Sharing time: new forms of reciprocity in the digital economy

Davide Arcidiacono, null; Antonello Podda, null

doi:10.13169/workorgalaboglob.11.2.0039

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Work Organisation, Labour and Globalisation

Volume 11, Issue 2

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Sharing time: new forms of reciprocity in the digital economy

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Author(s): Davide Arcidiacono , Antonello Podda ¹

Publication date (Print): Winter 2017

Journal: Work Organisation, Labour and Globalisation

Publisher: Pluto Journals

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Abstract

The current debate about the sharing economy has rediscovered the importance of reciprocity as a model of exchange. Time banks, traditionally tools for enhancing an underutilised workforce, are developing at the same time as forms of mutualism and reciprocity within defined communities (residents of a neighbourhood or organisational population of a company), and now have a new opportunity for scaling up through the enabling power of new digital technologies. This article analyses the case of a digital time bank using social network analysis in order to investigate whether the sharing economy can be considered a practice of ‘re-socializing economic exchange’.

Content

Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (doi): 10.13169

Journal ID (publisher-id): workorgalaboglob

Title: Work Organisation, Labour and Globalisation

Publisher: Pluto Journals

ISSN (Print): 1745641X

ISSN (Electronic): 17456428

Publication date (Print): Winter 2017

Volume: 11

Issue: 2

Pages: 39-58

Author notes

[1]

This article is the result of the joint work of the two authors. The first, second and fourth sections were written by Davide Arcidiacono. The third, fifth and sixth sections were written by Antonello Podda.

Article

Publisher ID: workorgalaboglob.11.2.0039

DOI: 10.13169/workorgalaboglob.11.2.0039

SO-VID: 05820a1b-a9d7-4864-9315-9d4a48b7d20f

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All content is freely available without charge to users or their institutions. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission of the publisher or the author. Articles published in the journal are distributed under a http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

History

ScienceOpen disciplines: Sociology,Labor law,Political science,Labor & Demographic economics,Political economics

References

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Arcidiacono, D. (2016) ‘Il tempo nell'economia fondamentale tra sharing economy e personal branding: il caso del Time Banking on line’, Sociologia del Lavoro , 2 (142):98–114.
Arcidiacono, D. (2017), ‘Economia collaborativa e start-up: forme alternative di scambio economico o mito della disintermediazione?’, Quaderni di Sociologia , 73: 29–48.
Arvidsson, A. & N. Peitersen (2013) The Ethical Economy , New York: Columbia University Press.
Arrow, J.K. (1972) ‘Gifts and exchanges’, Philosophy & Public Affairs , 1 (4):343–62.
Beckert, J. (2007) ‘The great transformation of embeddedness: Karl Polanyi and the new economic sociology’, MPIfG Discussion Paper 07/1, Cologne: Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies.
Belk, R. (2014) ‘Sharing versus pseudo-sharing in Web 2.0’, Anthropologist , 18: 7–23.
Benkler, Y. (2004) ‘Sharing nicely: On shareable goods and the emergence of sharing as a modality of economic production’, Yale Law Journal , 114: 273–358.
Benkler, Y. & H. Nissembaum (2006) ‘Commons-based peer production and virtue’, The Journal of Political Philosophy , 14: 394–419. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9760.2006.00235.x.
Blau, P.M. (1964) Exchange and Power in Social Life , New York: Wiley.
Blau, P.M. (1990) ‘Microprocess and macrostructure’, in K. Cook (ed.) Social Exchange Theory , London: Sage, 83–100.
Block, F. (1990) Postindustrial Possibilities: A Critique of Economic Discourse , Berkeley: University of California Press.
Boyle, D. (2003) “The new mutualism and the meaning of time banks, Local Economy , 18 (3):253–70.
Borgatti, S.P., C. Jones & M.G. Everett (1998) “Network measures of social capital, Connections , 21 (2):36.
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Burt, R.S. (2005) Brockerage and Closure: An Introduction to Social Capital , London: Oxford University Press.
Caliandro, A. & A. Gandini (2017). Qualitative Research in Digital Environments: A Research Toolkit , London: Routledge.
Cioffi-Revilla, C. (2010) ‘Computational social science’, WILEY Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Statistics , 2 (3):259–71.
Dittmer, K. (2013) ‘Local currencies for purposive degrowth? A quality check of some proposals for changing money-as-usual’, Journal of Cleaner Production , 54 (2013):3–13.
Dubois, E.A., J.B. Schor & L.B. Carfagna (2014). ‘New cultures of connection in a Boston time bank’, in J.B. Schor & C.J. Thompson (eds) Sustainable Lifestyles and the Quest for Plenitude: Case Studies of the New Economy , New Haven: Yale University Press, 95–123.
Franchi, M. & A. Schianchi (2011) Scegliere nel Tempo di Facebook: Come i Social Network Influenzano le Nostre Preferenze , Roma: Carocci.
Fukuyama, F. (1996) Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity , New York: Free Press.
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Krippner, G.R. (2001) ‘The elusive market: Embeddedness and the paradigm of economic sociology’, Theory and Society , 30, 775–810.
Laamanen, M., S. Wahlen & M. Campana (2015) ‘Mobilising collaborative consumption lifestyles: A comparative frame analysis of time banking’, International Journal of Consumer Studies , 39 (5):459–67.
Lasker J., E. Collom, T. Bealer, E. Niclaus, J. Keefe, Z. Kratzer, L. Baldasari, E. Kramer, R. Mandeville, J. Schulman, D. Suchow, A. Letcher & A. Rogers (2011) ‘Time banking and health: The role of a community currency organization in enhancing well-being’, Health Promotion Practice , 12 (1):102–15.
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Lin, N. (1982) ‘Social resources and instrumental action’, in P.V. Marsden & N. Lin (eds) Social Structures and Network Analysis , Beverly Hills: Sage, 131–145.
Lin, N. (2001) Social Capital: A Theory of Structure and Action , London and New York: Cambridge University Press.
Malinowski, B. (1922) Argonauts of the Western Pacific: An Account of Native Enterprise and Adventure in the Archipelagoes of Melanesian New Guinea , New York: Dutton.
Mauss, M. (1924) Essai sur le don. Forme et raison de l'échange dans les sociétés archaïques. L'Année Sociologique , I: 30–186.
Milgram, S. (1967). The Small World Problem. Psychology Today 1 (1):60–67.
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New Economics Foundation (2001) ‘Time banks: A radical manifesto for the UK’, London: RAP.
North, P. (2014) ‘Complementary currencies’, in M. Parker, G. Cheney, V. Fournier & C. Land (eds) The Routledge Companion to Alternative Organization , London: Routledge, 182–94.
Owyang, J. & A. Samuel (2015) The New Rules of the Collaborative Economy , New York: Crowd Companies.
Pais, I. (2012). La Rete che Lavora. Mestieri e Professioni Nell'era Digitale , Milano: Egea.
Pais, I. & L. Del Moral (2015). ‘Collaborative economy and the digitalization of timebanking: Opportunities and challenges’, Studi di Sociologia , 19: 3–21.
Pais, I. & G. Provasi (2015) ‘Sharing economy: A step towards “re-embedding” the economy?’ Stato e Mercato , 105: 347–77.
Papacharissi, Z. (ed.) (2011) A Networked Self: Identity, Community, and Culture on Social Network Sites , New York: Routledge.
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Polanyi, K. (1957) Trade and Market in the Early Empires , Glencoe: Free Press.
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Zapf, W. (1991) The role of innovations in modernization theory. International Review for the Sociology of Sport , 2 (3):83–94.

Comments

Comment on this article

[1] Anderson, B. (1996) Comunità Immaginate: Origini e Diffusione dei Nazionalismi , Roma: Manifestolibri.

[2] Arcidiacono, D. (2016) ‘Il tempo nell'economia fondamentale tra sharing economy e personal branding: il caso del Time Banking on line’, Sociologia del Lavoro , 2 (142):98–114.

[3] Arcidiacono, D. (2017), ‘Economia collaborativa e start-up: forme alternative di scambio economico o mito della disintermediazione?’, Quaderni di Sociologia , 73: 29–48.

[4] Arvidsson, A. & N. Peitersen (2013) The Ethical Economy , New York: Columbia University Press.

[5] Arrow, J.K. (1972) ‘Gifts and exchanges’, Philosophy & Public Affairs , 1 (4):343–62.

[6] Beckert, J. (2007) ‘The great transformation of embeddedness: Karl Polanyi and the new economic sociology’, MPIfG Discussion Paper 07/1, Cologne: Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies.

[7] Belk, R. (2014) ‘Sharing versus pseudo-sharing in Web 2.0’, Anthropologist , 18: 7–23.

[8] Benkler, Y. (2004) ‘Sharing nicely: On shareable goods and the emergence of sharing as a modality of economic production’, Yale Law Journal , 114: 273–358.

[9] Benkler, Y. & H. Nissembaum (2006) ‘Commons-based peer production and virtue’, The Journal of Political Philosophy , 14: 394–419. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9760.2006.00235.x.

[10] Blau, P.M. (1964) Exchange and Power in Social Life , New York: Wiley.

[11] Blau, P.M. (1990) ‘Microprocess and macrostructure’, in K. Cook (ed.) Social Exchange Theory , London: Sage, 83–100.

[12] Block, F. (1990) Postindustrial Possibilities: A Critique of Economic Discourse , Berkeley: University of California Press.

[13] Boyle, D. (2003) “The new mutualism and the meaning of time banks, Local Economy , 18 (3):253–70.

[14] Borgatti, S.P., C. Jones & M.G. Everett (1998) “Network measures of social capital, Connections , 21 (2):36.

[15] Bruni, L. (2006) Reciprocità. Dinamiche di cooperazione, economia e società civile , Milano: Bruno Mondadori.

[16] Burt, R.S. (2005) Brockerage and Closure: An Introduction to Social Capital , London: Oxford University Press.

[17] Caliandro, A. & A. Gandini (2017). Qualitative Research in Digital Environments: A Research Toolkit , London: Routledge.

[18] Cioffi-Revilla, C. (2010) ‘Computational social science’, WILEY Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Statistics , 2 (3):259–71.

[19] Dittmer, K. (2013) ‘Local currencies for purposive degrowth? A quality check of some proposals for changing money-as-usual’, Journal of Cleaner Production , 54 (2013):3–13.

[20] Dubois, E.A., J.B. Schor & L.B. Carfagna (2014). ‘New cultures of connection in a Boston time bank’, in J.B. Schor & C.J. Thompson (eds) Sustainable Lifestyles and the Quest for Plenitude: Case Studies of the New Economy , New Haven: Yale University Press, 95–123.

[21] Franchi, M. & A. Schianchi (2011) Scegliere nel Tempo di Facebook: Come i Social Network Influenzano le Nostre Preferenze , Roma: Carocci.

[22] Fukuyama, F. (1996) Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity , New York: Free Press.

[23] Granovetter, M. (1973) ‘The strength of weak ties’, American Journal of Sociology , 78:1360–80.

[24] Granovetter, M. (1985) ‘Economic action and social structure: The problem of embeddedness’, American Journal of Sociology , 91:481–510.

[25] Godbout, G.T. & A Caillè (1998) The World of the Gift , Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press.

[26] Grieco, M. (1987) Keeping It in the Family: Social Networks and Employment Chance , London: Tavistock.

[27] Gui, B. & R. Sudgen (2005) Economics and Social Interaction: Accounting for Interpersonal Relationships , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[28] Hämäläinen T.J. (2007) ‘Social innovation, structural adjustment and economic performance’, T.J. Hämäläinen & R. Heiskala (eds) Social Innovations, Institutional Change and Economic Performance: Making Sense of Structural Adjustment Processes in Industrial Sectors, Regions and Societies , Northampton: Edward Elgar, 11–74.

[29] Hanneman, R.A. & M. Riddle (2005) Introduction to Social Network Methods , Riverside: University of California, Riverside. Accessed from http://faculty.ucr.edu/~hanneman/.

[30] Hochschild, A.R. (2012) The Outsourced Self: What Happens When We Pay Others to Live Our Lives for Us , New York: Metropolitan Books.

[31] Krippner, G.R. (2001) ‘The elusive market: Embeddedness and the paradigm of economic sociology’, Theory and Society , 30, 775–810.

[32] Laamanen, M., S. Wahlen & M. Campana (2015) ‘Mobilising collaborative consumption lifestyles: A comparative frame analysis of time banking’, International Journal of Consumer Studies , 39 (5):459–67.

[33] Lasker J., E. Collom, T. Bealer, E. Niclaus, J. Keefe, Z. Kratzer, L. Baldasari, E. Kramer, R. Mandeville, J. Schulman, D. Suchow, A. Letcher & A. Rogers (2011) ‘Time banking and health: The role of a community currency organization in enhancing well-being’, Health Promotion Practice , 12 (1):102–15.

[34] Lazzarato, M. (1996) ‘Immaterial labour’, in M. Hardt & P. Virno (eds) Radical Thought in Italy: A Potential Politics . Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 133–149.

[35] Lin, N. (1982) ‘Social resources and instrumental action’, in P.V. Marsden & N. Lin (eds) Social Structures and Network Analysis , Beverly Hills: Sage, 131–145.

[36] Lin, N. (2001) Social Capital: A Theory of Structure and Action , London and New York: Cambridge University Press.

[37] Malinowski, B. (1922) Argonauts of the Western Pacific: An Account of Native Enterprise and Adventure in the Archipelagoes of Melanesian New Guinea , New York: Dutton.

[38] Mauss, M. (1924) Essai sur le don. Forme et raison de l'échange dans les sociétés archaïques. L'Année Sociologique , I: 30–186.

[39] Milgram, S. (1967). The Small World Problem. Psychology Today 1 (1):60–67.

[40] Moeller, S. & K. Wittkowski (2010) ‘The burdens of ownership: Reasons for preferring renting’, Managing Service Quality: An International Journal , 20 (2):176–91.

[41] Mutti, A. (2003). ‘Le teorie della fiducia nelle ricerche sul capitale sociale’, Rassegna Italiana di Sociologia , 4: 515–36.

[42] New Economics Foundation (2001) ‘Time banks: A radical manifesto for the UK’, London: RAP.

[43] North, P. (2014) ‘Complementary currencies’, in M. Parker, G. Cheney, V. Fournier & C. Land (eds) The Routledge Companion to Alternative Organization , London: Routledge, 182–94.

[44] Owyang, J. & A. Samuel (2015) The New Rules of the Collaborative Economy , New York: Crowd Companies.

[45] Pais, I. (2012). La Rete che Lavora. Mestieri e Professioni Nell'era Digitale , Milano: Egea.

[46] Pais, I. & L. Del Moral (2015). ‘Collaborative economy and the digitalization of timebanking: Opportunities and challenges’, Studi di Sociologia , 19: 3–21.

[47] Pais, I. & G. Provasi (2015) ‘Sharing economy: A step towards “re-embedding” the economy?’ Stato e Mercato , 105: 347–77.

[48] Papacharissi, Z. (ed.) (2011) A Networked Self: Identity, Community, and Culture on Social Network Sites , New York: Routledge.

[49] Polanyi, K. ([1944] 2001) The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time , Boston: Beacon Press.

[50] Polanyi, K. (1957) Trade and Market in the Early Empires , Glencoe: Free Press.

[51] Podda, A. (2017) I Legami che Creano Sviluppo. Capitale Sociale e Politiche di Rete. Applicazioni di Social Network Analysis , Roma: Ediesse.

[52] Portes, A. (1998) Social capital: Origins and applications in modern sociology, Annual Review of Sociology , 24: 1–24.

[53] Sahlins, M. (1972) Stone Age Economics , New York: Aldine.

[54] Salvini, A. (2005) L'Analisi delle Reti Sociali. Risorse e Meccanismi , Pisa: Plus-Pisa University Press.

[55] Schroeder, R.F.H., Y. Miyazaki & M. Fare (2011) ‘Community currency research: an analysis of the literature’, International Journal of Community Currency Research , 15 (A):31–41.

[56] Seyfang, G. (2004) ‘Working outside the box: Community currencies, time banks and social inclusion’, Journal of Social Policy , 33 (1):49–71.

[57] Schor, J. (2014) ‘Debating sharing economy’, Great transition initiative. Accessed October, 17, 2017 from http://www.greattransition.org/.

[58] Schor, J.B. & C.J. Fitzmaurice (2015) ‘Collaborating and connecting: The emergence of the sharing economy’, in L. Reisch & J. Thogersen (eds) Handbook on Research on Sustainable Consumption , Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 410–25.

[59] Sombart, W. (1916) Der Moderne Kapitalismus. Historisch-Systematische Darstellung des Gesamteuropäischen Wirtschaftslebens Von Seinen Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart , Berlin: Dunker & Humboldt.

[60] Sudgen, R. (1984) ‘The supply of public goods through voluntary contribution’, The Economic Journal , 94: 772–87.

[61] Turner, H. (2007). ‘Mystery shopping’, in M. van Hamersveld and C. de Bont (eds) AaVv, Market research Handbook , Chichester: Wiley & Son, 333–46.

[62] Trobia, A. & V. Milia (2011) Social Network Analysis , Roma: Carocci.

[63] Watts, D.J. (1999) ‘Networks, dynamics, and the small-world phenomenon’, American Journal of Sociology , 105 (2):493–527.

[64] Zapf, W. (1991) The role of innovations in modernization theory. International Review for the Sociology of Sport , 2 (3):83–94.