The interplay of gender, work and family in Portuguese families

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Work Organisation, Labour and Globalisation

Volume 6, Issue 1

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The interplay of gender, work and family in Portuguese families

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Author(s): Marisa Matias , Cláudia Andrade , Anne Marie Fontaine

Publication date (Print): Spring 2012

Journal: Work Organisation, Labour and Globalisation

Publisher: Pluto Journals

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Abstract

Portugal stands out in the European context of work and family relations for not fitting either into a traditional male breadwinner model or into a modern equitable model. Indeed, Portuguese society is characterised both by a high labour-market participation of both men and women and a gender-traditional division of domestic and caring work, where women do the majority of tasks. This paper reports on trends regarding the division of paid and unpaid labour over recent decades in Portugal. Challenging traditional sociological and demographic explanations, the scope of this review is to offer a psycho-social approach to the antecedents and outcomes of this division, as well as the processes individuals and families engage in to deal with multiple roles. Looking at the division of paid and unpaid labour through a gender lens, we conclude that, despite some changes in attitudes and practices, the display of gender roles still shapes both work and family relations in Portugal.

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Journal

Journal ID (doi): 10.13169

Journal ID (publisher-id): workorgalaboglob

Title: Work Organisation, Labour and Globalisation

Publisher: Pluto Journals

ISSN (Print): 1745641X

ISSN (Electronic): 17456428

Publication date (Print): Spring 2012

Volume: 6

Issue: 1

Pages: 11-26

Article

Publisher ID: workorgalaboglob.6.1.0011

DOI: 10.13169/workorgalaboglob.6.1.0011

SO-VID: 0c47770c-357e-48cb-a2be-0e0da9b29247

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Sociology,Labor law,Political science,Labor & Demographic economics,Political economics

References

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[1] Aboim, S. (2007) ‘Clivagens e continuidades de género face à família em Portugal e noutros países europeus'. [Gender cleavages and continuities towards family in Portugal and in other European countries]. In K. Wall e L. Amâncio (eds.), Família e género, atitudes sociais dos Portugueses (pp.35–91) [Family and Gender in Portugal and in Europe]. Lisboa, Portugal: Imprensa de Ciências Sociais.

[2] Aboim, S. (2010) ‘Género, família e mudança em Portugal.’ [Gender, family and change in Portugal]. In K. Wall, S. Aboim & V. Cunha (coords.), A vida familiar no masculino: negociando velhas e novas masculinidades[Family life in maculine: negotiating old and new masculinities] . Lisboa, Portugal: CITE:39–66.

[3] Amâncio, L. (2007)‘Género e divisão do trabalho doméstico – o caso português em perspectiva’. [Gender and domestic work division – perspectives on the Portuguese situation]. In K. Wall e L. Amâncio (eds.), Família e género, atitudes sociais dos Portugueses (pp.181–210) [Family and Gender in Portugal and in Europe]. Lisboa, Portugal: Imprensa de Ciências Sociais.

[4] Andrade, C. & S. Bould (2012) ‘Child-care burden and intentions to have a second child: effects of perceived justice in the division of child-care’, International Review of Sociology , Vol. 22, No. 1.

[5] Aboim, S. (2007) ‘Clivagens e continuidades de género face à família em Portugal e noutros países europeus'. [Gender cleavages and continuities towards family in Portugal and in other European countries]. In K. Wall e L. Amâncio (eds.), Família e género, atitudes sociais dos Portugueses (pp.35–91) [Family and Gender in Portugal and in Europe]. Lisboa, Portugal: Imprensa de Ciências Sociais.

[6] Aboim, S. (2010) ‘Género, família e mudança em Portugal.’ [Gender, family and change in Portugal]. In K. Wall, S. Aboim & V. Cunha (coords.), A vida familiar no masculino: negociando velhas e novas masculinidades [Family life in maculine: negotiating old and new masculinities] . Lisboa, Portugal: CITE: 39–66.

[7] Amâncio, L. (2007) ‘Género e divisão do trabalho doméstico – o caso português em perspectiva’. [Gender and domestic work division – perspectives on the Portuguese situation], in K. Wall e L. Amâncio (eds.), Família e género, atitudes sociais dos Portugueses [Family and Gender in Portugal and in Europe] . Lisbon: Imprensa de Ciências Sociais:181–210.

[8] Andrade, C. (2011) Gender, Generations and Work-Family Relations in Portugal , Saarbrücken: Lambert Academic Publishing.

[9] Barnett, R. (1998) ‘Toward a review and reconceptualisation of the work/family literature’, Genetic, Social & General Psychology Monographs , 124 (2):125–153.

[10] Bianchi, S. M., M. A. Milkie, L. C. Sayer & J. P. Robinson, (2000) ‘Is anyone doing the housework? Trends in the gender division of household labor’, Social Forces , 79:191–228.

[11] Bittman, M., P. England, L. Sayer, N. Folbre, & G. Matheson (2003) ‘When gender trumps money? Bargaining and time in the household’, American Journal of Sociology , 109:186–214.

[12] Brines, J. (1994) ‘Economic dependency, gender and the division of labor at home’, American Journal of Sociology , 100 (3):652–688.

[13] Cabral-Cardoso, C. (2003) A igualdade de oportunidades entre homens e mulheres em contexto organizacional [Equal opportunities between men and women in the organizational context] , Braga: Escola de Economia e Gestão.

[14] Coltrane, S. & M. Adams (2001) ‘Men's family work: Child –centered fathering and the sharing of domestic labor’, in R. Hertz & N. Marshall (eds.) Working families: The transformation of the American home , Los Angeles: University of California Press:72–99.

[15] Coltrane, S. (2000) ‘Research on household labour: modelling and measuring the social embeddedness of routine family work’, Journal of Marriage and the Family , 62:1208–1233.

[16] Crompton R. & C. Lyonette (2008) ‘Who does the housework? The division of labour within the home’, in A. Park, A.J. Curtice, K. Thomson, M. Phillips, M. Johnson & E. Clery (eds.) British Social Attitudes : 24th Report, London:Sage:53–80.

[17] Eurostat (2010) ‘Employment rate of adults by sex, age groups, highest level of education attained, number of children and age of youngest child’. Retrieved on 14 June 2011from http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/setupUpdateInfo.do.

[18] Famwork Research Consortium (2005) Family life and professional work: Conflict and synergy (final report). Retrieved on 30 June, 2006 from: http://www.eu-project-famwork.org.

[19] Fontaine, A., C. Andrade, M. Matias, J Gato & M. Mendonça (2007) ‘Family and work division in dual earner families in Portugal’, in I. Crespi (ed.), Gender mainstreaming and family policy in Europe: perspectives, research and debates , Milan: Vita e Pensiero.

[20] Frone, M. (2003) ‘Work-family balance’, in J. Quick & L. Tetrick (eds.) Handbook of Occupational Health Psychology , Washington, DC: American Psychological Association:143–162.

[21] Frone, M., M. Russell & M. Cooper (1992) ‘Antecedents and outcomes of work-family conflict: testing a model of the work-family interface’, Journal of Applied Psychology , 77 (1):65–78.

[22] Gerson, K. (1993) No man's land: men's changing commitments to family and work , New York: Basic Books.

[23] Gerson, K. (2002) ‘Moral dilemmas, moral strategies, and the transformation of gender: Lessons from two generations of work and family change’, Gender and Society , 16 (1):8–28.

[24] Greenhaus, J. & N. Beutell (1985) ‘Sources of conflict between work and family roles’, Academy of Management Review , 10 (1):76–88.

[25] Greenhaus, J. & G. Powell (2003) ‘When work and family collide: decide between competing role demands’, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , 90:291–303.

[26] Greenstein, T. (1996) ‘Husbands' participation in domestic labor: Interactive effects of wives' and husbands' “gender ideologies”’, Journal of Marriage and the Family , 58:585–595.

[27] Grzywacz, J. & N. Marks (2000) ‘Reconceptualizing the work-family interface: an ecological perspective on the correlates of positive and negative spillover between work and family’, Journal of Occupational Health Psychology , 5 (1):111–126.

[28] Guerreiro, M. & P. Abrantes (2007) Transições Incertas: Os Jovens Perante o Trabalho e a Família, [Uncertain Transitions: Young Adults in Work and Family] , Lisbon: CITE.

[29] Guerreiro, M. & H. Carvalho (2007) ‘O stress na relação trabalho-família: Uma análise comparativa’ [Stress in the work-family relation: A comparative analysis], in K. Wall, & L. Amâncio (eds.) Família e Género em Portugal e na Europa [Family and Gender in Portugal and in Europe], Lisbon: Imprensa de Ciências Sociais: 93–128.

[30] Gupta, S. (1999) ‘The effects of transitions in marital status on men's performance of housework’, Journal of Marriage and the Family, 61:700–711.

[31] Haddock, S., S. Ziemba, T. Zimmerman & L. Current (2001) ‘Ten adaptive strategies for family and work balance: Advice from successful families’, Journal of Marital and Family Therapy , 27 (4):445–458.

[32] Hochschild, A. & A. Machung (1999) The Second Shift: Working Parents and Revolution at Home , New York: Avon.

[33] INE (2010) Estatísticas do emprego e da população [Employment and Population Statistics] . Retrieved on 20 June, 2011 from http://www.pordata.pt/.

[34] Kirchmeyer, C. (1992) ‘Perceptions of nonwork-to-work spillover: Challenging the common view of conflict-ridden domain relationships’, Basic and Applied Psychology , 13 (2):231–249.

[35] Kluwer, E. (1998) ‘Responses to gender inequality in the division of family work: The status quo effect’, Social Justice Research , 11 (3):337–357.

[36] Kossek, E. & Ozeki, C. (1998) ‘Work-family conflict, policies and the job-life satisfaction relationship: A review and directions for organizational behaviour-human resources research’, Journal of Applied Psychology , 83 (2):139–149.

[37] Kroska, A. (2003) ‘Investigating gender differences in the meaning of household chores and childcare’, Journal of Marriage and Family , 65 (2):456–473.

[38] Larsen, T. & J. Hadlow (2003) Multi-Career Families, Work and Care in Finland, France, Italy, Portugal and the UK . Retrieved on 12 September, 2011 from: http://www.uta.fi/laitokset/sostut/soccare/report3.pdf.

[39] Major, B. (1993) ‘Gender, entitlement and the distribution of family labor’, Journal of Social Issues , 49:141–159.

[40] Matias, M. & A. M. Fontaine (2011a) ‘The Role of Gender When Family Intersects Work: Conflict or Facilitation?,’ Psicologia, Educação e Cultura , 25 (2):337–354.

[41] Matias, M. & A. M. Fontaine (2011b) ‘Managing Multiple Roles: Development of the Work-Family Strategies Scale’, Paper presented at the Community, Work and Family International Conference, Tampere, Finland.

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