Kurdayetî and Kurdish Nationalism: The Need for Distinction

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Zanj: The Journal of Critical Global South Studies

Volume 2, Issue 1

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Kurdayetî and Kurdish Nationalism: The Need for Distinction

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Author(s): Huseyin Tunc

Publication date (Print): 1 July 2018

Journal: Zanj: The Journal of Critical Global South Studies

Publisher: Pluto Journals

Keywords: Kurdayeti, Kurdish nationalism, Kurdish national identity, ethnicity, nationalism

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Abstract

This article seeks to contextualize Kurdayetî (Kurdishness) in the broader debate on Kurdish nationalism. Existing accounts lack a clear definition of Kurdayetî and seldom contextualize it; yet treat Kurdayetî as a full-fledged Kurdish nationalism. As a result, the existing scholarship erroneously uses Kurdayetî and Kurdish nationalism interchangeably. In this article, I address this gap. I place Kurdayetî into the broader theoretical debate on the Kurdish nation, national identity, and nationalism. I argue that Kurdayetî signifies what Hobsbawm calls “proto-national bonds” or is equivalent to Smith's notion of “ethnie.” Therefore, Kurdayetî is not equivalent to or synonymous with Kurdish nationalism, and thus it should not be used interchangeably.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Huseyin Tunc

Journal

Journal ID (doi): 10.2307/j50020143

Journal ID (jcode): zanjglobsoutstud

Title: Zanj: The Journal of Critical Global South Studies

Publisher: Pluto Journals

ISSN: 2515-2130

ISSN: 2515-2149

Publication date (Print): 1 July 2018

Volume: 2

Issue: 1 ( doiID: 10.13169/zanjglobsoutstud.2.issue-1 )

Pages: 43-64

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Hacettepe University

Article

Publisher ID: zanjglobsoutstud.2.1.0043

DOI: 10.13169/zanjglobsoutstud.2.1.0043

SO-VID: 4f861470-fa6f-45ce-aa4c-cadbd90a3cfb

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lang eng

ScienceOpen disciplines: Political science,Political & Social philosophy,Movements,Epistemology,Cultural studies,Philosophy of culture

Keywords: Kurdayeti,ethnicity,Kurdish national identity,Kurdish nationalism,nationalism

References

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Armstrong, John A. Nations before Nationalism. North Carolina: The University of North Carolina Press, 1982.
Balibar, Etienne. “Racism and Nationalism.” In Nations and Nationalism: A Reader, edited by Philip Spencer and Howard Wollman, 163–176. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 2005.
Billing, Michael. “Banal Nationalism.” In Nations and Nationalism: A Reader, edited by Philip Spencer and Howard Wollman, 184–196. New Brunswick: Rudgers University Press, 2005.
Botî, Kaměran. Ferhenga Kaměran: Kurdî-Kurdî. Stockholm: Spirez Press and Publisher, 2006. Boyd, Robert and Peter J. Richardson. Culture and the Evolutionary Process. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988.
Bozaraslan, Hamit. “Kurdish Nationalism in Turkey: From Tacit Contract to Rebellion (1919-1925).” In Essays on the Origin of Kurdish Nationalism, edited by Abbas Vali, 163–190. Costa Mesa: Meda Publishing, 2003.
Brubaker, Rogers. Ethnicity without Groups. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2004.
—–. “Ethnicity without Groups.” European Journal of Sociology (August 2002): 163–189.
Bruinessen, Martin V. “Ehmedě Xanî's Mem û Zîn and Its Role in the Emergence of Kurdish National Awareness.” In Essays on the Origin of Kurdish Nationalism, edited by Abbas Vali, 40–57. Costa Mesa: Mazda Publishing, 2003.
—–. Agha, Shaikh, and State: The Social and Political Structures of Kurdistan. London: Zed Books, 1992.
Burgess, M.Elaine. “The Resurgence of Ethnicity: Myth or Reality?” Ethnic and Racial Studies 1 (3) (1978): 265–285.
Dahlman, Carl. “The Political Geography of Kurdistan.” Eurasian Geography and Economics 43 (4) (June 2002): 271–299.
Durkheim, Emile. The Rules of Sociological Method, edited by Steven Lukes, translated by W.D. Halls. New York: The Free Press, 1982.
Edmonds, Cecil J. “Kurdish Nationalism.” Journal of Contemporary History (Sage Publication) 6 (1) (1971): 87–107.
—–. Kurds, Turks, and Arabs: Politics, Travel and Research in North-Eastern Iraq, 1935–1945. London: Oxford University Press, 1957.
Eppel, Michael. A People Without a State: The Kurds from the Rise of Islam to the Dawn of Nationalism. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2016.
Eriksen, Thomas H. Ethnicity and Nationalism: Antropoligical Perspectives. London: Pluto Press Publishing, 2002.
Gökalp, Ziya. Türkçülügün Esaslari (The Principles of Turkism). Istanbul: Varlik Yayinlari, 1955.
Gellner, Ernest. Nations and Nationalism. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 1983.
—–. Thought and Change. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1965.
Gunter, Michael, M. Historical Dictionary of the Kurds. Lanham: Scarecrow Press, 2004.
Hassanpour, Amir. Nationalism and Language in Kurdistan, 1918–1985. San Francisco: Mellen Research University Press, 1992.
Hassanpour, Amir. “The Making of Kurdish Identity: Pre-20th Century Historical and Literary Sources.” In Essays on the Origin of Kurdish Nationalism, edited by Abbas Vali, 112–162. Costa Mesa: Mazda Publishing, 2003.
Hawar, 1932–1933, compiled by F. Cewerî. Stockholm: Nûdem Publishers, 3 Volumes, 1998.
Hobsbawm, E.J. Nations and Nationalism Since 1780: Program, Myth, Reality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
Houston , Christopher. Kurdistan: Crafting of National Selves. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2008.
Isaacs, Harold, R. Idols of the Tribe: Group Identity and Political Change. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1975.
Izady, Mehrdad R. The Kurds: A Concise Handbook. Washington: Taylor and Francis Publishing, 1992.
Jîn: Kurdish/Turkish Journal, 1918–1919, changed from Arabic script to Latin script by M. Emîn Bozarslan. Uppsala: Deng Publishers, 5 volumes, 1985-1988.
Jwaideh, Wadie. The Kurdish National Movement: Its Origins and Development. New York: Syracuse University Press, 2006.
Keating, Michael. Nations against the State: The New Politics of Nationalism in Quebec, Catalonia and Scotland. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1996.
Klein, Janet. “Kurdish Nationalists and Non-Nationalist Kurdists: Rethinking Minority Nationalism and the Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, 1908-1909.“ Nations and Nationalism 13 (1) (January 2007): 135–153.
Kurdistan: Rojnama Kurdî ya Pěsîn, 1898–1902, changed from Arabic script to Latin script by M. Emîn Bozarslan. Uppsala: Deng Publishers, 2 volumes, 1991.
Malmîsanij, M. Ferhenga Kurdî- Tirkî. Istanbul: Rûpel Publishing, 2012.
Mayall, James, and Mark Simpson. “Ethnicity is not Enough: Reflections on Protracted Secessionism in the Third World.” In Ethnicity and Nationalism, edited by Anthony D. Smith, 5–25. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 1992.
McDowall, David. A Modern History of the Kurds. London: Tauris Publishing, 1996.
Meho, Lokman I. The Kurds and Kurdistan: A Selective and Annotated Bibliography. Connecticut and London: Greenwood Press, 1997.
Mella, Jawad. Kurdistan and The Kurds: A Divided Homeland and a Nation without State. London: Western Kurdistan Association Publishing, 2005.
Mojab, Shahrzad. “Crossing the Boundaries of Nationalism: The Struggle for a Kurdish Women's Studies.” Canadian Woman Studies 17 (2) (Spring 1997): 68–72.
Natali, Denise. The Kurds and the State: Evolving National Identity in Iraq, Turkey, and Iran. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2005.
Natali, Denise. “Kurdayetî in the Late Ottoman and Qajar Empires.” Critical Middle Eastern Studies 11 (2) (2002): 177–179.
—–. Manufacturing Identity and Managing Kurds in Iraq, Turkey and Iran: A Study in the Evolution of Nationalism. University of Pennsylvania: Ph.D. Dissertation, 2000.
Nebez, Jemal. The Kurds: History and Culture, translated by Hanne Kuchler. London: Western Kurdistan Association Publishing, 2004.
Olson, Robert. “Five Stages of Kurdish Nationalism, 1880-1980.“ Journal of Muslim Affairs (12) (1991): 392–410.
—–. The Emergence of Kurdish Nationalism and the Sheikh Said Rebellion, 1880–1925. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1989.
Orwell, George. “Politics and the English Language.” Horizon (1946): 252–265.
Ozkirimli, Umut. Theories of Nationalism: A Critical Introduction. New York: Palgrave Macmillian Publishing, 2010.
Ozoglu, Hakan. Kurdish Notables and the Ottoman State: Evolving Identities, Competing Loyalties, and Shifting Boundaries. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press, 2004.
Qazzaz, Shafiq Tawfiq. Nationalism and Cultural Pluralism: The Kurdish Case [Dissertation]. Washington D.C.: American University, 1971.
Reynolds, Vernon, Vincent Falger, and Ian Vine. The Sociobiology of Ethnocentrism: Evolutionary Dimensions of Xenophobia, Discrimination, Racism and Nationalism. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1986.
Richardson, Peter J., and Robert Boyd. Not by Genes Alone: How Culture Transformed Human Evolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005.
Romano, David. The Kurdish Nationalist Movement: Opportunity, Mobilization and Identity. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
Scott, James C. The Art of Not Being Governed: An Anarchist History of Upland Southeast Asia. New Heaven and London: Yale University Press, 2009.
Sharaf Khan, Bidlîsî. Serefname, translated by Ziya Avci. Mersin: Azad Publishers, 2014.
Sheyholislami, Jaffer. Kurdish Identity, Discourse, and New Media. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.
Smith , Anthony D. Myths and Memories of the Nation. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
—–. Nationalism: Theory, Ideology, History. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2010.
—–. “Theories of Nationalism: Alternative Models of Nation Formation.” In Asian Nationalism, 1–20. London and New York: Routledge, 2002.
—–. Nations and Nationalism in Global Era. Cambridge: Polity Press Puslishing, 1995.
—–. Nationalism and Modernism: A Critical Survey of Recent Theories of Nations and Nationalism. London: Routledge Publishing, 1998.
—–. The Ethnic Origins of Nations. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Publishing, 1986.
Soleimani, Kamal. Islam and Competing Nationalism in the Middle East, 1876–1926. New York: Palgrave Macmillan Publishing, 2016.
Taufiq, Wahby, and C. J. Edmonds. A Kurdish - English Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1966.
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—–. “Nationalism and Kurdish Historical Writing.” New Perspectives on Turkey (April 1996): 23–51.
—–. “Nationalism and the Question of Origins.” In Essays on the Origins of Kurdish Nationalism, edited by Abbas Vali. Costa Mesa: Mezda Publishing, 2003.
—–. “The Kurds and Their “Others”: Fragmented Identity and Fragmented Politics.” Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 18 (2) (1998): 83–94.
Van den Berghe, Pierre, L. The Ethnic Phenomenon. Westport: Green Wood Publishing, 1987.
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—–. From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology, translated by H.H. Gerth and C.W. Mills. New York and London: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group, 2009.
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Xani, Ehmedě. Mem û Zin, translated by M. Emin Bozarslan. Istanbul: Wesanen Deng Publishers, 2005.
Yuval-Davis, Nira. “Nationalist Projects and Gender Relations.” Narodna umjetnost-Hrvatski časopis za etnologiju i folkloristiku 40 (1) (2003): 9–36.
Yuval-Davis, Nira, and Floya Anthias. “Introduction.” In Women - Nation - State, edited by Nira Yuval-Davis and Floya Anthias, 1–15. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989.

Comments

Comment on this article

[1] Anderson, Benedict R. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso Publishing, 1991.

[2] Armstrong, John A. Nations before Nationalism. North Carolina: The University of North Carolina Press, 1982.

[3] Balibar, Etienne. “Racism and Nationalism.” In Nations and Nationalism: A Reader, edited by Philip Spencer and Howard Wollman, 163–176. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 2005.

[4] Billing, Michael. “Banal Nationalism.” In Nations and Nationalism: A Reader, edited by Philip Spencer and Howard Wollman, 184–196. New Brunswick: Rudgers University Press, 2005.

[5] Botî, Kaměran. Ferhenga Kaměran: Kurdî-Kurdî. Stockholm: Spirez Press and Publisher, 2006. Boyd, Robert and Peter J. Richardson. Culture and the Evolutionary Process. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988.

[6] Bozaraslan, Hamit. “Kurdish Nationalism in Turkey: From Tacit Contract to Rebellion (1919-1925).” In Essays on the Origin of Kurdish Nationalism, edited by Abbas Vali, 163–190. Costa Mesa: Meda Publishing, 2003.

[7] Brubaker, Rogers. Ethnicity without Groups. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2004.

[8] —–. “Ethnicity without Groups.” European Journal of Sociology (August 2002): 163–189.

[9] Bruinessen, Martin V. “Ehmedě Xanî's Mem û Zîn and Its Role in the Emergence of Kurdish National Awareness.” In Essays on the Origin of Kurdish Nationalism, edited by Abbas Vali, 40–57. Costa Mesa: Mazda Publishing, 2003.

[10] —–. Agha, Shaikh, and State: The Social and Political Structures of Kurdistan. London: Zed Books, 1992.

[11] Burgess, M.Elaine. “The Resurgence of Ethnicity: Myth or Reality?” Ethnic and Racial Studies 1 (3) (1978): 265–285.

[12] Dahlman, Carl. “The Political Geography of Kurdistan.” Eurasian Geography and Economics 43 (4) (June 2002): 271–299.

[13] Durkheim, Emile. The Rules of Sociological Method, edited by Steven Lukes, translated by W.D. Halls. New York: The Free Press, 1982.

[14] Edmonds, Cecil J. “Kurdish Nationalism.” Journal of Contemporary History (Sage Publication) 6 (1) (1971): 87–107.

[15] —–. Kurds, Turks, and Arabs: Politics, Travel and Research in North-Eastern Iraq, 1935–1945. London: Oxford University Press, 1957.

[16] Eppel, Michael. A People Without a State: The Kurds from the Rise of Islam to the Dawn of Nationalism. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2016.

[17] Eriksen, Thomas H. Ethnicity and Nationalism: Antropoligical Perspectives. London: Pluto Press Publishing, 2002.

[18] Gökalp, Ziya. Türkçülügün Esaslari (The Principles of Turkism). Istanbul: Varlik Yayinlari, 1955.

[19] Gellner, Ernest. Nations and Nationalism. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 1983.

[20] —–. Thought and Change. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1965.

[21] Gunter, Michael, M. Historical Dictionary of the Kurds. Lanham: Scarecrow Press, 2004.

[22] Hassanpour, Amir. Nationalism and Language in Kurdistan, 1918–1985. San Francisco: Mellen Research University Press, 1992.

[23] Hassanpour, Amir. “The Making of Kurdish Identity: Pre-20th Century Historical and Literary Sources.” In Essays on the Origin of Kurdish Nationalism, edited by Abbas Vali, 112–162. Costa Mesa: Mazda Publishing, 2003.

[24] Hawar, 1932–1933, compiled by F. Cewerî. Stockholm: Nûdem Publishers, 3 Volumes, 1998.

[25] Hobsbawm, E.J. Nations and Nationalism Since 1780: Program, Myth, Reality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.

[26] Houston , Christopher. Kurdistan: Crafting of National Selves. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2008.

[27] Isaacs, Harold, R. Idols of the Tribe: Group Identity and Political Change. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1975.

[28] Izady, Mehrdad R. The Kurds: A Concise Handbook. Washington: Taylor and Francis Publishing, 1992.

[29] Jîn: Kurdish/Turkish Journal, 1918–1919, changed from Arabic script to Latin script by M. Emîn Bozarslan. Uppsala: Deng Publishers, 5 volumes, 1985-1988.

[30] Jwaideh, Wadie. The Kurdish National Movement: Its Origins and Development. New York: Syracuse University Press, 2006.

[31] Keating, Michael. Nations against the State: The New Politics of Nationalism in Quebec, Catalonia and Scotland. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1996.

[32] Klein, Janet. “Kurdish Nationalists and Non-Nationalist Kurdists: Rethinking Minority Nationalism and the Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, 1908-1909.“ Nations and Nationalism 13 (1) (January 2007): 135–153.

[33] Kurdistan: Rojnama Kurdî ya Pěsîn, 1898–1902, changed from Arabic script to Latin script by M. Emîn Bozarslan. Uppsala: Deng Publishers, 2 volumes, 1991.

[34] Malmîsanij, M. Ferhenga Kurdî- Tirkî. Istanbul: Rûpel Publishing, 2012.

[35] Mayall, James, and Mark Simpson. “Ethnicity is not Enough: Reflections on Protracted Secessionism in the Third World.” In Ethnicity and Nationalism, edited by Anthony D. Smith, 5–25. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 1992.

[36] McDowall, David. A Modern History of the Kurds. London: Tauris Publishing, 1996.

[37] Meho, Lokman I. The Kurds and Kurdistan: A Selective and Annotated Bibliography. Connecticut and London: Greenwood Press, 1997.

[38] Mella, Jawad. Kurdistan and The Kurds: A Divided Homeland and a Nation without State. London: Western Kurdistan Association Publishing, 2005.

[39] Mojab, Shahrzad. “Crossing the Boundaries of Nationalism: The Struggle for a Kurdish Women's Studies.” Canadian Woman Studies 17 (2) (Spring 1997): 68–72.

[40] Natali, Denise. The Kurds and the State: Evolving National Identity in Iraq, Turkey, and Iran. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2005.

[41] Natali, Denise. “Kurdayetî in the Late Ottoman and Qajar Empires.” Critical Middle Eastern Studies 11 (2) (2002): 177–179.

[42] —–. Manufacturing Identity and Managing Kurds in Iraq, Turkey and Iran: A Study in the Evolution of Nationalism. University of Pennsylvania: Ph.D. Dissertation, 2000.

[43] Nebez, Jemal. The Kurds: History and Culture, translated by Hanne Kuchler. London: Western Kurdistan Association Publishing, 2004.

[44] Olson, Robert. “Five Stages of Kurdish Nationalism, 1880-1980.“ Journal of Muslim Affairs (12) (1991): 392–410.

[45] —–. The Emergence of Kurdish Nationalism and the Sheikh Said Rebellion, 1880–1925. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1989.

[46] Orwell, George. “Politics and the English Language.” Horizon (1946): 252–265.

[47] Ozkirimli, Umut. Theories of Nationalism: A Critical Introduction. New York: Palgrave Macmillian Publishing, 2010.

[48] Ozoglu, Hakan. Kurdish Notables and the Ottoman State: Evolving Identities, Competing Loyalties, and Shifting Boundaries. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press, 2004.

[49] Qazzaz, Shafiq Tawfiq. Nationalism and Cultural Pluralism: The Kurdish Case [Dissertation]. Washington D.C.: American University, 1971.

[50] Reynolds, Vernon, Vincent Falger, and Ian Vine. The Sociobiology of Ethnocentrism: Evolutionary Dimensions of Xenophobia, Discrimination, Racism and Nationalism. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1986.

[51] Richardson, Peter J., and Robert Boyd. Not by Genes Alone: How Culture Transformed Human Evolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005.

[52] Romano, David. The Kurdish Nationalist Movement: Opportunity, Mobilization and Identity. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006.

[53] Scott, James C. The Art of Not Being Governed: An Anarchist History of Upland Southeast Asia. New Heaven and London: Yale University Press, 2009.

[54] Sharaf Khan, Bidlîsî. Serefname, translated by Ziya Avci. Mersin: Azad Publishers, 2014.

[55] Sheyholislami, Jaffer. Kurdish Identity, Discourse, and New Media. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.

[56] Smith , Anthony D. Myths and Memories of the Nation. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.

[57] —–. Nationalism: Theory, Ideology, History. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2010.

[58] —–. “Theories of Nationalism: Alternative Models of Nation Formation.” In Asian Nationalism, 1–20. London and New York: Routledge, 2002.

[59] —–. Nations and Nationalism in Global Era. Cambridge: Polity Press Puslishing, 1995.

[60] —–. Nationalism and Modernism: A Critical Survey of Recent Theories of Nations and Nationalism. London: Routledge Publishing, 1998.

[61] —–. The Ethnic Origins of Nations. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Publishing, 1986.

[62] Soleimani, Kamal. Islam and Competing Nationalism in the Middle East, 1876–1926. New York: Palgrave Macmillan Publishing, 2016.

[63] Taufiq, Wahby, and C. J. Edmonds. A Kurdish - English Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1966.

[64] Vali, Abbas. “Genealogies of the Kurds: Constructions of Nation and National Identity in Kurdish Historical Writing.” In Essays on the Origin of Kurdish Nationalism, edited by Abbas Vali, 58–111. Costa Mesa: Mazda Publishing, 2003.

[65] —–. “Nationalism and Kurdish Historical Writing.” New Perspectives on Turkey (April 1996): 23–51.

[66] —–. “Nationalism and the Question of Origins.” In Essays on the Origins of Kurdish Nationalism, edited by Abbas Vali. Costa Mesa: Mezda Publishing, 2003.

[67] —–. “The Kurds and Their “Others”: Fragmented Identity and Fragmented Politics.” Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 18 (2) (1998): 83–94.

[68] Van den Berghe, Pierre, L. The Ethnic Phenomenon. Westport: Green Wood Publishing, 1987.

[69] Wade, Peter. “Race, Ethnicity and Nation: Perspectives from Kinship and Genetics” (Vol. 1). In Race, Ethnicity and Nation: Perspectives from Kinship and Genetics, edited by Peter Wade, 1–32. Berghahn Books Publishing, 2007.

[70] Walby , Sylvia. “Women and Nation.” In Ethnicity and Nationalism, edited by Anthony D. Smith, 81–101. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 1992.

[71] Wallerstein, Immanuel. “The Construction of Peoplehood: Racism, Nationalism, Ethnicity.” In Race, Nation, Class: Ambiguous Identities, edited by Etienne Balibar and Immanuel Wallerstein, 71–85. London/New York: Verso Press, 1991.

[72] Weber, Max. “Ethnic Groups (1922).” In Theories of Ethnicity: A Classical Reader, edited by W. Solloers, 52–66. New York: New York University Press, 1996.

[73] —–. From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology, translated by H.H. Gerth and C.W. Mills. New York and London: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group, 2009.

[74] Ruth Wodak et al., The Discursive Construction of National Identity, translated by Angelika Hirsch and Richard Mitten. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2009.

[75] Xani, Ehmedě. Mem û Zin, translated by M. Emin Bozarslan. Istanbul: Wesanen Deng Publishers, 2005.

[76] Yuval-Davis, Nira. “Nationalist Projects and Gender Relations.” Narodna umjetnost-Hrvatski časopis za etnologiju i folkloristiku 40 (1) (2003): 9–36.

[77] Yuval-Davis, Nira, and Floya Anthias. “Introduction.” In Women - Nation - State, edited by Nira Yuval-Davis and Floya Anthias, 1–15. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989.