Capitalist Development and Agrarian Change on the Latin American Periphery

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World Review of Political Economy

Volume 9, Issue 2

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Capitalist Development and Agrarian Change on the Latin American Periphery

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Author(s): Raúl Delgado Wise , Henry Veltmeyer

Publication date (Print): Summer 2018

Journal: World Review of Political Economy

Publisher: Pluto Journals

Keywords: monopoly capital, agribusiness, patenting, extractive capitalism, resistance

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Abstract

We are witnessing today a new phase in the national and global development of the productive forces where intellectual property and ownership of patents has become a key component of the imperialist system of domination under the aegis of neoliberal capitalism. This article explores the implications of this development for the agricultural sector and seeks to unravel fundamental features of the restructuring and capitalist development process involved, with particular reference to the new geoeconomics of capital (the evolution of extractive capitalism) in Latin America.

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Journal

Journal ID (doi): 10.13169

Journal ID (publisher-id): worlrevipoliecon

Title: World Review of Political Economy

Publisher: Pluto Journals

ISSN (Print): 2042891X

ISSN (Electronic): 20428928

Publication date (Print): Summer 2018

Volume: 9

Issue: 2

Pages: 211-234

Article

Publisher ID: worlrevipoliecon.9.2.0211

DOI: 10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.9.2.0211

SO-VID: 4408d783-1ace-42d7-a29f-6448f17d2c9f

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All content is freely available without charge to users or their institutions. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission of the publisher or the author. Articles published in the journal are distributed under a http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

History

References

Acosta, A. 2012. Buen Vivir. Sumak Kawsay. Una Oportunidad para Imaginar Otros Mundos [Living Well: An Opportunity to Imagine Other Worlds]. Quito: AbyaYala.
Aguirre Rojas, C. 2008. Mandar Obedeciendo. Las Lecciones Políticas del Neozapatismo Mexicano [To Lead by Following: Political Lessons of Neo-Zapatism]. Mexico: Contrahistorias. La otra mirada de Clío.
Amin, S. 2013. The Implosion of Capitalism . London: Pluto Press.
Araghi, F. 2010. “Accumulation by Displacement: Global Enclosures, Food Crisis, and the Ecological Contradictions of Capitalism.” Review 34 (1): 113–146.
Arocena, R., and J. Sutz. 2005. “Innovation Systems and Developing Countries.” DRUID Working Paper, No. 02–05. Aalborg: Danish Research Unit for Industrial Dynamics.
Barkin, D., and A. Sánchez. 2017. “The Collective Revolutionary Subject: New Forms of Social Transformation.” Unedited paper presented at “Revolutions: A Conference,” Geopolitical Economy Research Group (GERG), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada, September 29-October 1.
Barkin, D., M. Fuente, and M. Rosas. 2009. “Tradición e Innovación. Aportaciones Campesinas en la Orientación de la Innovación Tecnológica para Forjar Sustentabilidad” [Tradition and Innovation Peasant Contributions in the Orientation of Technological Innovation to Forge Sustainability]. Trayectorias 11 (29): 39–54.
Borras, S. M., Jr., and J. C. Franco. 2012. “Global Land Grabbing and Trajectories of Agrarian Change: A Preliminary Analysis.” Journal of Agrarian Change 12 (1): 34–59.
Bruche, G. 2009. “The Emergence of China and India as New Competitors in MNCs' Innovation Networks.” Competition and Change 13 (3): 199–213.
Burbach, R. 1994. “Roots of the Postmodern Rebellion in Chiapas.” New Left Review I/205 (May-June): 113–125.
Chesbrough, H. 2008. “Open Innovation: A New Paradigm for Understanding Industrial Innovation.” In Open Innovation: Researching a New Paradigm , edited by H. Chesbrough, W. Vanhaverbeke, and J. West, 1–14. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Cotula, L., N. Dyer, and S. Vermeulen. 2008. Fuel Exclusion? The Biofuel Boom and the Poor's Access to Land . London: International Institute for Environment and Development.
De Castro, F., B. Hogenboom, and M. Baud. 2016. Environmental Governance in Latin America: Conflicts, Projects and Possibilities . London: Palgrave Macmillan.
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Delgado Wise, R., and M. Chávez. 2016. “Patentad: Apuntes Sobre la Apropiación del Trabajo Científico por las Grandes Corporaciones Multinacionales” [Patenting: Notes on the Appropriation of Scientific Work by Large Multinational Corporations]. Observatorio del Desarrollo 4 (15): 22–30.
Delgado Wise, R., and H. Veltmeyer. 2016. Agrarian Change, Migration and Development . Halifax, Canada: Fernwood Publications.
Ezquerro-Cañete, A. 2016. “Poisoned, Dispossessed and Excluded: A Critique of the Neoliberal Soy Regime in Paraguay.” Journal of Agrarian Change 16 (4): 702–710.
Foladori, G. 2014. “Ciencia Ficticia” [Fictitious Science]. Estudios Críticos del Desarrollo IV (7): 41–66.
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Giarracca, N., and M. Teubal. 2014. “Argentina: Extractivist Dynamics of Soy Production and Open-Pit Mining.” In The New Extractivism , edited by H. Veltmeyer and J. Petras, 47–89. London: Zed Books.
Gudynas, E. 2013a. “Postextractivismo y Alternativas al Desarrollo desde la Dociedad Civil” [Postextractivism and Alternatives to Development From Civil Society]. In Alternativas al Capitalismo. Colonialismo del Siglo XXI [Alternatives to Capitalism: Colonialism of the 21st Century], edited by GPTAD, 189–224. Quito: Ediciones Abya Yala.
Gudynas, E. 2013b. “Debates on Development and Its Alternatives in Latin America: A Brief Heterodox Guide.” In Beyond Development: Alternative Visions from Latin America , edited by M. Lang, L. Fernando, and N. Buxton, 15–39. Amsterdam: Transnational institute.
Gutiérrez Escobar, L., and E. Fitting. 2016. “Red de Semillas Libres: Crítica a la Biohegemonía en Colombia” [Free Seed Network: Critique of Biohegemony in Colombia]. Estudios Críticos del Desarrollo VI (11): 85–106.
Harvey, D. 2005. A Brief History of Neoliberalism . Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kay, C. 2008. “Reflections on Latin American Rural Studies in the Neoliberal Globalization Period: A New Rurality?” Development and Change 39 (6): 915–943.
Lapegna, P., and G. Otero. 2016. “Cultivos Transgénicos en América Latina: Expropiación, Valor Negativo y Estado” [Transgenic Crops in Latin America: Expropriation, Negative Value and State]. Estudios Críticos del Desarrollo VI (11): 19–44.
Leguizamón, A. 2016. “Disappearing Nature? Agribusiness, Biotechnology and Distance in Argentine Soybean Production.” The Journal of Peasant Studies 43 (2): 313–330.
Marx, K. (1859) 1977. A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy . Moscow: Progress Publishers.
Marx, K. (1863–1883) 1981. Capital: A Critique of Political Economy . London: Penguin Books.
Marx, K. (1866) 1975. El Capital , tomo I [Capital, Vol. 1]. Mexico: Siglo XXI.
McKay, B., and G. Colque. 2016. “Bolivia's Soy Complex: The Development of ‘Productive Exclusion.’” Journal of Peasant Studies 43 (2): 583–610.
Messitte, P. 2012. “Desarrollo del Derecho de Patentes Estadounidense en el Siglo XXI. Implicaciones para la Industria Farmacéutica” [Development of US Patent Law in the 21st Century: Implications for the Pharmaceutical Industry]. In Los Retos de la Industria Farmacéutica en el Siglo XXI. Una Visión Comparada Sobre su Régimen de Propiedad Intelectual [The Challenges of the Pharmaceutical Industry in the 21st Century: A Comparative Vision on Its Intellectual Property Regime], edited by A. Oropeza and V. M. Guízar López, 179–200. UNAM-Cofep.
Miguelez, E., and C. Fink. 2012. “Measuring the International Mobility of Inventors: A New Database.” WIPO Economic Research Working Paper, no. 8e, WIPO. http://www.wipo.int/pct/en/pct_contracting_states.html.
Míguez, P. 2013. “Del General Intellect a las Tesis del Capitalismo Cognitivo: Aportes para el Estudio del Capitalismo del Siglo XXI” [From the General Intellect to the Thesis of Cognitive Capitalism: Contributions to the Study of 21st-Century Capitalism]. Bajo el Volcán 13 (21): 27–57.
Motta, R. 2016. “Capitalismo global y Estado Nacional en las Luchas de los Cultivos Transgénicos en Brasil” [Global Capitalism and the Nation State in the Struggles of Transgenic Crops in Brazil]. Estudios Críticos del Desarrollo VI (11): 65–84.
Moyo, S., and P. Yeros, eds. 2005. Reclaiming the Land: The Resurgence of Rural Movements in Africa, Asia, and Latin America . London: Zed Books.
Pesticide Action Network. 2011. “Organic Farmers Call for Clear Rules to ‘Spur Innovation.’” Press Release, September 23. www.panna.org.
Porto Goncalves, C. W., and E. Leff. 2015. “Political Ecology in Latin America: The Social Re-appropriation of Nature, the Reinvention of Territories and the Construction of an Environmental Rationality.” Desenvolvimento e Meio Amiente 35: 65–88. http://revistas.ufpr.br/made/article/viewFile/43543/27087.
Rastoin, J-L. 2008. “Les Multinationales Dans le Système Alimentaire” [Multinationals in the Food System]. Projet Revue de Ceras 307: 61–69.
Rodríguez, F. 2008. “El Sistema de Patentes e el Desarrollo Tecnológico: Algunas Consideraciones en el Marco d Ela libre Competencia” [The Patent System and Technological Development: Some Considerations Within the Framework of Free Competition]. Propiedad Intelectual 7 (11): 87–109.
Rosset, P. 2011. “Food Sovereignty and Alternative Paradigms to Confront Land Grabbing and the Food and Climate Crises.” Development 54 (1): 21–30.
Saxenian, A. L. 2006. The New Argonauts: Regional Advantage in a Global Economy . Boston, MA: Harvard University Press.
Schoneveld, G. 2010. “Potential Land Use Competition from First-Generation Biofuel Expansion in Developing Countries.” Occasional Paper, no. 58. Bogor, Indonesia: CIFOR.
Strategic Business Insights. 2017. “Innovation Ecosystem.” http://siliconvikings.com/blog/2017/12/21/silicon-valley-challenges-ahead.
Sturgeon, T. 2003. “What Really Goes on in Silicon Valley? Spatial Clustering and Dispersal in Modular Production Networks.” Journal of Economic Geography 3 (2): 199–225.
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Turzi, M. 2011. “The Soybean Republic.” Yale Journal of International Affairs 6 (2): 59–68.
UNCTAD. 2006. “Tracking the Trend towards Market Concentration: The Case of the Agricultural Input Industry.” UNCTAD Secretariat. http://www.panna.org/sites/default/files/UNCTAD_CorpConcenAg%20(2005).pdf.
UNCTAD. 2009. World Investment Report. Transnational Corporations, Agricultural Production and Development . New York: United Nations.
UNCTAD. 2011. World Investment Report: Transnational Corporations, Agricultural Production and Development . New York: United Nations.
Van Gelder, J. W., and J. M. Dros. 2002. Corporate Actors in the South American Soy Production Chain . Bern, Switzerland: World Wild Fund for Nature (WWF).
Veltmeyer, H. 2013. “The Political Economy of Natural Resource Extraction: A New Model or Extractive Imperialism?” Canadian Journal of Development Studies 34 (1): 79–95.
Villoro, J. 2016. “La Duración de la Impaciencia” [The Duration of Impatience]. In El Pensamiento Crítico Frente a la Hidra Capitalista II [Critical Thinking in the Face of the Capitalist Hydra], edited by Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional (EZLN) and Sexta Comisión [Zapatista Army of National Liberation, 6th Commission], 15–26. Chiapas, Mexico: EZLN.
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Zibechi, R. 2007. Autonomías y Emancipaciones. América Latina en Movimiento [Autonomies and Emancipations: Latin America in Movement]. Lima: Programa Democracia y Transformación Global.
Zibechi, R. 2015. Descolonializar el Pensamiento Crítico y las Rebeldías. Autonomías y Emancipaciones en la era del Progresismo [Decolonializing Critical Thinking and Rebellion: Autonomies and Emancipations in the Era of Progressivism]. Mexico: Bajo Tierra Ediciones.

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Comment on this article

[1] Acosta, A. 2012. Buen Vivir. Sumak Kawsay. Una Oportunidad para Imaginar Otros Mundos [Living Well: An Opportunity to Imagine Other Worlds]. Quito: AbyaYala.

[2] Aguirre Rojas, C. 2008. Mandar Obedeciendo. Las Lecciones Políticas del Neozapatismo Mexicano [To Lead by Following: Political Lessons of Neo-Zapatism]. Mexico: Contrahistorias. La otra mirada de Clío.

[3] Amin, S. 2013. The Implosion of Capitalism . London: Pluto Press.

[4] Araghi, F. 2010. “Accumulation by Displacement: Global Enclosures, Food Crisis, and the Ecological Contradictions of Capitalism.” Review 34 (1): 113–146.

[5] Arocena, R., and J. Sutz. 2005. “Innovation Systems and Developing Countries.” DRUID Working Paper, No. 02–05. Aalborg: Danish Research Unit for Industrial Dynamics.

[6] Barkin, D., and A. Sánchez. 2017. “The Collective Revolutionary Subject: New Forms of Social Transformation.” Unedited paper presented at “Revolutions: A Conference,” Geopolitical Economy Research Group (GERG), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada, September 29-October 1.

[7] Barkin, D., M. Fuente, and M. Rosas. 2009. “Tradición e Innovación. Aportaciones Campesinas en la Orientación de la Innovación Tecnológica para Forjar Sustentabilidad” [Tradition and Innovation Peasant Contributions in the Orientation of Technological Innovation to Forge Sustainability]. Trayectorias 11 (29): 39–54.

[8] Borras, S. M., Jr., and J. C. Franco. 2012. “Global Land Grabbing and Trajectories of Agrarian Change: A Preliminary Analysis.” Journal of Agrarian Change 12 (1): 34–59.

[9] Bruche, G. 2009. “The Emergence of China and India as New Competitors in MNCs' Innovation Networks.” Competition and Change 13 (3): 199–213.

[10] Burbach, R. 1994. “Roots of the Postmodern Rebellion in Chiapas.” New Left Review I/205 (May-June): 113–125.

[11] Chesbrough, H. 2008. “Open Innovation: A New Paradigm for Understanding Industrial Innovation.” In Open Innovation: Researching a New Paradigm , edited by H. Chesbrough, W. Vanhaverbeke, and J. West, 1–14. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[12] Cotula, L., N. Dyer, and S. Vermeulen. 2008. Fuel Exclusion? The Biofuel Boom and the Poor's Access to Land . London: International Institute for Environment and Development.

[13] De Castro, F., B. Hogenboom, and M. Baud. 2016. Environmental Governance in Latin America: Conflicts, Projects and Possibilities . London: Palgrave Macmillan.

[14] Delgado Wise, R. 2015. “Unraveling Mexican Highly-Skilled Migration in the Context of Neoliberal Globalization.” In Social Transformation and Migration: National and Local Experiences in South Korea, Turkey, México and Australia , edited by S. Castles, M. Arias Cubas, and D. Ozkul, 201–218. Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan.

[15] Delgado Wise, R., and M. Chávez. 2016. “Patentad: Apuntes Sobre la Apropiación del Trabajo Científico por las Grandes Corporaciones Multinacionales” [Patenting: Notes on the Appropriation of Scientific Work by Large Multinational Corporations]. Observatorio del Desarrollo 4 (15): 22–30.

[16] Delgado Wise, R., and H. Veltmeyer. 2016. Agrarian Change, Migration and Development . Halifax, Canada: Fernwood Publications.

[17] Ezquerro-Cañete, A. 2016. “Poisoned, Dispossessed and Excluded: A Critique of the Neoliberal Soy Regime in Paraguay.” Journal of Agrarian Change 16 (4): 702–710.

[18] Foladori, G. 2014. “Ciencia Ficticia” [Fictitious Science]. Estudios Críticos del Desarrollo IV (7): 41–66.

[19] Food and Agriculture Organization. 2010. “FAOSTAT: Agricultural Production Data.” September 10, 2010. http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/ default.aspx#ancor.

[20] Giarracca, N., and M. Teubal. 2014. “Argentina: Extractivist Dynamics of Soy Production and Open-Pit Mining.” In The New Extractivism , edited by H. Veltmeyer and J. Petras, 47–89. London: Zed Books.

[21] Gudynas, E. 2013a. “Postextractivismo y Alternativas al Desarrollo desde la Dociedad Civil” [Postextractivism and Alternatives to Development From Civil Society]. In Alternativas al Capitalismo. Colonialismo del Siglo XXI [Alternatives to Capitalism: Colonialism of the 21st Century], edited by GPTAD, 189–224. Quito: Ediciones Abya Yala.

[22] Gudynas, E. 2013b. “Debates on Development and Its Alternatives in Latin America: A Brief Heterodox Guide.” In Beyond Development: Alternative Visions from Latin America , edited by M. Lang, L. Fernando, and N. Buxton, 15–39. Amsterdam: Transnational institute.

[23] Gutiérrez Escobar, L., and E. Fitting. 2016. “Red de Semillas Libres: Crítica a la Biohegemonía en Colombia” [Free Seed Network: Critique of Biohegemony in Colombia]. Estudios Críticos del Desarrollo VI (11): 85–106.

[24] Harvey, D. 2005. A Brief History of Neoliberalism . Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[25] Kay, C. 2008. “Reflections on Latin American Rural Studies in the Neoliberal Globalization Period: A New Rurality?” Development and Change 39 (6): 915–943.

[26] Lapegna, P., and G. Otero. 2016. “Cultivos Transgénicos en América Latina: Expropiación, Valor Negativo y Estado” [Transgenic Crops in Latin America: Expropriation, Negative Value and State]. Estudios Críticos del Desarrollo VI (11): 19–44.

[27] Leguizamón, A. 2016. “Disappearing Nature? Agribusiness, Biotechnology and Distance in Argentine Soybean Production.” The Journal of Peasant Studies 43 (2): 313–330.

[28] Marx, K. (1859) 1977. A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy . Moscow: Progress Publishers.

[29] Marx, K. (1863–1883) 1981. Capital: A Critique of Political Economy . London: Penguin Books.

[30] Marx, K. (1866) 1975. El Capital , tomo I [Capital, Vol. 1]. Mexico: Siglo XXI.

[31] McKay, B., and G. Colque. 2016. “Bolivia's Soy Complex: The Development of ‘Productive Exclusion.’” Journal of Peasant Studies 43 (2): 583–610.

[32] Messitte, P. 2012. “Desarrollo del Derecho de Patentes Estadounidense en el Siglo XXI. Implicaciones para la Industria Farmacéutica” [Development of US Patent Law in the 21st Century: Implications for the Pharmaceutical Industry]. In Los Retos de la Industria Farmacéutica en el Siglo XXI. Una Visión Comparada Sobre su Régimen de Propiedad Intelectual [The Challenges of the Pharmaceutical Industry in the 21st Century: A Comparative Vision on Its Intellectual Property Regime], edited by A. Oropeza and V. M. Guízar López, 179–200. UNAM-Cofep.

[33] Miguelez, E., and C. Fink. 2012. “Measuring the International Mobility of Inventors: A New Database.” WIPO Economic Research Working Paper, no. 8e, WIPO. http://www.wipo.int/pct/en/pct_contracting_states.html.

[34] Míguez, P. 2013. “Del General Intellect a las Tesis del Capitalismo Cognitivo: Aportes para el Estudio del Capitalismo del Siglo XXI” [From the General Intellect to the Thesis of Cognitive Capitalism: Contributions to the Study of 21st-Century Capitalism]. Bajo el Volcán 13 (21): 27–57.

[35] Motta, R. 2016. “Capitalismo global y Estado Nacional en las Luchas de los Cultivos Transgénicos en Brasil” [Global Capitalism and the Nation State in the Struggles of Transgenic Crops in Brazil]. Estudios Críticos del Desarrollo VI (11): 65–84.

[36] Moyo, S., and P. Yeros, eds. 2005. Reclaiming the Land: The Resurgence of Rural Movements in Africa, Asia, and Latin America . London: Zed Books.

[37] Pesticide Action Network. 2011. “Organic Farmers Call for Clear Rules to ‘Spur Innovation.’” Press Release, September 23. www.panna.org.

[38] Porto Goncalves, C. W., and E. Leff. 2015. “Political Ecology in Latin America: The Social Re-appropriation of Nature, the Reinvention of Territories and the Construction of an Environmental Rationality.” Desenvolvimento e Meio Amiente 35: 65–88. http://revistas.ufpr.br/made/article/viewFile/43543/27087.

[39] Rastoin, J-L. 2008. “Les Multinationales Dans le Système Alimentaire” [Multinationals in the Food System]. Projet Revue de Ceras 307: 61–69.

[40] Rodríguez, F. 2008. “El Sistema de Patentes e el Desarrollo Tecnológico: Algunas Consideraciones en el Marco d Ela libre Competencia” [The Patent System and Technological Development: Some Considerations Within the Framework of Free Competition]. Propiedad Intelectual 7 (11): 87–109.

[41] Rosset, P. 2011. “Food Sovereignty and Alternative Paradigms to Confront Land Grabbing and the Food and Climate Crises.” Development 54 (1): 21–30.

[42] Saxenian, A. L. 2006. The New Argonauts: Regional Advantage in a Global Economy . Boston, MA: Harvard University Press.

[43] Schoneveld, G. 2010. “Potential Land Use Competition from First-Generation Biofuel Expansion in Developing Countries.” Occasional Paper, no. 58. Bogor, Indonesia: CIFOR.

[44] Strategic Business Insights. 2017. “Innovation Ecosystem.” http://siliconvikings.com/blog/2017/12/21/silicon-valley-challenges-ahead.

[45] Sturgeon, T. 2003. “What Really Goes on in Silicon Valley? Spatial Clustering and Dispersal in Modular Production Networks.” Journal of Economic Geography 3 (2): 199–225.

[46] Subcomandante Insurgente Galeano. 2016. “Las Artes y las Ciencias en la Historia del (Neo) Zapatismo” [Arts and Sciences in the History of (Neo) Zapatismo]. Enlace Zapatista . Accessed February 28, 2017. http://enlacezapatista.ezln.org.mx/2016/12/28/las-artes-y-las-ciencias-en-la-historia-del-neo-zapatismo/.

[47] Turzi, M. 2007. The Political Economy of Agricultural Booms: Managing Soybean Production in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay . Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan / Springer International.

[48] Turzi, M. 2011. “The Soybean Republic.” Yale Journal of International Affairs 6 (2): 59–68.

[49] UNCTAD. 2006. “Tracking the Trend towards Market Concentration: The Case of the Agricultural Input Industry.” UNCTAD Secretariat. http://www.panna.org/sites/default/files/UNCTAD_CorpConcenAg%20(2005).pdf.

[50] UNCTAD. 2009. World Investment Report. Transnational Corporations, Agricultural Production and Development . New York: United Nations.

[51] UNCTAD. 2011. World Investment Report: Transnational Corporations, Agricultural Production and Development . New York: United Nations.

[52] Van Gelder, J. W., and J. M. Dros. 2002. Corporate Actors in the South American Soy Production Chain . Bern, Switzerland: World Wild Fund for Nature (WWF).

[53] Veltmeyer, H. 2013. “The Political Economy of Natural Resource Extraction: A New Model or Extractive Imperialism?” Canadian Journal of Development Studies 34 (1): 79–95.

[54] Villoro, J. 2016. “La Duración de la Impaciencia” [The Duration of Impatience]. In El Pensamiento Crítico Frente a la Hidra Capitalista II [Critical Thinking in the Face of the Capitalist Hydra], edited by Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional (EZLN) and Sexta Comisión [Zapatista Army of National Liberation, 6th Commission], 15–26. Chiapas, Mexico: EZLN.

[55] World Bank. 2008. World Development Report 2008: Agriculture for Development . New York: Oxford University Press.

[56] World Intellectual Property Organization. 2017. “WIPO Intellectual Property Laws and Treaties Database (WIPO Lex).” Accessed November 15, 2017. www.wipo.int/wipolex/en.

[57] Zibechi, R. 2007. Autonomías y Emancipaciones. América Latina en Movimiento [Autonomies and Emancipations: Latin America in Movement]. Lima: Programa Democracia y Transformación Global.

[58] Zibechi, R. 2015. Descolonializar el Pensamiento Crítico y las Rebeldías. Autonomías y Emancipaciones en la era del Progresismo [Decolonializing Critical Thinking and Rebellion: Autonomies and Emancipations in the Era of Progressivism]. Mexico: Bajo Tierra Ediciones.

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