s): Yannick Kalff

Publication date (Print): Spring 2017

Journal: Work Organisation, Labour and Globalisation

Publisher: Pluto Journals

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Abstract

Since the 1970s, projects have become a widespread form of work and labour organisation. They represent complex temporary endeavours and suggest spontaneity and flexibility, albeit reliant on bureaucratic structures. In contrast to this, projects can also be seen as metaphors for late modern biographies and socialisation. Both notions directly affect knowledge work by domesticating knowledge and creativity to fit valorisation processes. Within obscured power relations, a subjectivising antinomy of predictability and flexibility arises: the projectified self. This form of subjectivity domesticates the knowledge worker contributing to new vulnerabilities to precarity due to flexible, spontaneous and uncertain biographies.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (doi): 10.13169

Journal ID (publisher-id): workorgalaboglob

Title: Work Organisation, Labour and Globalisation

Publisher: Pluto Journals

ISSN (Print): 1745641X

ISSN (Electronic): 17456428

Publication date (Print): Spring 2017

Volume: 11

Issue: 1

Pages: 10-27

Article

Publisher ID: workorgalaboglob.11.1.0010

DOI: 10.13169/workorgalaboglob.11.1.0010

SO-VID: 846a7a18-54c0-4afd-8583-c06dd55ea13f

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History

ScienceOpen disciplines: Sociology,Labor law,Political science,Labor & Demographic economics,Political economics

References

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Comments

Comment on this article

[1] Allen, J. (1992) ‘Post-industrialism and post-Fordism’ in S. Hall, D. Held & A. McGrew (eds) Modernity and Its Futures , Cambridge: Polity Press: 170–220.

[2] Alvesson, M. & H. Willmott (1996) Making Sense of Management: A Critical Introduction , London, Thousand Oaks, and New Delhi: Sage.

[3] Armano, E. & A. Murgia (2013) ‘The precariousnesses of young knowledge workers: A subject-oriented approach’, Global Discourse , 3 (3/4): 486–501.

[4] Arthur, M.B. & D.M. Rousseau (1996) ‘Introduction: The boundaryless career as a new employment principle’ in M.B. Arthur & D.M. Rousseau (eds) The Boundaryless Career: A New Employment Principle for a New Organizational Era , New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press: 3–20.

[5] Bell, D. (1973) The Coming of Post-Industrial Society: A Venture in Social Forecasting , New York: Basic Books.

[6] Berardi, F. (2009) The Soul at Work: From Alienation to Autonomy , Los Angeles: Semiotext(e). Boltanski, L. (2006) ‘Les Changements Actuels du Capitalisme et la Culture du Projet’, Cosmopolitiques (12): 17–42.

[7] Boltanski, L. & È. Chiapello (2005a) ‘The new spirit of capitalism’, International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society , 18 (3/4): 161–88.

[8] Boltanski, L. & È. Chiapello (2005b) ‘The role of criticism in the dynamics of capitalism: Social critique versus artistique critique’ in M. Miller (ed) Worlds of Capitalism: Institutions, Governance and Economic Change in the Era of Globalization , London: Routledge: 237–67.

[9] Boltanski, L. & È. Chiapello (2007) The New Spirit of Capitalism , London and New York: Verso.

[10] Boltanski, L. & L. Thévenot (2006) On Justification: Economies of Worth , Princeton: Princeton University Press.

[11] Boutang, Y.M. (2011) Cognitive Capitalism , Cambridge and Malden: Polity Press.

[12] Bröckling, U. (2006) ‘On creativity: A brainstorming session’, Educational Philosophy and Theory , 38 (4): 513–21.

[13] Bröckling, U. (2016) The Entrepreneurial Self: Fabricating a New Type of Subject , London, Thousand Oaks, New Delhi, and Singapore: Sage.

[14] Brown, W. (2015) Undoing the Demos: Neoliberalism's Stealth Revolution , Brooklyn and Cambridge: Zone Books.

[15] Callinicos, A. (1990) Against Postmodernism: A Marxist Critique , New York: St. Martin's Press.

[16] Castel, R. (1998) Les Métamorphoses de la Question Sociale: Une Chronique du Salariat , Paris: Fayard.

[17] Castel, R. (2009) La Montée des Incertitudes: Travail, Protections, Statut de l'Individu , Paris: Éditions du seuil.

[18] Caupin, G., H. Knoepfel, G. Koch, K. Pannenbäcker, F. Pérez-Polo & C. Seabury. (2006) ICB: IPMA competence baseline; Version 3.0 , Nijkerk: IPMA.

[19] Cicmil, S. & D.E. Hodgson (2006) ‘New possibilities for project management theory: A critical engagement’, Project Management Journal , 37 (3): 111–22.

[20] Clegg, S.R. (1990) Modern Organizations: Organization Studies in the Postmodern World , London, Newbury Park, and New Delhi: Sage.

[21] Clegg, S.R. (1994) ‘Weber and Foucault: Social Theory for the Study of Organizations’, Organization , 1 (1): 149–78.

[22] Darr, A. & C. Warhurst (2008) ‘Assumptions, assertions and the need for evidence: Debugging debates about knowledge workers’, Current Sociology , 56 (1): 25–45.

[23] Defoe, D. (1697) An Essay upon Projects , London: Tho. Cockerill.

[24] Deleuze, G. (1992) ‘Postscript on the Societies of Control’, October , 59 Winter: 3–7.

[25] Dörre, K. (2012) ‘Finance capitalism, Landnahme and discriminating precariousness — Relevance for a new social critique’, Social Change Review , 10 (2): 125–51.

[26] Dowling, E., R. Nunes & B. Trott (2007) ‘Immaterial and affective labour: Explored’, ephemera , 7 (1): 1–7.

[27] Drucker, P.F. (1957) The Landmarks of Tomorrow: A Report on the New ‘Post-Modern’ World , New York: Harper & Row.

[28] Drucker, P.F. (1994) ‘The age of social transformation’, The Atlantic Monthly , 274 (5): 53–80.

[29] Ehrenberg, A. (2010) The Weariness of the Self: Diagnosing the History of Depression in the Contemporary Age , Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press.

[30] Florida, R.L. (2004) The Rise of the Creative Class: And How It's Transforming Work, Leisure, Community and Everyday Life , New York: Basic Books.

[31] Flusser, V. (2012) ‘Man as Subject or Project’, Philosophy of Photography , 2 (2): 239–43.

[32] Flyvbjerg, B. & A. Stewart (2012) ‘Olympic proportions: Cost and cost overrun at the Olympics 1960–2012’, Saïd Business School working papers, June. London: Saïd Business School.

[33] Foucault, M. (1988) ‘Technologies of the Self’ in L.H. Martin, H. Gutman & P.H. Hutton (eds) Technologies of the Self: A Seminar with Michel Foucault , Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press: 16–49.

[34] Fournier, V. (1999) ‘The appeal to ‘professionalism’ as a disciplinary mechanism’, Sociological Review , 47 (2): 280–307.

[35] Gaddis, P.O. (1959) ‘The project manager’, Harvard Business Review , 37 (3): 89–97.

[36] Gilbert, J. & A. Goffey (2015) ‘Control societies: Notes for an introduction’, New Formations , 29 84/85: 5–19.

[37] Gorz, A. (2010a) Critique of economic reason , London and New York: Verso.

[38] Gorz, A. (2010b) The Immaterial: Knowledge, Value and Capital , London and New York: Seagull Books.

[39] Grey, C. (1994) ‘Career as a Project of the Self and Labour Process Discipline’, Sociology , 28 (2): 479–97.

[40] Grey, C. (1998) ‘On Being a Professional in a “Big Six” Firm’, Accounting, Organizations and Society , 23 5/6: 569–87.

[41] Grey, C. (1999) ”We are all Managers now’; ‘We always were’: On the development and demise of management’, Journal of Management Studies , 36 (5): 561–85.

[42] Hammer, J. (2015) ‘How Berlin's futuristic airport became a $6 billion embarrassment’. Accessed February, 18, 2017 from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2015-07-23/how-berlins-futuristic-airport-became-a-6-billion-embarrassment.

[43] Hardt, M. & A. Negri (2000) Empire , Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press.

[44] Hodgson, D.E. (2002) ‘Disciplining the professional: The case of project management’, Journal of Management Studies , 39 (6): 803–21.

[45] Hodgson, D.E. (2004) ‘Project work: The legacy of bureaucratic control in the post-bureaucratic organization’, Organization , 11 (1): 81–100.

[46] Hodgson, D.E. & S. Cicmil (2006a) ‘Are projects real? The PMBOK and the legitimation of project management knowledge’ in D.E. Hodgson & S. Cicmil (eds) Making Projects Critical , Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan: 29–50.

[47] Hodgson, D.E. & S. Cicmil (eds), (2006b) Making Projects Critical , Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

[48] Hodgson, D.E. & S. Cicmil (2007) ‘The politics of standards in modern management: Making “the project” a reality’, Journal of Management Studies , 44 (3): 431–50.

[49] Huws, U. (2003a) The Making of a Cybertariat: Virtual Work in a Real World , New York: Monthly Review Press: 126–51.

[50] Huws, U. (2003b) ‘The restructuring of employment in the information society and its implication for social protection’ in G. Bechmann, B.-J. Krings & M. Rader (eds) Across the Divide: Work, Organization and Social Exclusion in the European Information Society , Berlin: Edition Sigma: 139–52.

[51] Huws, U. (2007) ‘The spark in the engine: Creative workers in a global economy’, Work Organisation, Labour & Globalisation , 1 (1): 1–12.

[52] Lazzarato, M. (1996) ‘Immaterial Labour’ in P. Virno & M. Hardt (eds) Radical Thought in Italy: A Potential Politics , Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press: 133–47.

[53] Lemke, S. (2016) Inequality, Poverty and Precarity in Contemporary American Culture , New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

[54] Lenfle, S. & C. Loch (2010) ‘Lost roots: How project management came to emphasize control over flexibility and novelty’, California Management Review , 53 (1): 32–55.

[55] Lindgren, M. & J. Packendorff (2006) ‘Projects and prisons’ in D.E. Hodgson & S. Cicmil (eds) Making Projects Critical , Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan: 111–31.

[56] Lorey, I. (2015) State of Insecurity: Government of the Precarious , London: Verso.

[57] Lundin, R.A. & A. Söderholm (1998) ‘Conceptualizing a projectified society: Discussion of an ecoindustrial approach to a theory on temporary organizations’ in R.A. Lundin & C. Midler (eds) Projects as Arenas for Renewal and Learning Processes , Boston, Dordrecht, London: Kluwer Academic Publishers: 13–23.

[58] Marshall, N. (2006) ‘Understanding power in project settings’ in D.E. Hodgson & S. Cicmil (eds) Making Projects Critical , Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan: 207–31.

[59] Maylor, H., T. Brady, T. Cooke-Davies & D. Hodgson (2006) ‘From projectification to programmification’, International Journal of Project Management , 24 (8): 663–74.

[60] Mills, C.W. (1956) White Collar: The American Middle Classes , Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[61] Molloy, E. & R. Whittington (2006) ‘Reorganisation projects and five uncertainties’ in D.E. Hodgson & S. Cicmil (eds) Making Projects Critical , Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan: 171–89.

[62] Morris, P.W.G., L. Crawford, D. E. Hodgson, M. M. Shepherd & J. Thomas. (2006) ‘Exploring the role of formal bodies of knowledge in defining a profession — The case of project management’, International Journal of Project Management , 24 (8): 710–21.

[63] Norkus, M., C. Besio & N. Baur (2016) ‘Effects of project-based research work on the career paths of young academics’, Work Organisation, Labour & Globalisation , 10 (2): 9–26.

[64] Parker, M. (2002) Against Management: Organization in the Age of Managerialism , Cambridge: Polity Press.

[65] Parker, M., G. Cheney, V. Fournier & C. Land (2014) ‘The question of organization: A manifesto for alternatives’, ephemera , 14 (4): 623–38.

[66] PMI (2013) A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide) , Newton Square: Project Management Institute.

[67] Posaner, J. (2016) ‘Berlin airport opening delayed to 2018: The Brandenburg Willy Brandt Airport was originally set to open in 2011’. Accessed February, 18, 2017 from http://www.politico.eu/article/berlin-airport-opening-delayed-to-2018/.

[68] Reich, R.B. (1991) The Work of Nations: Preparing Ourselves for 21st-Century Capitalism , New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

[69] Rodrigues, R., D. Guest & A. Budjanovcanin (2016) ‘Bounded or boundaryless? An Empirical investigation of career boundaries and boundary crossing’, Work, Employment & Society , 30 (4): 669–86.

[70] Rose, N. (1999) Governing the Soul: The Shaping of the Private Self , London: Free Association Books.

[71] Schumpeter, J.A. (1934) The Theory of Economic Development: An Inquiry into Profits, Capital, Credit, Interest, and the Business Cycle , Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

[72] Scott, A. & R. Weiskopf (2009) ‘Organizing freedom and constraint within the ‘neo-liberal’ regime of choice’ in S.R. Clegg & C.L. Cooper (eds) Macro Approaches , Los Angeles, London: Sage: 68–84.

[73] Sée, H. (2004) Modern Capitalism: Its Origin and Evolution , Kitchener: Batoche Books.

[74] Sennett, R. (1998) The Corrosion of Character: The Personal Consequences of Work in the New Capitalism , New York: Norton.

[75] Slater, R. & A. Coyle (2014) ‘The governing of the self/the self-governing self: Multi-rater/source feedback and practices 1940–2011’, Theory & Psychology , 24 (2): 233–55.

[76] Soreanu, R. (2010) ‘Metaphor in the social sciences: Creative methodologies and some elements for an epistemological reconstruction’, Studia Sociologica , 55 (1): 239–56.

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