The Rise of Digital Citizenship and the Participatory Museum

In the paper, we explore the notion of digital citizenship, particularly with respect to museums and cultural organisations. Digitally literate citizens are more often able to engage on the Internet as part of one or more online communities. We start by considering some examples of pioneering digital citizenship before the term became widely used. We then survey some more current examples and how museums can adapt to this development for the benefit of all. Digital citizenship related to other phenomena such as citizen science and citizen journalism. Being a good digital citizen involves a certain level of digital literacy, and also altruism, but the necessary literacy increasingly prevalent as digital technology and culture spreads around the world.

Content

Author and article information

Contributors

Ann Borda

Jonathan P. Bowen

Conference

Publication date: July 2021

Publication date (Print): July 2021

Pages: 20-27

Affiliations

[0001]Centre for the Digital Transformation of Health

University of Melbourne

Australia

[0002]School of Engineering

London South Bank University

United Kingdom

Article

DOI: 10.14236/ewic/EVA2021.4

SO-VID: 10699b56-c728-4869-8a7e-687e23a0d955

License:

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Conference name: Proceedings of EVA London 2021

Conference acronym: EVA 2021

Conference number:

Conference location: London

Conference date: 5th July – 9th July 2021

Conference sponsor: Electronic Workshops in Computing (eWiC)

Conference theme: AI and the Arts: Artificial Imagination

History

Product

1477-9358 BCS Learning & Development

Self URI (article page): https://www.scienceopen.com/hosted-document?doi=10.14236/ewic/EVA2021.4

Self URI (journal page): https://ewic.bcs.org/

REFERENCES

F. Adorno (n.d.) Stronger Than the Storm: Museums in the Age of Climate Change. Western Museums Association (WMA), USA. URL: https://westmuse.org/articles/stronger-storm-museums-age-climate-change
S. Allan and E. Thorsen (eds.) (2009) Citizen Journalism: Global Perspectives. Peter Lang Publishing.
altNOAA (n.d.) @altNOAA. Twitter. URL: https://twitter.com/altNOAA
Autry (2018) Citizen Journalism: Sign of the Times. The Autry Museum, Los Angeles, USA. URL: https://theautry.org/citizen-journalism
J. Barger (2007) Top 10 Tips for New Bloggers From Original Blogger Jorn Barger. Wired, 15 December 2007. URL: https://www.wired.com/2007/12/blog-advice/
I. Beazley, J. P. Bowen, A. H.-Y. Liu, and S. McDaid (2010) Dulwich OnView: An art museum-based virtual community generated by the local community. In A. Seal, J. P. Bowen, and K. Ng (eds.), EVA London 2010: Electronic Visualisation and the Arts, pp. 79–86. BCS, Electronic Workshops in Computing. [Cross Ref]
A. Beler, A. Borda, J. P. Bowen, and S. FilippiniFantoni (2004) The building of online communities: An approach for learning organizations, with a particular focus on the museum sector. In J. Hemsley, V. Cappellini, and G. Stanke (eds.), EVA 2004 London Conference Proceedings, University College London, UK, pp.2.1–2.15. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/cs/0409055
T. Berners-Lee (1999) Weaving the Web. Orion Business Books.
S. Black, J. P. Bowen, and K. Griffin (2010) Can Twitter Save Bletchley Park? MW 2010: Museums and the Web Conference, Denver, Colorado, USA. https://www.museumsandtheweb.com/biblio/can_twitter_save_bletchley_park.html
S. Black and S. Colgan (2015) Saving Bletchley Park. London: Unbound.
S. Boiano, A. Borda, and G. Gaia (2019) Participatory innovation and prototyping in the cultural section: A case study. In J. Weinel, J. P. Bowen, G. Diprose, and N. Lambert (eds.), EVA London 2019: Electronic Visualisation and the Arts, pp. 18–26. BCS, Electronic Workshops in Computing. [Cross Ref]
C. Bonacchi, A. Bevan, A. Keinan-Schoonbaert, D. Pett, and J. Wexler (2019). Participation in heritage crowdsourcing. Museum Management and Curatorship, 34(2), pp. 166–182. [Cross Ref]
A. Borda and J. P. Bowen (2011) Virtual collaboration and community. In Information Resources Management Association (ed.), Virtual Communities: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools and Applications, chapter 8.9, pp. 2600–2611. IGI Global. [Cross Ref]
A. Borda and J. P. Bowen (2020) Turing’s Sunflowers: Public research and the role of museums. In J. Weinel, J. P. Bowen, G. Diprose, and N. Lambert, (eds.), EVA London 2020: Electronic Visualisation and the Arts. BCS, eWiC, pp. 32–39. [Cross Ref]
A. Borda, K. Gray, and L. Downie (2019) Citizen Science Models in Health Research: an Australian Commentary. Online Journal of Public Health Informatics, 11(3), e23, December. [Cross Ref]
J. P. Bowen (1995a) The Virtual Library of museums. In G. Day (ed.), Museum Collections and the Information Superhighway, 10 May 1995, Science Museum, London.
J. P. Bowen (1995b) Collections of collections. Museums Journal, 95(8), pp. 24–25, August.
J. P. Bowen (2008) Wiki software and facilities for museums. In D. Bearman and J. Trant (eds.), MW2008: Museums and the Web 2008, Montreal, Canada, Archives & Museum Informatics. URL: http://www.archimuse.com/mw2008/papers/bowen/ bowen.html
J. P. Bowen (2020) A personal view of EVA London: Past, present, future. In J. Weinel, J. P. Bowen, G. Diprose, and N. Lambert (eds.), EVA London 2020: Electronic Visualisation and the Arts. BCS, eWiC, pp. 8–15. [Cross Ref]
J. P. Bowen and J. Angus (2006) Museums and Wikipedia. MW2006: Museums and the Web, Albuquerque, Archives & Museum Informatics. URL: https://www.archimuse.com/mw2006/papers/bowen/bowen.html
J. P. Bowen, J. Bennett, A. Borda, A. Hodges, S. Filippini-Fantoni, and A. Beler (2005) The development of science museum websites: Case studies. In L. T. W. Hin and R. Subramaniam (eds.), E-learning and Virtual Science Centers, Section 3: Case Studies, Chapter XVIII, pp. 366–392. Idea Group Publishing. [Cross Ref]
J. P. Bowen and T. Giannini (2014) Digitalism: The new realism? In K. Ng, J. P. Bowen, and S. McDaid (eds.), EVA London 2014: Electronic Visualisation and the Arts. BCS, eWiC, pp. 324–331. [Cross Ref]
J. P. Bowen and T. Giannini (2019) The Digital Future of Museums. In Giannini & Bowen (2019a), chapter 28, pp. 551–577. [Cross Ref]
J. P. Bowen and T. Giannini (2021) Digitality: A reality check. In Weinelet al. (2021), this volume.
L. Ceccaroni, J. Bibby, E. Roger, P. Flemons, K. Michael, L. Fagan, and J. L. Oliver (2019) Opportunities and risks for citizen science in the age of artificial intelligence. Citizen Science: Theory and Practice, 4(1), p. 29. [Cross Ref]
CVL (n.d.) Digital Citizenship Museum. Community Virtual Library. URL: https://communityvirtuallibrary.org/digital-citizenship-museum/ (accessed 28 February 2021 ).
B. J. Copeland, J. P. Bowen, M. Sprevak, R. J. Wilson, et al. (2017) The Turing Guide. Oxford University Press.
C. Costello (2020) Digital Citizenship. Virtual Library, 1 October 2020. URL: https://www.virtuallibrary.info/digital-citizenship.html
M. B. Dangerfield (2015) Power to the People: The rise and rise of Citizen Journalism. Tate, UK. URL:https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artterms/p/photojournalism/power-people
DayOfFacts (2017) #DayOfFacts – Museums and cultural/ scientific institutions reminding the public that facts matter. WordPress. URL: https://dayoffacts.wordpress.com
C. Dilenschneider (2017) People Trust Museums More Than Newspapers. colleendilenschneider, 26 April 2017. URL: https://www.colleendilen.com/2017/04/26/people-trust-museums-more-than-newspapers-here-iswhy-that-matters-right-now-data/
G. Gaia, S. BoianoJ. P. Bowen, and A. Borda (2020) Museum websites of the first wave: The rise of the virtual museum. In J. Weinel, J. P. Bowen, G. Diprose, and N. Lambert (eds.), EVA London 2020: Electronic Visualisation and the Arts, this volume. BCS, Electronic Workshops in Computing.
T. Giannini (2019) Contested Space: Activism and Protest. In Giannini & Bowen (2019a), chapter 5, pp. 91–111. [Cross Ref]
T. Giannini and J. P. Bowen (2015) A New York Museums and Pratt partnership: Building Web collections and preparing museum professionals for the digital world. MW2015: Museums and the Web, Chicago, USA, 8–11 April 2015. URL: https://mw2015.museumsandtheweb.com/paper/anew-york-museums-and-pratt-partnership-building-web-collections-and-preparing-museum-professionals-for-the-digital-world/
T. Giannini and J. P. Bowen (eds.) (2019a) Museums and Digital Culture: New perspectives and research. Springer, Series on Cultural Computing. [Cross Ref]
T. Giannini and J. P. Bowen (2019b) Digital Culture. In Giannini & Bowen (2019a), chapter 1, pp. 3–26. [Cross Ref]
T. Giannini and J. P. Bowen (2019c) Museums and Digitalism. In Giannini & Bowen (2019a), chapter 2, pp. 27–46. [Cross Ref]
T. Giannini and J. P. Bowen (2019d) Art and activism at museums in a post-digital world. In J. Weinel, J. P. Bowen, G. Diprose, G., and N. Lambert (eds.) (2019) EVA London 2019: Electronic Visualisation and the Arts. BCS, eWiC, pp. 27–35. [Cross Ref]
P. Gilster (1997) Digital Literacy. New York: John Wiley.
B. Gleason and S. von Gillern (2018) Digital citizenship with social media: Participatory practices of teaching and learning in secondary education. Educational Technology & Society, 21(1), pp. 200–212.
B. Han and J. P. Bowen (2021) The Weiguan Culture Phenomenon in Chinese Online Activism. In Weinelet al. (2021), this volume.
S. Hecker, M. Haklay, A. Bowser, Z. Makuch, J. Vogel, and A. Bonn (eds.) (2018) Citizen Science: Innovation in Open Science, Society and Policy. London: UCL Press.
A. Hintz, L. Dencik, and K. Wahl-Jorgensen (2018) Digital Citizenship in a Datafied Society. Polity.
A. Hodges (1983) Alan Turing: The Enigma. New York: Simon and Schuster.
I. Holcombe-James (2021). COVID-19, digital inclusion, and the Australian cultural sector: A research snapshot. Digital Ethnography Research Centre, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia. [Cross Ref]
R. R. Janes (2015) The End of Neutrality: A Modest Manifesto. Informal Learning Review, 135, pp. 3–8, November–December. WordPress. URL: https://coalitionofmuseumsforclimatejustice.files.wordpress.com/2017/08/the-end-of-neutrality-ilr-article-dec-2015.pdf
L. M. Jones and K. J. Mitchell (2016) Defining and measuring youth digital citizenship. New Media & Society, 18(9), pp. 1817–1839. [Cross Ref]
A. Irwin (1995) Citizen Science: A study of people, expertise and sustainable development. London: Routledge.
S. Kurbanoğlu, S. Špiranec, E. Grassian, D. Mizrachi, and R. Catts (eds.) (2014) Information Literacy: Lifelong Learning and Digital Citizenship in the 21st Century. Springer, Communications in Computer and Information Science, volume 492. [Cross Ref]
A. H.-Y. Liu and J. P. Bowen (2011) Creating online collaborative environments for museums: A case study of a museum wiki. International Journal of Web Based Communities, 7(4), pp. 407–428. [Cross Ref]
MA (2018) Museums Taskforce Report and Recommendations. Museums Association, London, UK. URL: https://maproduction.ams3.digitaloceanspaces.com/app/uploads/2020/08/17073208/Museums-Taskforce-Report-and-Recommendations.pdf
P. Miller (2018) A new mission for museums: Report calls for institutions to help battle ‘fake news’. The Herald, 5 March 2018. URL: https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/16064183.ne
K. Mossberger, C. J. Tolbert, and R. S. McNeal (2007) Digital Citizenship: The Internet, Society, and Participation. The MIT Press.
D. H. Mutibwa, A. Hess, and T. Jackson (2020) Strokes of serendipity: Community co-curation and engagement with digital heritage. Convergence, 26(1), pp. 157–177. [Cross Ref]
N. Negroponte (1995) Being Digital. Hodder & Stoughton.
Nxt (2021) The Coded Gaze: Equitable and accountable AI. Nxt Museum, The Netherlands. URL: https://nxtmuseum.com/artist/the-coded-gaze/
OECD. (2018) Bridging the Digital Gender Divide: Include, Upskill, Innovate. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. URL: http://www.oecd.org/digital/bridging-the-digital-gender-divide.pdf
M. Pepi (2014) Is a Museum a Database?: Institutional Conditions in Net Utopia. E-flux Journal, 60, December 2014. URL: https://www.eflux.com/journal/60/61026/is-a-museum-a-database-institutional-conditions-in-net-utopia/
J. Reagle and J. Koerner (eds.) (2020) Wikipedia @ 20. The MIT Press.
M. Ribble (2015) Digital Citizenship in Schools: Nine Elements All Students Should Know, 3^rd edition. International Society for Technology in Education.
M. Ribble (2017) Digital Citizenship: Using technology appropriately. URL: https://www.digitalcitizenship.net
M. Ribble and G. Bailey (2007) Digital Citizenship in Schools. Washington, DC: ISTE.
M. Ridge (ed.) (2014) Crowdsourcing our Cultural Heritage. London: Ashgate.
C. Rogers-Whitehead (2019) Digital Citizenship in Schools: Teaching Strategies and Practice from the Field. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
F. Schneider (2018) China’s Digital Nationalism. Oxford University Press.
N. Simon (2010) The Participatory Museum. URL: http://www.participatorymuseum.org/
E. Simsek and A. Simsek (2013) New Literacies for Digital Citizenship. Contemporary Educational Technology, 4(2), pp. 126–137.
Smithsonian (n.d.) Smithsonian Open Access. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., USA. URL: https://www.si.edu/openaccess
UNESCO (2020). UNESCO Report: Museums around the world in the face of COVID-19. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000373530
S. Vaidhyanatham (2018) Antisocial Media: How Facebook Disconnects Us and Undermines Democracy. Oxford University Press.
J. Visser (2013) From Social Media to the Social Museum. Nordic Center of Heritage Learning. Ostersund, Sweden. URL: http://nckultur.org/wpcontent/uploads/2013/06/From_Social_Media_to_a_Social_Museum_Jasper_Visser.pdf
J. Weinel, J. P. Bowen, A. Borda, and G. Diprose (eds.) (2021) EVA London 2021: Electronic Visualisation and the Arts. BCS, Electronic Workshops in Computing (eWiC). ScienceOpen. [Cross Ref]
E. Wenger (1998) Communities of Practice: Learning, Meaning, and Identity. Cambridge University Press.
E. Wenger, R. A. McDermott, and W. Snyder (2002) Cultivating Communities of Practice: A Guide to Managing Knowledge. Harvard Business School Press.
Wikipedia (2021) Digital citizen. Wikipedia. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_citizen

Comments

Comment on this article

[1] F. Adorno (n.d.) Stronger Than the Storm: Museums in the Age of Climate Change. Western Museums Association (WMA), USA. URL: https://westmuse.org/articles/stronger-storm-museums-age-climate-change

[2] S. Allan and E. Thorsen (eds.) (2009) Citizen Journalism: Global Perspectives. Peter Lang Publishing.

[3] altNOAA (n.d.) @altNOAA. Twitter. URL: https://twitter.com/altNOAA

[4] Autry (2018) Citizen Journalism: Sign of the Times. The Autry Museum, Los Angeles, USA. URL: https://theautry.org/citizen-journalism

[5] J. Barger (2007) Top 10 Tips for New Bloggers From Original Blogger Jorn Barger. Wired, 15 December 2007. URL: https://www.wired.com/2007/12/blog-advice/

[6] I. Beazley, J. P. Bowen, A. H.-Y. Liu, and S. McDaid (2010) Dulwich OnView: An art museum-based virtual community generated by the local community. In A. Seal, J. P. Bowen, and K. Ng (eds.), EVA London 2010: Electronic Visualisation and the Arts, pp. 79–86. BCS, Electronic Workshops in Computing. [Cross Ref]

[7] A. Beler, A. Borda, J. P. Bowen, and S. FilippiniFantoni (2004) The building of online communities: An approach for learning organizations, with a particular focus on the museum sector. In J. Hemsley, V. Cappellini, and G. Stanke (eds.), EVA 2004 London Conference Proceedings, University College London, UK, pp.2.1–2.15. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/cs/0409055

[8] T. Berners-Lee (1999) Weaving the Web. Orion Business Books.

[9] S. Black, J. P. Bowen, and K. Griffin (2010) Can Twitter Save Bletchley Park? MW 2010: Museums and the Web Conference, Denver, Colorado, USA. https://www.museumsandtheweb.com/biblio/can_twitter_save_bletchley_park.html

[10] S. Black and S. Colgan (2015) Saving Bletchley Park. London: Unbound.

[11] S. Boiano, A. Borda, and G. Gaia (2019) Participatory innovation and prototyping in the cultural section: A case study. In J. Weinel, J. P. Bowen, G. Diprose, and N. Lambert (eds.), EVA London 2019: Electronic Visualisation and the Arts, pp. 18–26. BCS, Electronic Workshops in Computing. [Cross Ref]

[12] C. Bonacchi, A. Bevan, A. Keinan-Schoonbaert, D. Pett, and J. Wexler (2019). Participation in heritage crowdsourcing. Museum Management and Curatorship, 34(2), pp. 166–182. [Cross Ref]

[13] A. Borda and J. P. Bowen (2011) Virtual collaboration and community. In Information Resources Management Association (ed.), Virtual Communities: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools and Applications, chapter 8.9, pp. 2600–2611. IGI Global. [Cross Ref]

[14] A. Borda and J. P. Bowen (2020) Turing’s Sunflowers: Public research and the role of museums. In J. Weinel, J. P. Bowen, G. Diprose, and N. Lambert, (eds.), EVA London 2020: Electronic Visualisation and the Arts. BCS, eWiC, pp. 32–39. [Cross Ref]

[15] A. Borda, K. Gray, and L. Downie (2019) Citizen Science Models in Health Research: an Australian Commentary. Online Journal of Public Health Informatics, 11(3), e23, December. [Cross Ref]

[16] J. P. Bowen (1995a) The Virtual Library of museums. In G. Day (ed.), Museum Collections and the Information Superhighway, 10 May 1995, Science Museum, London.

[17] J. P. Bowen (1995b) Collections of collections. Museums Journal, 95(8), pp. 24–25, August.

[18] J. P. Bowen (2008) Wiki software and facilities for museums. In D. Bearman and J. Trant (eds.), MW2008: Museums and the Web 2008, Montreal, Canada, Archives & Museum Informatics. URL: http://www.archimuse.com/mw2008/papers/bowen/ bowen.html

[19] J. P. Bowen (2020) A personal view of EVA London: Past, present, future. In J. Weinel, J. P. Bowen, G. Diprose, and N. Lambert (eds.), EVA London 2020: Electronic Visualisation and the Arts. BCS, eWiC, pp. 8–15. [Cross Ref]

[20] J. P. Bowen and J. Angus (2006) Museums and Wikipedia. MW2006: Museums and the Web, Albuquerque, Archives & Museum Informatics. URL: https://www.archimuse.com/mw2006/papers/bowen/bowen.html

[21] J. P. Bowen, J. Bennett, A. Borda, A. Hodges, S. Filippini-Fantoni, and A. Beler (2005) The development of science museum websites: Case studies. In L. T. W. Hin and R. Subramaniam (eds.), E-learning and Virtual Science Centers, Section 3: Case Studies, Chapter XVIII, pp. 366–392. Idea Group Publishing. [Cross Ref]

[22] J. P. Bowen and T. Giannini (2014) Digitalism: The new realism? In K. Ng, J. P. Bowen, and S. McDaid (eds.), EVA London 2014: Electronic Visualisation and the Arts. BCS, eWiC, pp. 324–331. [Cross Ref]

[23] J. P. Bowen and T. Giannini (2019) The Digital Future of Museums. In Giannini & Bowen (2019a), chapter 28, pp. 551–577. [Cross Ref]

[24] J. P. Bowen and T. Giannini (2021) Digitality: A reality check. In Weinelet al. (2021), this volume.

[25] L. Ceccaroni, J. Bibby, E. Roger, P. Flemons, K. Michael, L. Fagan, and J. L. Oliver (2019) Opportunities and risks for citizen science in the age of artificial intelligence. Citizen Science: Theory and Practice, 4(1), p. 29. [Cross Ref]

[26] CVL (n.d.) Digital Citizenship Museum. Community Virtual Library. URL: https://communityvirtuallibrary.org/digital-citizenship-museum/ (accessed 28 February 2021 ).

[27] B. J. Copeland, J. P. Bowen, M. Sprevak, R. J. Wilson, et al. (2017) The Turing Guide. Oxford University Press.

[28] C. Costello (2020) Digital Citizenship. Virtual Library, 1 October 2020. URL: https://www.virtuallibrary.info/digital-citizenship.html

[29] M. B. Dangerfield (2015) Power to the People: The rise and rise of Citizen Journalism. Tate, UK. URL:https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artterms/p/photojournalism/power-people

[30] DayOfFacts (2017) #DayOfFacts – Museums and cultural/ scientific institutions reminding the public that facts matter. WordPress. URL: https://dayoffacts.wordpress.com

[31] C. Dilenschneider (2017) People Trust Museums More Than Newspapers. colleendilenschneider, 26 April 2017. URL: https://www.colleendilen.com/2017/04/26/people-trust-museums-more-than-newspapers-here-iswhy-that-matters-right-now-data/

[32] G. Gaia, S. BoianoJ. P. Bowen, and A. Borda (2020) Museum websites of the first wave: The rise of the virtual museum. In J. Weinel, J. P. Bowen, G. Diprose, and N. Lambert (eds.), EVA London 2020: Electronic Visualisation and the Arts, this volume. BCS, Electronic Workshops in Computing.

[33] T. Giannini (2019) Contested Space: Activism and Protest. In Giannini & Bowen (2019a), chapter 5, pp. 91–111. [Cross Ref]

[34] T. Giannini and J. P. Bowen (2015) A New York Museums and Pratt partnership: Building Web collections and preparing museum professionals for the digital world. MW2015: Museums and the Web, Chicago, USA, 8–11 April 2015. URL: https://mw2015.museumsandtheweb.com/paper/anew-york-museums-and-pratt-partnership-building-web-collections-and-preparing-museum-professionals-for-the-digital-world/

[35] T. Giannini and J. P. Bowen (eds.) (2019a) Museums and Digital Culture: New perspectives and research. Springer, Series on Cultural Computing. [Cross Ref]

[36] T. Giannini and J. P. Bowen (2019b) Digital Culture. In Giannini & Bowen (2019a), chapter 1, pp. 3–26. [Cross Ref]

[37] T. Giannini and J. P. Bowen (2019c) Museums and Digitalism. In Giannini & Bowen (2019a), chapter 2, pp. 27–46. [Cross Ref]

[38] T. Giannini and J. P. Bowen (2019d) Art and activism at museums in a post-digital world. In J. Weinel, J. P. Bowen, G. Diprose, G., and N. Lambert (eds.) (2019) EVA London 2019: Electronic Visualisation and the Arts. BCS, eWiC, pp. 27–35. [Cross Ref]

[39] P. Gilster (1997) Digital Literacy. New York: John Wiley.

[40] B. Gleason and S. von Gillern (2018) Digital citizenship with social media: Participatory practices of teaching and learning in secondary education. Educational Technology & Society, 21(1), pp. 200–212.

[41] B. Han and J. P. Bowen (2021) The Weiguan Culture Phenomenon in Chinese Online Activism. In Weinelet al. (2021), this volume.

[42] S. Hecker, M. Haklay, A. Bowser, Z. Makuch, J. Vogel, and A. Bonn (eds.) (2018) Citizen Science: Innovation in Open Science, Society and Policy. London: UCL Press.

[43] A. Hintz, L. Dencik, and K. Wahl-Jorgensen (2018) Digital Citizenship in a Datafied Society. Polity.

[44] A. Hodges (1983) Alan Turing: The Enigma. New York: Simon and Schuster.

[45] I. Holcombe-James (2021). COVID-19, digital inclusion, and the Australian cultural sector: A research snapshot. Digital Ethnography Research Centre, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia. [Cross Ref]

[46] R. R. Janes (2015) The End of Neutrality: A Modest Manifesto. Informal Learning Review, 135, pp. 3–8, November–December. WordPress. URL: https://coalitionofmuseumsforclimatejustice.files.wordpress.com/2017/08/the-end-of-neutrality-ilr-article-dec-2015.pdf

[47] L. M. Jones and K. J. Mitchell (2016) Defining and measuring youth digital citizenship. New Media & Society, 18(9), pp. 1817–1839. [Cross Ref]

[48] A. Irwin (1995) Citizen Science: A study of people, expertise and sustainable development. London: Routledge.

[49] S. Kurbanoğlu, S. Špiranec, E. Grassian, D. Mizrachi, and R. Catts (eds.) (2014) Information Literacy: Lifelong Learning and Digital Citizenship in the 21st Century. Springer, Communications in Computer and Information Science, volume 492. [Cross Ref]

[50] A. H.-Y. Liu and J. P. Bowen (2011) Creating online collaborative environments for museums: A case study of a museum wiki. International Journal of Web Based Communities, 7(4), pp. 407–428. [Cross Ref]

[51] MA (2018) Museums Taskforce Report and Recommendations. Museums Association, London, UK. URL: https://maproduction.ams3.digitaloceanspaces.com/app/uploads/2020/08/17073208/Museums-Taskforce-Report-and-Recommendations.pdf

[52] P. Miller (2018) A new mission for museums: Report calls for institutions to help battle ‘fake news’. The Herald, 5 March 2018. URL: https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/16064183.ne

[53] K. Mossberger, C. J. Tolbert, and R. S. McNeal (2007) Digital Citizenship: The Internet, Society, and Participation. The MIT Press.

[54] D. H. Mutibwa, A. Hess, and T. Jackson (2020) Strokes of serendipity: Community co-curation and engagement with digital heritage. Convergence, 26(1), pp. 157–177. [Cross Ref]

[55] N. Negroponte (1995) Being Digital. Hodder & Stoughton.

[56] Nxt (2021) The Coded Gaze: Equitable and accountable AI. Nxt Museum, The Netherlands. URL: https://nxtmuseum.com/artist/the-coded-gaze/

[57] OECD. (2018) Bridging the Digital Gender Divide: Include, Upskill, Innovate. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. URL: http://www.oecd.org/digital/bridging-the-digital-gender-divide.pdf

[58] M. Pepi (2014) Is a Museum a Database?: Institutional Conditions in Net Utopia. E-flux Journal, 60, December 2014. URL: https://www.eflux.com/journal/60/61026/is-a-museum-a-database-institutional-conditions-in-net-utopia/

[59] J. Reagle and J. Koerner (eds.) (2020) Wikipedia @ 20. The MIT Press.

[60] M. Ribble (2015) Digital Citizenship in Schools: Nine Elements All Students Should Know, 3^rd edition. International Society for Technology in Education.

[61] M. Ribble (2017) Digital Citizenship: Using technology appropriately. URL: https://www.digitalcitizenship.net

[62] M. Ribble and G. Bailey (2007) Digital Citizenship in Schools. Washington, DC: ISTE.

[63] M. Ridge (ed.) (2014) Crowdsourcing our Cultural Heritage. London: Ashgate.

[64] C. Rogers-Whitehead (2019) Digital Citizenship in Schools: Teaching Strategies and Practice from the Field. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.

[65] F. Schneider (2018) China’s Digital Nationalism. Oxford University Press.

[66] N. Simon (2010) The Participatory Museum. URL: http://www.participatorymuseum.org/

[67] E. Simsek and A. Simsek (2013) New Literacies for Digital Citizenship. Contemporary Educational Technology, 4(2), pp. 126–137.

[68] Smithsonian (n.d.) Smithsonian Open Access. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., USA. URL: https://www.si.edu/openaccess

[69] UNESCO (2020). UNESCO Report: Museums around the world in the face of COVID-19. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000373530

[70] S. Vaidhyanatham (2018) Antisocial Media: How Facebook Disconnects Us and Undermines Democracy. Oxford University Press.

[71] J. Visser (2013) From Social Media to the Social Museum. Nordic Center of Heritage Learning. Ostersund, Sweden. URL: http://nckultur.org/wpcontent/uploads/2013/06/From_Social_Media_to_a_Social_Museum_Jasper_Visser.pdf

[72] J. Weinel, J. P. Bowen, A. Borda, and G. Diprose (eds.) (2021) EVA London 2021: Electronic Visualisation and the Arts. BCS, Electronic Workshops in Computing (eWiC). ScienceOpen. [Cross Ref]

[73] E. Wenger (1998) Communities of Practice: Learning, Meaning, and Identity. Cambridge University Press.

[74] E. Wenger, R. A. McDermott, and W. Snyder (2002) Cultivating Communities of Practice: A Guide to Managing Knowledge. Harvard Business School Press.

[75] Wikipedia (2021) Digital citizen. Wikipedia. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_citizen

Studying business & IT? Drive your professional career forwards with BCS books - for a 20% discount click here: shop.bcs.org