IT firms&apos; working time (de)regulation model: a by-product of risk management strategy and project-based work management

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Work Organisation, Labour and Globalisation

Volume 7, Issue 1

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IT firms' working time (de)regulation model: a by-product of risk management strategy and project-based work management

research-article

Author(s): Marie-Josée Legault

Publication date (Print): Summer 2013

Journal: Work Organisation, Labour and Globalisation

Publisher: Pluto Journals

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Abstract

This paper, based on 140 interviews carried out in two case studies in Montreal over the past decade, builds on previous research results demonstrating the existence of unlimited unpaid overtime among videogame developers and software designers. It uses the two case studies to illustrate an emerging workplace regulation model based on unacknowledged unlimited and unpaid overtime. It argues that this model stems from the combination of information technology firms' risk management strategy with project-based working as an organisation mode and is closely tied to the high international mobility of both capital and workforce. This paper focuses just on the (de)regulation of working time, but it opens up a path to account theoretically for the (de)regulation of work more generally in an expanding sector of the workforce: ‘new professionals’ in knowledge work.

Content

Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (doi): 10.13169

Journal ID (publisher-id): workorgalaboglob

Title: Work Organisation, Labour and Globalisation

Publisher: Pluto Journals

ISSN (Print): 1745641X

ISSN (Electronic): 17456428

Publication date (Print): Summer 2013

Volume: 7

Issue: 1

Pages: 76-94

Article

Publisher ID: workorgalaboglob.7.1.0076

DOI: 10.13169/workorgalaboglob.7.1.0076

SO-VID: 1171518c-506e-4b56-8fc5-c6b5caf57181

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All content is freely available without charge to users or their institutions. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission of the publisher or the author. Articles published in the journal are distributed under a http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

History

ScienceOpen disciplines: Sociology,Labor law,Political science,Labor & Demographic economics,Political economics

References

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Aronsson, G. (1999) ‘Paid by Time but Judged by Results: An Empirical Study of Unpaid Overtime’ International Journal of Employment Studies , 17(1):1–15.
Beauchamp M. (2010) Lemploi dans l'industrie du jeu électronique au Québec en 2010. Un portrait sommaire de la situation , Report, Techocompétences, comité sectoriel de la main-d'œuvre en technologies de l'information et des communications, Accessed on March 3, 2013 from: http://www.technocompetences.qc.ca/apropostic/etudes.
Benoît, A. (2006) Étude des liens entre le rapport à la paternité et le rapport au temps dans la conciliation entre la vie professionnelle et la vie privée , Master thesis, Université du Québec à Montréal, dept of sociology.
Bethke, E. (2003) Game development and production , Texas: Wordware Publishing.
Burke, R.J. & L. Fiksenbaum (2009) ‘Work Motivations, Work Outcomes, and Health: Passion Versus Addiction’ Journal of Business Ethics , 84:257–263.
Campbell, I. (2002) ‘Snatching at the wind? Unpaid overtime and Trade Unions in Australia’, International Journal of Employment Studies , 10(2):109–156.
Castells, M. (2001) The Internet galaxy: Reflections on the Internet, Business, and Society , New York: Oxford University Press.
Chandler, H.M. (2009) The Game Production Handbook , (2nd ed.) Hingham: Infinity Science Press.
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Chasserio, S. & M.J. Legault (2009) ‘Strategic human resources management is irrelevant when it comes to highly skilled professionals in the Canadian new economy!’, International Journal of Human Resource Management , 20(5):1113–1131.
Chasserio, S. & M.J. Legault (2010) ‘Discretionary Power of project managers in knowledge intensive firms and gender issues’, Revue canadienne des sciences administratives – Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences , 27(3):236–248.
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Clegg, S. & D. Courpasson (2004) ‘Political Hybrids: Tocquevillean Views on Project Organizations’ Journal of Management Studies , 41(4):525–547.
Conference Board of Canada (2009) Working 9 to 9: Overtime Practices in Canadian Organizations , Report, Accessed on March 3, 2013 from: http://www.conferenceboard.ca/documents.aspx?.
Corbeil, V. (2011) Diagnostic sectoriel de la main-d'œuvre du secteur des technologies de l'information et des communications, 2011 , Report, TECHNOCompétences, Comité sectoriel de main-d'œuvre en technologies de l'information et des communications, Accessed on March 3, 2013 from: www.technocompetences.qc.ca.
DePeuter, G. & N. Dyer-Witheford (2005) ‘A Playful Multitude? Mobilising and Counter-Mobilising Immaterial Game Labour’, FibreCulture Journal (5), Accessed on March 3, 2013 from: http://journal.fibreculture.org/issue5/depeuter_dyerwitheford.html.
Deuze, M., M.C. Bowen & C. Allen (2007) ‘The professional identity of Gameworkers’. International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies , 13(4):335–353.
Donaldson, T. & L.E. Preston (1995) ‘The Stakeholder Theory of the Corporation: Concepts, Evidence, and Implications’, Academy of Management Review , 20(1):71.
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Dyer-Witheford, N. (2005) ‘Digital Poetics in the Vernacular: The Political Economy of Canada's Videogame Industry’, Digipopo/Public 31, Accessed on March 3, 2013 from: http://www.digipopo.org/content/digital-poetics-in-the-vernacular-the-political-economy-of-canadas-videogame-industry?pg=4.
Dyer-Witheford, N. & G. DePeuter (2006) ‘“EA Spouse” and the crisis of video game labour: enjoyment, exclusion, exploitation, exodus’, Canadian Journal of Communication , 31:599–617.
Ekstedt, E., R.A. Lundin, A. Söderholm & H. Wirdenius (1999) Neo-Industrial Organizing: Action, Knowledge Formation and Renewal in a Project-Intensive Economy , London: Routledge.
Entertainment Software Association of Canada (ESAC) (2011) Canada's Entertainment Software Industry in 2011 , Secor Consulting, Canada.
Fahey, R. (2012) ‘Stock Ticker: Why EA's Market Valuation Has Crashed’, Accessed on March 3, 2013 from: http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2012-06-21-stock-ticker-why-eas-market-valuation-has-crashed?utm_source=newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=us-daily.
Florida, R. (2002) The rise of the creative class. And how it's transforming work, leisure and everyday life , New York: Basic books.
Fournier, V. (1999) ‘The appeal to “professionalism” as a disciplinary mechanism’. The Sociological Review , 47(2):280–307.
Freeman, R.E. (1984) Strategic Management: A stakeholder approach , Boston: Pitman.
Friedman, A.L. & S. Miles (2002) ‘Developing Stakeholder Theory’, Journal of Management Studies , 39(1):1–21.
Gale, A. & S. Carwright (1995) ‘Women in project management: Entry into a male domain? A discussion on gender and organizational culture', Part 1, Leadership and Organization Development Journal , 16(2):3–8.
Gill, R. (2002) ‘Cool, creative and egalitarian? Exploring gender in project-based new media work in Europe’, Information, Communication and Society , 5(1):70–89.
Hobday, M. (2000) ‘The project-based organisation: an ideal form for managing complex products and systems?’, Research Policy , 29:871–893.
Hodgson, D.E. (2002) ‘Disciplining the professional: the case of project management’, Journal of Management Studies , 39(6):803–821.
Hodgson, D.E. (2004) ‘Project Work: The Legacy of Bureaucratic Control in the Post-Bureaucratic Organization’, Organization , 11(1):81–100.
International Game Developers Association (IGDA) (2004) Quality of Life in the Game Industry. Challenges and Best Practices , Report. Accessed on March 3, 2013 from : http://www.igda.org.
Kuchlich, J. (2005) ‘Precarious Playbour: Modders and the Digital Games Industry’, Fiberculture , 3(5). Accessed on March 3, 2013 from: http://journal.fibreculture.org/issue5/depeuter_dyerwitheford.html.
Lapayre, N. (2009) ‘La dialectique autonomie / contrôle dans le management par projet’, Interventions économiques , 40, Accessed on March 3, 2013 from: http://www.teluq.uquebec.ca/pls/inteco/rie.entree?vno_revue=1.
Lapointe, P.A. (2005) ‘Paradoxes et évolution récente du travail dans la société post-industrielle’, In Le travail tentaculaire , eds G. Laflamme & P. A. Lapointe, Québec: Presses de l'Université Laval:7–29.
Legault, M.J. & H. Belarbi-Basbous (2006) ‘Gestion par projets et santé mentale au travail dans la nouvelle économie’, Perspectives interdisciplinaires sur le travail et la santé (PISTES) 8(1). Accessed on 4 July, 2012 from: http//www.unites.uqam.ca/pistes.
Legault, M.J. & G. Bellemare (2008) ‘Theoretical issues with new actors and emergent modes of labour regulation’, Relations industrielles –Industrial Relations , 63(4):742–768.
Legault, M.J. & S. Chasserio (2012) ‘Professionalization, risk transfer, and the effect on gender gap in project management’, International Journal of Project Management , 30(6):697–707.
Legault, M.J. & K. Ouellet (2012) ‘So into it they forget what time it is? Video game designers and unpaid overtime’, D. Jemielniak & A. Marks, eds. Managing Dynamic Technology-Oriented Business: High-Tech Organizations and Workplaces , Hershey: IGI Global:82–102.
Legault, M.J. & J. Weststar (2012) ‘The Capacity for Mobilization in Project-Based Cultural Work: A Case of the Video Game Industry’, unpublished paper.
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O'Dell, C. & J.J. Grayson (1998) ‘If only we knew what we know: Identification and transfer of international best practices’, California Management Review , 40(3):154–174.
Packendorff, J. (1995) ‘Inquiring into the temporary organization: new directions for project management research’, Scandinavian Journal of Management , 11(4):319–33.
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Sewell, G. (1998) ‘The Discipline of Teams: The Control of Team-Based Industrial Work Through Electronic and Peer Surveillance’, Administrative Science Quarterly , 43(2):397–428.
Singh, V. & S. Vinnicombe (2000)‘What does “commitment” really mean? Views of UK and Swedish engineering managers’, Personnel Review , 29(2):228–258.
Shumacher, L. (2006) ‘Immaterial fordism: The paradox of game industry labour’, Work, organisation, labour and globalisation 1(1):144–155.
Standish (2009) Standish chaos report. We are successful in repeating our failures , Accessed on March 3, 2013 from: http://blogs.msoftwaredevelopern.com/b/dannawi/archive/2009/05/15/2009-standish-chaos-report-we-are-successful-in-the-failure.aspx.
Sydow, J., L. Lindkvist & R. DeFilippi (2004) ‘Project-Based Organizations, Embeddedness and Repositories of Knowledge’, Organization Studies , 25(9):1475–1489.
Tremblay, M. & T. Wils (2005) ‘La mobilisation des ressources humaines: une stratégie de rassemblement des énergies de chacun pour le bien de tous’, Gestion , 30(2):37–49.
Watts, J.H. (2009) ‘“Allowed into a Man's World” Meanings of Work-Life Balance: Perspectives of Women Civil Engineers as Minority Workers in Construction’, Gender, Work and Organization , 16(1):37–57.

Comments

Comment on this article

[1] Alliance Numérique (2008) Étude de positionnement de l'industrie du jeu interactif au Québec , Report, Montréal: SECOR.

[2] Anderson-Gough, F., C. Grey & K. Robson (2000) ‘In the name of the client: The service ethic in two professional services firms’, Human Relations , 53(9):1151–1174.

[3] Appay, B. (2005) La dictature du succès. Le paradoxe de l'autonomie contrôlée et de la précarisation , Paris: L'Harmattan.

[4] Aronsson, G. (1999) ‘Paid by Time but Judged by Results: An Empirical Study of Unpaid Overtime’ International Journal of Employment Studies , 17(1):1–15.

[5] Beauchamp M. (2010) Lemploi dans l'industrie du jeu électronique au Québec en 2010. Un portrait sommaire de la situation , Report, Techocompétences, comité sectoriel de la main-d'œuvre en technologies de l'information et des communications, Accessed on March 3, 2013 from: http://www.technocompetences.qc.ca/apropostic/etudes.

[6] Benoît, A. (2006) Étude des liens entre le rapport à la paternité et le rapport au temps dans la conciliation entre la vie professionnelle et la vie privée , Master thesis, Université du Québec à Montréal, dept of sociology.

[7] Bethke, E. (2003) Game development and production , Texas: Wordware Publishing.

[8] Burke, R.J. & L. Fiksenbaum (2009) ‘Work Motivations, Work Outcomes, and Health: Passion Versus Addiction’ Journal of Business Ethics , 84:257–263.

[9] Campbell, I. (2002) ‘Snatching at the wind? Unpaid overtime and Trade Unions in Australia’, International Journal of Employment Studies , 10(2):109–156.

[10] Castells, M. (2001) The Internet galaxy: Reflections on the Internet, Business, and Society , New York: Oxford University Press.

[11] Chandler, H.M. (2009) The Game Production Handbook , (2nd ed.) Hingham: Infinity Science Press.

[12] Chartrand-Beauregard, J. & S. Gingras (2005) Léconomie du savoir au Québec . Report to the Department of economical development, innovation and exportation, government of Québec. Accessed on March 3, 2013 from: http://www.mdeie.gouv.qc.ca/fileadmin/contenu/publications/etudes_statistiques/innovation/economie_savoir.pdf.

[13] Chasserio, S. & M.J. Legault (2009) ‘Strategic human resources management is irrelevant when it comes to highly skilled professionals in the Canadian new economy!’, International Journal of Human Resource Management , 20(5):1113–1131.

[14] Chasserio, S. & M.J. Legault (2010) ‘Discretionary Power of project managers in knowledge intensive firms and gender issues’, Revue canadienne des sciences administratives – Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences , 27(3):236–248.

[15] Chung, E. (2005) ‘Dream jobs in hell’, Toronto Star , 15, August, C6.

[16] Cicmil, S. & D. Hodgson (2006) ‘Introduction’ S. Cicmil & D. Hodgson (eds) Making Projects Critical , London: Palgrave, 1–25.

[17] Clegg, S. & D. Courpasson (2004) ‘Political Hybrids: Tocquevillean Views on Project Organizations’ Journal of Management Studies , 41(4):525–547.

[18] Conference Board of Canada (2009) Working 9 to 9: Overtime Practices in Canadian Organizations , Report, Accessed on March 3, 2013 from: http://www.conferenceboard.ca/documents.aspx?.

[19] Corbeil, V. (2011) Diagnostic sectoriel de la main-d'œuvre du secteur des technologies de l'information et des communications, 2011 , Report, TECHNOCompétences, Comité sectoriel de main-d'œuvre en technologies de l'information et des communications, Accessed on March 3, 2013 from: www.technocompetences.qc.ca.

[20] DePeuter, G. & N. Dyer-Witheford (2005) ‘A Playful Multitude? Mobilising and Counter-Mobilising Immaterial Game Labour’, FibreCulture Journal (5), Accessed on March 3, 2013 from: http://journal.fibreculture.org/issue5/depeuter_dyerwitheford.html.

[21] Deuze, M., M.C. Bowen & C. Allen (2007) ‘The professional identity of Gameworkers’. International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies , 13(4):335–353.

[22] Donaldson, T. & L.E. Preston (1995) ‘The Stakeholder Theory of the Corporation: Concepts, Evidence, and Implications’, Academy of Management Review , 20(1):71.

[23] Dosani, F. (2001) When the true costs are added up , Roger Seasons blog, Accessed on March 3, 2013 from: http://www.galorath.com/wp/software-project-failure-costs-billions-better-estimation-planning-can-help.php.

[24] Dyer-Witheford, N. (2005) ‘Digital Poetics in the Vernacular: The Political Economy of Canada's Videogame Industry’, Digipopo/Public 31, Accessed on March 3, 2013 from: http://www.digipopo.org/content/digital-poetics-in-the-vernacular-the-political-economy-of-canadas-videogame-industry?pg=4.

[25] Dyer-Witheford, N. & G. DePeuter (2006) ‘“EA Spouse” and the crisis of video game labour: enjoyment, exclusion, exploitation, exodus’, Canadian Journal of Communication , 31:599–617.

[26] Ekstedt, E., R.A. Lundin, A. Söderholm & H. Wirdenius (1999) Neo-Industrial Organizing: Action, Knowledge Formation and Renewal in a Project-Intensive Economy , London: Routledge.

[27] Entertainment Software Association of Canada (ESAC) (2011) Canada's Entertainment Software Industry in 2011 , Secor Consulting, Canada.

[28] Fahey, R. (2012) ‘Stock Ticker: Why EA's Market Valuation Has Crashed’, Accessed on March 3, 2013 from: http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2012-06-21-stock-ticker-why-eas-market-valuation-has-crashed?utm_source=newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=us-daily.

[29] Florida, R. (2002) The rise of the creative class. And how it's transforming work, leisure and everyday life , New York: Basic books.

[30] Fournier, V. (1999) ‘The appeal to “professionalism” as a disciplinary mechanism’. The Sociological Review , 47(2):280–307.

[31] Freeman, R.E. (1984) Strategic Management: A stakeholder approach , Boston: Pitman.

[32] Friedman, A.L. & S. Miles (2002) ‘Developing Stakeholder Theory’, Journal of Management Studies , 39(1):1–21.

[33] Gale, A. & S. Carwright (1995) ‘Women in project management: Entry into a male domain? A discussion on gender and organizational culture', Part 1, Leadership and Organization Development Journal , 16(2):3–8.

[34] Gill, R. (2002) ‘Cool, creative and egalitarian? Exploring gender in project-based new media work in Europe’, Information, Communication and Society , 5(1):70–89.

[35] Hobday, M. (2000) ‘The project-based organisation: an ideal form for managing complex products and systems?’, Research Policy , 29:871–893.

[36] Hodgson, D.E. (2002) ‘Disciplining the professional: the case of project management’, Journal of Management Studies , 39(6):803–821.

[37] Hodgson, D.E. (2004) ‘Project Work: The Legacy of Bureaucratic Control in the Post-Bureaucratic Organization’, Organization , 11(1):81–100.

[38] International Game Developers Association (IGDA) (2004) Quality of Life in the Game Industry. Challenges and Best Practices , Report. Accessed on March 3, 2013 from : http://www.igda.org.

[39] Kuchlich, J. (2005) ‘Precarious Playbour: Modders and the Digital Games Industry’, Fiberculture , 3(5). Accessed on March 3, 2013 from: http://journal.fibreculture.org/issue5/depeuter_dyerwitheford.html.

[40] Lapayre, N. (2009) ‘La dialectique autonomie / contrôle dans le management par projet’, Interventions économiques , 40, Accessed on March 3, 2013 from: http://www.teluq.uquebec.ca/pls/inteco/rie.entree?vno_revue=1.

[41] Lapointe, P.A. (2005) ‘Paradoxes et évolution récente du travail dans la société post-industrielle’, In Le travail tentaculaire , eds G. Laflamme & P. A. Lapointe, Québec: Presses de l'Université Laval:7–29.

[42] Legault, M.J. & H. Belarbi-Basbous (2006) ‘Gestion par projets et santé mentale au travail dans la nouvelle économie’, Perspectives interdisciplinaires sur le travail et la santé (PISTES) 8(1). Accessed on 4 July, 2012 from: http//www.unites.uqam.ca/pistes.

[43] Legault, M.J. & G. Bellemare (2008) ‘Theoretical issues with new actors and emergent modes of labour regulation’, Relations industrielles –Industrial Relations , 63(4):742–768.

[44] Legault, M.J. & S. Chasserio (2012) ‘Professionalization, risk transfer, and the effect on gender gap in project management’, International Journal of Project Management , 30(6):697–707.

[45] Legault, M.J. & K. Ouellet (2012) ‘So into it they forget what time it is? Video game designers and unpaid overtime’, D. Jemielniak & A. Marks, eds. Managing Dynamic Technology-Oriented Business: High-Tech Organizations and Workplaces , Hershey: IGI Global:82–102.

[46] Legault, M.J. & J. Weststar (2012) ‘The Capacity for Mobilization in Project-Based Cultural Work: A Case of the Video Game Industry’, unpublished paper.

[47] Legault, M.J. & J. Weststar (2012) Quality of Life in the Game Industry, report of the Quality of Life survey 2009 , Accessed on March 3, 2013 from: gameqol.org.

[48] Lindgren, M. & J. Packendorff (2006) ‘What's New in New Forms of Organizing? On the Construction of Gender in Project-Based Work’, Journal of Management Studies , 43(4):841–66.

[49] McGuire, M. & O.C. Jenkins (2009) Creating Games: Mechanics, Content, and Technology , Wellesley: AK Peters.

[50] Maylor, H., T. Brady, T. Cooke-Davies & D. Hodgson (2006) ‘From projectification to programmification’, International Journal of Project Management , 24(8):663–674.

[51] O'Dell, C. & J.J. Grayson (1998) ‘If only we knew what we know: Identification and transfer of international best practices’, California Management Review , 40(3):154–174.

[52] Packendorff, J. (1995) ‘Inquiring into the temporary organization: new directions for project management research’, Scandinavian Journal of Management , 11(4):319–33.

[53] Perrons, D. (2003) ‘The new economy and work-life balance: Conceptual explorations and a case study of new media’, Gender, Work and Organization , 10(1):65–93.

[54] Project Management Institute (2011) About project management , Accessed on March 3, 2013 from: http://www.pmi-jo.org/public/English.aspx?Lang=3&Page_Id=211.

[55] Reich, R.B. (2002) The future of success: Working and living in the new economy , Toronto: Random House.

[56] Ross, A. (2009) Nice work if you can get it. Life and Labor in Precarious Times , New York: New York University Press.

[57] Sewell, G. (1998) ‘The Discipline of Teams: The Control of Team-Based Industrial Work Through Electronic and Peer Surveillance’, Administrative Science Quarterly , 43(2):397–428.

[58] Singh, V. & S. Vinnicombe (2000)‘What does “commitment” really mean? Views of UK and Swedish engineering managers’, Personnel Review , 29(2):228–258.

[59] Shumacher, L. (2006) ‘Immaterial fordism: The paradox of game industry labour’, Work, organisation, labour and globalisation 1(1):144–155.

[60] Standish (2009) Standish chaos report. We are successful in repeating our failures , Accessed on March 3, 2013 from: http://blogs.msoftwaredevelopern.com/b/dannawi/archive/2009/05/15/2009-standish-chaos-report-we-are-successful-in-the-failure.aspx.

[61] Sydow, J., L. Lindkvist & R. DeFilippi (2004) ‘Project-Based Organizations, Embeddedness and Repositories of Knowledge’, Organization Studies , 25(9):1475–1489.

[62] Tremblay, M. & T. Wils (2005) ‘La mobilisation des ressources humaines: une stratégie de rassemblement des énergies de chacun pour le bien de tous’, Gestion , 30(2):37–49.

[63] Watts, J.H. (2009) ‘“Allowed into a Man's World” Meanings of Work-Life Balance: Perspectives of Women Civil Engineers as Minority Workers in Construction’, Gender, Work and Organization , 16(1):37–57.