The Ecological Crisis, Apocalypticism, and the Internalization of Unfreedom

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Volume 11, Issue 1

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The Ecological Crisis, Apocalypticism, and the Internalization of Unfreedom

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Author(s): Saladdin Ahmed

Publication date (Print): 1 April 2020

Journal: World Review of Political Economy

Publisher: Pluto Journals

Keywords: ecological crisis, capitalism, apocalypticism, Marx, Adorno

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Abstract

Responses to the definitive evidence that the existing order of things will inevitably lead to an ecological doomsday often take one of two approaches, not counting outright deniers of climate change. The more optimistic of the two assumes that we could regain a reasonable balance of life on Earth through individual lifestyle adjustments. The second dominant approach is pessimistic to the degree of embracing apocalypticism, for it assumes the ecological catastrophe is altogether unavoidable. In either case, the capitalist system is perceived as the only possible order of things and goes unquestioned. Refuting both positions, I argue that the impending ecological catastrophe could only be avoided if collective progressive action puts an end to the capitalist modes of production. In the absence of universal movements grounded in revolutionary ecological politics, capitalism will continue to thrive not despite but because of the escalating ecological crisis. As climate change continues to make life conditions in the global south more difficult, cheap labour will become even more readily exploitable, just as the fundamental elements of life, such as clean water and air, will be increasingly commodified as they become scarcer. Unless sustained revolutionary action is undertaken to topple the capitalist relations of production, the ecological crisis will only bring about more suffering for the poor and greater benefits for the rich. The notion that small-scale changes in behaviour could reverse these trends under such circumstances is absurd, but that is not to say we should nihilistically succumb to our fate.

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Journal ID (doi): 10.2307/j50005553

Journal ID (jcode): worlrevipoliecon

Title: World Review of Political Economy

Publisher: Pluto Journals

ISSN: 2042-891X

ISSN: 2042-8928

Publication date (Print): 1 April 2020

Volume: 11

Issue: 1 ( doiID: 10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.11.issue-1 )

Pages: 115-140

Article

Publisher ID: worlrevipoliecon.11.1.0115

DOI: 10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.11.1.0115

SO-VID: 2f4eafba-9f4d-4936-9a42-eaba91ae9c6f

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Political economics

Keywords: apocalypticism,capitalism,ecological crisis,Adorno,Marx

References

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Comments

Comment on this article

[1] Adorno, T. 2005. Minima Moralia: Reflections on a Damaged Life. London: Verso Books.

[2] Anthropocene Working Group (AWG). 2019. “Results of Binding Vote by AWG.” Quaternary Stratigraphy. http://quaternary.stratigraphy.org/working-groups/anthropocene/

[3] Barry, J. 1999. “Marxism and Ecology.” In Marxism and Social Science, edited by A. Gamble, D. Marsh, and T. Tant, 259–279. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press.

[4] Blomberg, T. G. 2003. Punishment and Social Control. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.

[5] Boggs, C. 2012. Ecology and Revolution: Global Crisis and the Political Challenge. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

[6] Biehl, J. 2015. Ecology of Catastrophe: The Life of Murray Bookchin. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[7] Burç, R. 2016. “Erdogan's Plan for the Kurds: Destroy, Rebuild, Pacify.” Telesur. http://www.telesurtv.net/english/opinion/Erdogans-Plan-for-the-Kurds-Destroy-Rebuild-Pacify-20160303-0031.html.

[8] Castillo, M. 2011. “Electronic Waste: Where Does It Go and What Happens to It?” Time. http://techland.time.com/2011/01/14/electronic-waste-where-does-it-go-and-what-happens-to-it/.

[9] Chappell, B. 2018. “Michigan OKs Nestlé Water Extraction, Despite 80K+ Public Comments against It.” NPR. https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/04/03/599207550/michigan-oks-nestl-water-extraction-despite-over-80k-public-comments-against-it.

[10] Deutscher, I. 2015. The Prophet: The Life of Leon Trotsky. London: Verso Books.

[11] EPA. 2011. “Electronics Waste Management in the United States through 2009.” http://www.epa.gov/wastes/conserve/materials/ecycling/docs/fullbaselinereport2011.pdf.

[12] Foster, J. B. 1999. “Marx's Theory of Metabolic Rift: Classical Foundations for Environmental Sociology.” American Journal of Sociology 105 (2): 366–405.

[13] Foster, J. B. 2007. “The Ecology of Destruction.” Monthly Review 58 (9): 1–14.

[14] Foster, J. B. 2013. “Marx and the Rift in the Universal Metabolism of Nature.” Monthly Review 65 (7): 1–19.

[15] Foster, J. B. 2015. “Marxism and Ecology.” Monthly Review 67 (7): 1–13.

[16] Foster, J. B. 2016. “Marx's Ecology and the Left.” Monthly Review 68 (2): 1–25.

[17] Foster, J. B. 2017. “The Long Ecological Revolution.” Monthly Review 69 (6): 1–16.

[18] Foster, J. B., and P. Burkett. 2017. Marx and the Earth: An Anti-Critique. Chicago: Haymarket Books.

[19] Foster, J. B., and B. Clark. 2004. “Ecological Imperialism: The Curse of Capitalism.” The Socialist Register 40: 186–201.

[20] Foster, J. B., and B. Clark. 2018. “The Robbery of Nature: Capitalism and the Metabolic Rift.” Monthly Review 70 (3): 1–20. https://monthlyreview.org/2018/07/01/the-robbery-of-nature/.

[21] Foster, J. B., H. Holleman, and B. Clark. 2019. “Imperialism in the Anthropocene.” Monthly Review 71 (3): 70–88.

[22] Fukuyama, F. 1992. The End of History and The Last Man. New York: Free Press.

[23] Gallup. 2017. “U.S. Lower- and Middle-Income Consumer Spending from July 2016 to July 2017, by Month (in U.S. Dollars).” https://www.statista.com/statistics/205250/us-self-reported-lower-income-consumer-spending-by-month/.

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[25] Gorz, A. 2012. Capitalism, Socialism, Ecology. Translated by M. Chalmers. London: Verso.

[26] Hickel, J. 2018. “Why Growth Can't be Green: New Data Proves You Can Support Capitalism or the Environment—But It's Hard to Do Both.” Foreign Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/09/12/why-growth-cant-be-green/.

[27] Human Rights Watch. 2016. “Make It Safe: Canada's Obligation to End the First Nations Water Crisis.” https://www.hrw.org/report/2016/06/07/make-it-safe/canadas-obligation-end-first-nations-water-crisis.

[28] IMF. 2019. “The 20 Countries with the Lowest Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per Capita in 2016 (in U.S. Dollars).” https://www.statista.com/statistics/256547/the-20-countries-with-the-lowest-gdp-per-capita/.

[29] IPCC. 2018. “Global Warming of 1.5°C.” Paris: Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change. https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/chapter/chapter-2/.

[30] Jameson, F. 2003. “Future City.” New Left Review 21: 65–79.

[31] Joyce, C. 2019. “U.S. Recycling Industry Is Struggling to Figure Out a Future without China.” Michigan Radio. https://www.michiganradio.org/post/us-recycling-industry-struggling-figure-out-future-without-china.

[32] Kaneda, T., and G. Dupuis. 2017. “2017 World Population Data Sheet with Focus on Youth.” PRB. https://www.prb.org/2017-world-population-data-sheet/.

[33] Klein, N. 2007. The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism. New York: Metropolitan Books.

[34] Lenin, V. I. 1978. State and Revolution: Marxist Teaching about the Theory of the State and the Tasks of the Proletariat in the Revolution. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

[35] Li, M. 2013. “The 21st Century: Is There an Alternative (to Socialism)?” Science and Society 77 (1): 10–43.

[36] Ludden, J., and C. Joyce. 2018. “What You Need to Know about the New U.S. Climate Assessment.” GBH News, November 26. https://www.wgbh.org/news/national-news/2018/11/26/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-new-us-climate-assessment.

[37] Luxemburg, R. 2004. The Rosa Luxemburg Reader. Edited by P. Hudis and K. B. Anderson. New York: Monthly Review Press.

[38] Magdoff, F., and J. B. Foster. 2011. What Every Environmentalist Needs to Know about Capitalism: A Citizen's Guide to Capitalism and the Environment. New York: Monthly Review Press.

[39] Magdoff, F., and C. Williams. 2017. Creating an Ecological Society: Toward a Revolutionary Transformation. New York: Monthly Review.

[40] Material Flow Analysis Portal. 2018. “Global Trends of Material Use.” http://www.materialflows.net/global-trends-of-material-use/.

[41] McCarthy, J. 2019. “Less than Half in U.S. Would Vote for a Socialist for President.” https://news.gallup.com/poll/254120/less-half-vote-socialist-president.aspx.

[42] Mekonnen, M. M., and A. Y. Hoekstra. 2016. “Four Billion People Facing Severe Water Scarcity.” Science Advances 2 (2): 1–6. https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/advances/2/2/e1500323.full.pdf.

[43] Milman, O. 2018. “Ex-Nasa Scientist: 30 Years on, World Is Failing ‘Miserably’ to Address Climate Change.” The Guardian, June 19. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/jun/19/james-hansen-nasa-scientist-climate-change-warning.

[44] Patnaik, U., and P. Patnaik. 2019. “Neoliberal Capitalism at a Dead End.” Monthly Review 3: 20–31.

[45] Rubicon Project. 2016. “Average Spending on Holiday Shopping in the United Kingdom (UK) in 2015 and 2016 (in GBP per capita).” https://www.statista.com/statistics/633617/christmas-shopping-average-spending-capita-uk/.

[46] Rupert, M. 1994. “Alienation, Capitalism and the Inter-State System: Towards a Marxian/Gramscian Critique.” In Gramsci, Historical Materialism and International Relations, edited by S. Gill, 67–92. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

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[48] Shabecoff, P. 1988. “Global Warming Has Begun, Expert Tells Senate.” New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1988/06/24/us/global-warming-has-begun-expert-tells-senate.html?pagewanted=all.

[49] SIPRI. 2000. SIPRI Yearbook 2000: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security. Stockholm: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2016-03/SIPRIYB00mini.pdf.

[50] SIPRI. 2016. SIPRI Yearbook 2016: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security. Stockholm: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/YB16-Summary-ENG.pdf.

[51] Special Rapporteur on Extreme Poverty and Human Rights. 2019. Climate Change and Poverty. New York: OHCHR. https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Poverty/A_HRC_41_39.pdf.

[52] Spratt, D., and I. Dunlop. Existential Climate-Related Security Risk: A Scenario Approach. Melbourne: Breakthrough—National Centre for Climate Restoration. https://docs.wixstatic.com/ugd/148cb0_a1406e0143ac4c469196d3003bc1e687.pdf.

[53] SRC. 2019. “Planetary Boundaries Research.” The Stockholm Resilience Centre. https://www.stockholmresilience.org/research/planetary-boundaries.html.

[54] USGCRP. 2018. Impacts, Risks, and Adaptation in the United States: Fourth National Climate Assessment, vol. 2. Edited by D. R. Reidmiller, C. W. Avery, D. R. Easterling, K. E. Kunkel, K. L. M. Lewis, T. K. Maycock, and B. C. Stewart. Washington, DC: US Global Change Research Program.

[55] WGBH Educational Foundation. 2009. “China: Digital Dumping Ground.” PBS. http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/ghana804/video/video_index.html.

[56] Wilkins, M. 2018. “More Recycling Won't Solve Plastic Pollution.” Scientific American. https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/more-recycling-wont-solve-plastic-pollution/.

[57] Williams, C. 2010. Ecology and Socialism: Solutions to Capitalist Ecological Crisis. Chicago: Haymarket Books.

[58] World Bank. 2018. “GNI per Capita, Atlas Method (Current US$).” Washington, DC: World Bank. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD?locations=CD.

[59] WPB. 2019. “Population and Energy Consumption.” World Population Balance. https://www.worldpopulationbalance.org/population_energy.

[60] Xu, Y., and V. Ramanathan. 2017. “Well Below 2°C: Mitigation Strategies for Avoiding Dangerous to Catastrophic Climate Changes.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 114 (39): 10315–10323.

[61] Zenith International. 2012. “Sales Volume Growth of Bottled Water in Leading Countries Worldwide in 2011, by Country (Change to Prior Year).” https://www.statista.com/statistics/252214/bottled-water-volume-growth-by-leading-country/.

[62] Zenith International. 2014. “Bottled Water Consumption Worldwide from 2007 to 2017.” https://www.statista.com/statistics/387255/global-bottled-water-consumption/.

[63] Zink, T., and R. Geyer. 2016. “There Is No Such Thing as a Green Product.” Stanford Social Innovative Review. https://ssir.org/articles/entry/there_is_no_such_thing_as_a_green_product#.