The Politics of Modernization and the Misleading Approaches to Development

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Volume 7, Issue 2

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The Politics of Modernization and the Misleading Approaches to Development

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Author(s): Ndinawe Byekwaso

Publication date (Print): Summer 2016

Journal: World Review of Political Economy

Publisher: Pluto Journals

Keywords: politics of modernization, misleading notions of development, destruction of local productive capacity, Third World countries, Uganda

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Abstract

This article deconstructs the theory of modernization and argues that the theory is a political propaganda to mislead the people of Third World countries; the social transformation the theory advocates is not for the development of Third World countries. Instead, modernization is actually gradually destroying the local productive capacity, while cultivating the Western individualism in the South. In Uganda, the policies to bring about modernization under economic reform have made the economy to be dominated by a service sector that neither creates ample employment opportunities nor earns foreign exchange for the country. They have undermined manufacturing and agriculture, and as a result, a large percentage of the population is experiencing food insecurity. The article concludes by arguing that Uganda should have learnt from China's self-determined reforms and China should also learn from Uganda's experience while contemplating to adopt further reforms under foreign pressure.

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Journal

Journal ID (doi): 10.13169

Journal ID (publisher-id): worlrevipoliecon

Title: World Review of Political Economy

Publisher: Pluto Journals

ISSN (Print): 2042891X

ISSN (Electronic): 20428928

Publication date (Print): Summer 2016

Volume: 7

Issue: 2

Pages: 285-312

Article

Publisher ID: worlrevipoliecon.7.2.0285

DOI: 10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.7.2.0285

SO-VID: 90c61185-d5e5-4f06-a156-502c0d9b975f

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History

References

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Briggs, B. R. 2009. “Issues Affecting Ugandan Indigenous Entrepreneurship in Trade.” African Journal of Business Management 3 (12): 786–97.
Burkey, S. 1993. People First: A Guide to Self-Reliant, Participatory Rural Development . London: Zed Books.
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Macarov, D. 2003. What the Market Does to People: Privatization, Globalization and Poverty . London: Zed Books.
Machpherson, C. B. 1962. The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: Hobbes to Locke . Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Maddox, G. 1996. Australian Democracy in Theory and Practice . Melbourne: Longman.
Mamdani, M. 1976. Politics and Class Formation in Uganda . Kampala: Fountain.
Mamdani, M. 1996. Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism . Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Mandel, E. (1968) 1977. Marxist Economic Theory . New York: Monthly Review.
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Mugambe, K. 2010. “The Poverty Eradication Plan.” In Uganda's Economic Reforms: Insider Accounts , edited by F. Kuteesa, E. Tumusiime-Mutebile, A. Whitworth, and T. Williamson, 157–71. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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Comments

Comment on this article

[1] Ake, C. 1981. A Political Economy of Africa . Harlow: Longman.

[2] Akello, J. 2011. “High Food Prices Hamper Poverty Eradication Efforts.” Uganda Debt Network Policy Review Newsletter 11: 3–4.

[3] Akram-Lodhi, A. H., and C. Kay. 2009. “The Agrarian Question: Peasants and Rural Change.” In Peasants and Globalization: Political Economy, Rural Transformation and the Agrarian Question , edited by A. H. Akram-Lodhi and C. Kay, 3–34. New York: Routledge.

[4] Asiimwe, S. P. 2011. “Peasantry Struggles and Agriculture Modernization in Uganda: The Failed Attempt at Agriculture Transformation for Development.” Master's diss., Institute of Social Studies.

[5] Bellu, L. G. 2011. “Development and Development Paradigms: A (Reasoned) Review of Prevailing Visions.” FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization). Accessed May 31, 2015. www.fao.org/easypol/.

[6] Berger, G. (1992) 2008. Social Structure and Rural Development in the Third World . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[7] Biryabarema, E. 2015. “Crossing the Line: Uganda's Far-Flung Troops: Politics and Personal Ambition Fuel the Risky Adventures Abroad of This East African Nation's Army.” Good Governance Africa, February 1.

[8] Borras, S. M., R. Hall, I. Scoones, B. White, and W. Wolford. 2011. “Towards a Better Understanding of Global Land Grabbing: An Editorial Introduction.” The Journal of Peasant Studies 38 (2): 209–16.

[9] Briggs, B. R. 2009. “Issues Affecting Ugandan Indigenous Entrepreneurship in Trade.” African Journal of Business Management 3 (12): 786–97.

[10] Burkey, S. 1993. People First: A Guide to Self-Reliant, Participatory Rural Development . London: Zed Books.

[11] Byaruhanga, C., M. Henstridge, and L. Kasekende. 2010. “Exchange Rate, Fiscal, and Monetary Policy.” In Uganda's Economic Reforms: Insider Accounts , edited by F. Kutesa, E. Tumusiime-Mutebile, A. Whitworth, and T. Williamson, 52–88. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[12] Byekwaso, N. 2010. “Poverty in Uganda.” Review of African Political Economy 37 (126): 517–25.

[13] Byekwaso, N. n.d.-a. “The Context of Fighting Poverty and the Process of Social Transformation in Uganda.” Accessed May 31, 2015. https://plus.google.com/105855405823260781010.

[14] Byekwaso, N. n.d.-b. “How Compressed Demand Affected Business and Economic Performance in Uganda.” Accessed May 31, 2015. https://plus.google.com/105855405823260781010.

[15] Chambers, R. (1983) 1988. Rural Development: Putting the Last First . Essex: Longman.

[16] Chang, H. 2002. Kicking Away the Ladder: Development Strategy in Historical Perspective . London: Anthem Press.

[17] Colander, D. C. (1993) 2004. Macro Economics . New York: McGraw-Hill.

[18] S., ed. 1995. Development Studies: A Reader . London: Arnold.

[19] de Rivero, O. (2001) 2003. The Myth of Development: The Non-viable Economies of the 21st Century . London: Zed Books.

[20] Goulet, D. 1996. “Development Ethics: A New Discipline.” International Journal of Social Economics 24 (11): 1160–71.

[21] The Guardian . 2016. “Glory Days of Chinese Steel Leave Behind Abandoned Mills and Broken Lives.” The Guardian , January 21.

[22] Harris, R. 1998. “Economic Governance and Poverty Eradication.” In The Challenge of Eradicating Poverty in the World: An African Response , edited by D. Carabine and M. O'reilly, 177–84. Nkozi: Uganda Martyrs University Press.

[23] Hyden, G. 1980. Beyond Ujamaa in Tanzania: Underdevelopment and Uncaptured Peasantry . Nairobi: Heinemann, 1982 impression.

[24] Hendricks, C. 2007. “Reflections on the Language and Logic of Good Governance and Its Application in the African Context.” In Debating Form and Substance in Africa's New Governance Models , edited by J. Oloka-Onyango and N. K. Muwanga, 54–73. Kampala: Fountain Publishers.

[25] Heywood, A. 1997 (2002). Politics . New York: Palgrave.

[26] Hill, M. (1997) 2005. The Public Policy Process . Essex: Pearson.

[27] Holt-Giménez, E., and T. M. Kerssen. 2015. “The World Bank's Long War on Peasants.” Accessed May 31, 2016. http://foodfirst.org/the-world-banks-long-war-on-peasants/.

[28] Isaac, M. 2010. “Prosperity for All: Myths vs Realities.” The Observer , February 21.

[29] James, V. U. 2013. “Sustainable Development.” Presentation at Nkumba University, Entebbe, March 17.

[30] Kakande, M. 2010. “Poverty Monitoring.” In Uganda's Economic Reforms: Insider Accounts , edited by F. Kuteesa, E. Tumusiime-Mutebile, A. Whitworth, and T. Williamson, 226–45. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[31] Kalyegira, T. 2015. “Can We Trust Uganda's Economic Growth Figures?” The Monitor , July 26.

[32] Kanyandago, P. 2002. “Internalist vs. Externalist Interpretations of African History and Culture.” Paper presented on international conference organized by the Society of Research on African Culture (SORAC), Montclair State University, Montclair, November 7–9.

[33] Kiiza, J. 2003. “Is Globalisation a Friend or Foe of ‘Late’ Economic Transformation?” In Postcolonial Studies in Africa . Workshop report, no. 16/2013, prepared by Yasin Olum, edited by Richard Ssewakiryanga. Accessed May 31, 2015. http://www.cbr.ug/files/downloads/Post-Colonial%20Studies%20in%20Africa.pdf.

[34] Macarov, D. 2003. What the Market Does to People: Privatization, Globalization and Poverty . London: Zed Books.

[35] Machpherson, C. B. 1962. The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: Hobbes to Locke . Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[36] Maddox, G. 1996. Australian Democracy in Theory and Practice . Melbourne: Longman.

[37] Mamdani, M. 1976. Politics and Class Formation in Uganda . Kampala: Fountain.

[38] Mamdani, M. 1996. Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism . Princeton: Princeton University Press.

[39] Mandel, E. (1968) 1977. Marxist Economic Theory . New York: Monthly Review.

[40] Martiniello, G. 2013. “Accumulation by Dispossession, Agrarian Change and Resistance in Northern Uganda.” Working paper, no. 12, Makerere Institute of Social Research (MISR). Accessed May 31, 2015. https://misr.mak.ac.ug/sites/default/files/publications/12Accumulation%20by%20Dispossession%2C%20Agrarian.pdf.

[41] Matunhu, J. 2011. “Critique of Modernization and Dependency Theories in Africa: A Critical Assessment.” African Journal of History and Culture 3 (5): 65–72. Accessed May 31, 2015. http://www.academicjournals.org/article/article1381858116_Matunhu.pdf.

[42] Mbeki, T. 2012. “The African Union at 10 Years Old: A Dream Deferred!” Accessed June 1, 2015. http://www.unisa.ac.za/contents/colleges/docs/THE%20AFRICAN%20UNION%20AT%2010%20YEARS%20OLD1%20(3)%20(Recovered).pdf.

[43] Michel, N. 2010. “Yoweri Museveni l'inusable.” Jeune Afrique , August 17.

[44] The Monitor . 2015. “Can We Trust Uganda's Economic Growth Figures?” The Monitor , July 26.

[45] Morrison, W. M. 2015. China's Economic Rise: History, Trends, Challenges, Implications for the United States . Accessed May 31, 2015. www.crs.go.

[46] Mugambe, K. 2010. “The Poverty Eradication Plan.” In Uganda's Economic Reforms: Insider Accounts , edited by F. Kuteesa, E. Tumusiime-Mutebile, A. Whitworth, and T. Williamson, 157–71. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[47] Museveni, K. Y. 2014a. “Presidents New Years Year Address.” Accessed May 31, 2015. www.statehouse.go.ug/media/news/2014/12/31.

[48] Museveni, K. Y. 2014b. “Speech Delivered to the NRM leaders and Members throughout Uganda.” Entebbe State House, September 24.

[49] Mwenda, A. 2015. “Mutebile's Revelations about 2011 Elections.” The Independent , November 24.

[50] New Vision . 2012. “State-of-the-Nation Address.” New Vision , June 8.

[51] New Vision . 2016. “23 Million Ugandans Short of Food.” New Vision , March 31.

[52] Niringiye, D. Z. 2014. “Corruption and Good Governance in Uganda: The Role of Religion.” A public lecture at Nkumba University, May 12. Accessed May 31, 2015. http://huripec.mak.ac.ug/pdfs/Monograph.pdf.

[53] Nuwagaba, A., and P. Mpuga. 2005. “Economic Growth and Urban Poverty Reduction: The Policy Challenge in Uganda.” In Confronting Twenty-First Century Challenges: Analyses and Re-dedication by National and International Scholars , vol. 2, edited by R. Mukama and Murindwa-Rutanga, 229–48. Kampala: Faculty of Social Sciences, Makerere University.

[54] Odei Ajei, M. 2007. Africa's Development: The Imperative of Indigenous Knowledge and Values . PhD diss., University of South Africa.

[55] Oxfam International. 2016. “62 People Own Same as Half the World, Reveals Oxfam Davos Report.” Accessed May 31, 2016. https://www.oxfam.org/en/pressroom/pressreleases/2016-01-18/62-people-own-same-half-world-reveals-oxfam-davos-report.

[56] Paki, F. A. E., and K. I. Ebienfa. 2014. “Peasants and Development in Society: The Case of Bayelsa State.” Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development 5 (6): 108–15.

[57] Parker, C., and P. Ryan. 2014. “The Monsanto Menace.” The Independent , January 9.

[58] Payer, C. 1982. The World Bank: A Critical Analysis . New York: Monthly Review Press.

[59] Peet, R. 2003. Unholy Trinity: The IMF, World Bank and WTO . New York and London: Zed Books.

[60] Pratschake, J. 2015. “Clearing the Minefield: State Theory and Geopolitical Economy.” World Review of Political Economy 6 (4): 459–81.

[61] Rodney, W. (1973) 1980. How Europe Underdeveloped Africa . Dar es Salaam: Tanzania Publishing House.

[62] Sabine, G. H., and T. L. Thorson. 1973. A History of Political Theory . Tokyo: Holt-Saunders Japan.

[63] Sachs, J. 2005. The End of Poverty: How We Can Make It Happen in Our Lifetime . New York: Penguin Books.

[64] Sewanyana, S., and I. Kasirye. 2011. “Addressing the Poor Nutrition of Ugandan Children.” Economic Research Centre (EPRC) Policy Brief, Kampala. Accessed June 1, 2015. https://ideas.repec.org/p/ags/eprcpb/150534.html.

[65] SSID (Secretary of State for International Development). 2006. Eliminating World Poverty: Making Governance Work for the Poor . Norwich: Crown. Accessed May 31, 2016. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/272330/6876.pdf.

[66] Sumner, A., and M. Tribe. 2008. “What Is ‘Development’?” Chap. 1 in International Development Studies: Theories and Methods in Research and Practice , edited by A. Sumner and M. A. Tribe, 9–30. London: Sage. Accessed June 1, 2015. https://us.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm-binaries/18296_5070_Sumner_Ch01.pdf.

[67] Sunday Monitor . 2013. “Honesty Is the Sure Way to Fight Poverty, Says S. Korea's Jong-Dae.” Sunday Monitor , July 14.

[68] Tandon, Y. 2008. Ending Aid Dependence . Cape Town: Fahamu–Network for Social Justice.

[69] UBoS (Uganda Bureau of Statistics). 2013. Statistical Abstract . Kampala: Uganda Bureau of Statistics.

[70] Uganda. 2000. Plan for Modernization of Agriculture: Eradicating Poverty in Uganda . Kampala: Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries; Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development, Uganda.

[71] Uganda. 2009. Background to the Budget . Kampala: Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development, Uganda.

[72] Uganda. 2013. Uganda Vision 2040: A Transformed Ugandan Society from a Peasant to a Modern Prosperous Country within 30 Years . Kampala: National Development Plan under Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development, Uganda.

[73] UNDP (United Nations Development Program). 2007. Uganda Human Development Report: Rediscovering Agriculture for Human Development . Kampala: UNDP.

[74] UNDP (United Nations Development Program). 2013. Human Development Report 2013: The Rise of the South: Human Development in a Diverse World . New York: UNDP.

[75] Watkins, K., and P. Fowler. 2004. Rigged Rules and Double Standards: Trade, Globalisation, and the Fight against Poverty . Oxford: Oxfam Publishing.

[76] WEFA (World Economic Forum Agenda). 2015. “Why Entrepreneurship Is Central to Africa's Future Prosperity.” Accessed June 1, 2015. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/02/why-entrepreneurship-is-key-to-africas-development/.

[77] Whitworth, A., and T. Williamson. 2010. “Overview of Uganda's Economic Reform Since 1986.” In Uganda's Economic Reforms: Insider Accounts , edited by F. Kutesa, E. Tumusiime-Mutebile, A. Whitworth, and T. Williamson, 1–34. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[78] Soubbotina, T. P. (with K. A. Sherman). 2000. “What Is Development?” Chap. 1 in Beyond Economic Growth: Meeting the Challenges of Development . Washington, DC: The World Bank. Accessed June 1, 2015. http://www.worldbank.org/depweb/beyond/beyondco/beg_all.pdf.

[79] Xiang, Q. 2015. “Acceptance Speech for World Marxian Economics Award.” World Review of Political Economy 6 (4): 574–77.

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